Inkcubeko yesonto: inkcazo, izakhi

Enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo kunye nexesha elifanayo ubunzima bomsebenzi wolu titshala wanamhlanje ingcamango enzima, njengenkcubeko yokufundisa. Ukuqwalasela ubuninzi beendlela zokufundisa nokukhushulwa kokubili kwisikolo samanje nakwiintsapho, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba akulula kakhulu ukuyichaza, kubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba yintoni. Nangona kunjalo, siya kuzama ukwenza oku, sicingisise ngeengcamango zabafundisi abanegunya elidlulileyo kunye nale nkulungwane, iindlela zanamuhla zokuphuhlisa inkcubeko noluntu.

Ubunzima beenkcazo

Ukunciphisa umgaqo weenkcubeko zezifundo kwanoma yimuphi na, nokuba namandla, inkcazelo namhlanje kunzima. Ubunzima obunzima buvela ekuqondeni ukuba yintoni inkcubeko. Malunga naye namhlanje ebhaliwe kakhulu, kuphela iinguqu ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu kuphela. Inkalo yesibini enengxaki yinkimbinkimbi yomsebenzi wokufundisa. Iingcamango ezahlukahlukeneyo aziyi kunika ingcamango epheleleyo yento yophando lwethu.

Ingxaki yesibini yinkimbinkimbi yokuchaza imida yokufundisa. Akusiyo imfihlo yokuba inxaxheba yotitshala kufuneka uthethe inxalenye enkulu yabemi behlabathi.

Ingxaki yesithathu kukuba inkcubeko yanamhlanje iye yaba ngumlambo oqhubisayo, apho kukho izixhobo ezininzi eziyinkxalabo yokufundisa umntu.

Iingxaki zenkcubeko

Iimetamorphoses ezidlulileyo kwiminyaka yokugqibela: ukuguqula ulawulo lwezopolitiko, ukwakha uluntu oluvulekileyo, ukwandisa intambo yehlabathi jikelele kubandakanyeke kakhulu kummandla wenkcubeko. Ukutshintshwa kwendima yombuso kwimfundo yenkcubeko yoluntu, ukungabi khona kwezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-monopoly kwenkcubeko kukhokelela ekubeni ngaphezu kwekululeko yokuzikhethela kunye nokuzibonakalisa kokuzibonakalisa, ukubonakala kwemveliso yenkcubeko ephantsi yaba yinto engakumbi. Endaweni yenkululeko yokuzikhethela yafumana ukungabikho kwayo, oku kuboniswa kwinto yokuba akukho nto yokukhetha.

Ukuguqulwa kwindlela yokuphila yaseNtshona-ntsholongwane kuye kwabangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwintlonelo yesizwe. Inzala kwinkcubeko yesizwe yasekuqaleni, izithethe zayo, ngoku iqala ngokukhawuleza ukuvuselela.

Ukutshintshwa kwezinto eziphathekayo kwizinto zokomoya kuguqula umntu kumthengi wazo zonke izinto ezikhoyo kunye nemveliso, kwaye ukungabikho kwamathuba okufumana zombini ukwandisa uxhaso loluntu kuluntu.

Iingxaki zenkcubeko zibonakalisa ngakumbi ngokukhula kwezinye iingxaki zentlalo kwaye konke oku kubonakaliswe ngokucacileyo kwinkqubo yemfundo, namhlanje ephakathi kwentsapho iphela kumsebenzi wokubonelela ngeemfuno eziphathekayo kuphela. Iziko zezemfundo nazo zanciphisa izitebo zazo, zijika zibe ngabaphindaphinda ulwazi oludlulileyo kwiipakethe ezintsha.

Iingcamango neemfundiso

Ukubuyela kwiinkcubeko zezifundo, siyaqaphela ukuba incinci. Ukubonakala kwayo kubangelwa kukuba kuluntu lwangoku kukho utshintsho kwiimbono zezobugcisa kwiinkqubo zokufunda ebantwini. Izimo zengqondo ziguqulela kwiintando yesininzi kwaye, kule nxu lumene, uxanduva lootitshala luyanda. Kukho imfuneko yokumisela kuphela umlinganiselo, kodwa kwakhona umgangatho wemgangatho wemfundo. Ukuqhubela phambili kule nto, kukho imfuno yeso ngcamango njengenkcubeko yokufundisa.

Kukho uphuhliso oluthile lwezifundo kulolu hlobo, ngokuqwalasela imiba eyahlukeneyo yolu ngxaki: ukuthetha, ukuziphatha, imbali, ubuchwepheshe kunye nangokwenyama. Kwizifundo zabo, abalobi babumbene ngokuba babonisa inkcubeko yokufundisa njengenkcazo yenkcubeko epheleleyo, ebonakalayo kwizinto ezizodwa zemisebenzi yootitshala abafundisayo kwaye iyafumaneka ngokubaluleka kweempawu zayo zobungcali.

Ulwaphulo-mali kwiingcamango ezihambelanayo

Kukhokelo lweempawu zobunjani bomsebenzi kotitshala, ngaphezu kweengcamango ezicatshangelwayo, kusetyenziswe ezinye ezifanayo ngentsingiselo: inkcubeko yobugcisa, ubuchule kunye nabanye. Sichaza indawo yazo nganye kwinkqubo yempawu zenkcubeko yomfundisi.

Ngokwamandla, umntu unokucaphula umbono ohloniphekileyo we-A.S. UMakarenko, owayekholelwa ukuba ubuchule bootitshala bujongwa ngumgangatho walo msebenzi kwaye kuxhomekeke ngqo kumsebenzi oqhubekayo nangenjongo wothisha ngaphezu kwakhe. Ukudibanisa kwezi zimbini ezibalulekileyo kwenza ukuba kube lula ukufumana umsebenzi wokufundisa. Ngamanye amazwi, ubuchule botitshala, obaluleke kakhulu kwimeko kunye nokuphuhliswa kwekhono lakhe, kwenza kube lula ukwenza inxalenye enkulu yenkcubeko yokufundisa.

Njengoko sele kukhankanywe, inkcubeko yokufundisa iyingxenye yenkcubeko jikelele yothisha wanamhlanje. Inkcubeko yobugcisa yotitshala inokumelwa ngamacala amaninzi:

• Isimo sokulumkisa ukuguqula ngokukhawuleza kwimpumelelo kwimfundo nokukhuliselwa;
• Ubukho bombono wakhe wokufundisa;
• Ubuni belizwe lo komoya lomntu utitshala;
• Izintando ekukhethweni kwamasu, iindlela zokufundisa, njl.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba isetyenzisiweyo seempawu senza ukuba kube lula ukunxulumana nobudlelwane phakathi kweenkcubeko zobugcisa kunye nezenkcubeko. Njengoko sele kuphawuliwe, kungekhona ootitshala kuphela kodwa nabazali bathatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yokufundisa. Okokuthi, banalo hlobo lwenkcubeko. Iziganeko ezikhankanywe ngasentla zichaza imisebenzi yotitshala kwaye ngoko umntu unokuqinisekisa ukuba inkcubeko yobugcisa yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko yokufundisa. Olu hlobo lokugqibela lunokuphunyezwa kwinqanaba lezakhono ngootitshala notitshala, ngelixa abanye abathathi-nxaxheba kwinkqubo yemfundo (ngokuqhelekileyo abazali) bengenzi nzuzo.

Amagama ambalwa malunga nabanye abathathi-nxaxheba kwinkqubo yokufundisa

Masiqwalasele into enjalo njengenkcubeko yezifundo zabazali. Ngokubanzi, inokuthi iboniswe njengezinga elithile lokulungelelaniswa kwabazali ekukhuliseni abantwana. Kuya kuxhomekeka kwiiziphi iziphumo zalo mgaqo uza kuba.

Umxholo uquka inani lezinto:

• Abazali banelungelo elaneleyo lokuxanduva labantwana babo;
• Ukuqulunqwa kolwazi oluyimfuneko malunga nokukhuliswa kunye nophuhliso lomntwana;
• Ukuphuhliswa kwezakhono ezisebenzayo ezivumela umbutho wemisebenzi yabantwana kwintsapho;
• Ukunxibelelana ngempumelelo kunye namaziko emfundo nakumaziko (i-nursergart, isikolo);
• I nkcubeko yabafundi yabafundi.

Inkcubeko yesigqeba kule nqanaba isisombululo solwazi oluhlukeneyo: i-pedagogy, i-psychology, iyeza kunye nezinye iinzululwazi.

Ngendima yeengcamango ekufundiseni

Zininzi sele zithethwa ngolu hlobo namhlanje. Iimbono ezahlukeneyo zokufundisa zazibonakaliswa ngexesha elifanelekileyo nguAristotle noPlato, uLool Toystoy noGrigory Skovoroda, A.S. Makarenko kunye neA.A. Sukhomlinsky.

Enye yeengcamango ezidumileyo kule nkqubo yokugqibela yinto ephambili kwinkqubo yemfundo phambi koqeqesho. Utitshala onobuchule wenza umgaqo wakhe ngesiseko semilinganiselo yehlabathi kunye nokuziphatha, ukubeka phambili ekuphuhliseni ubuntu bomntwana.

Namhlanje iingcamango zokufundisa ze-classics azizange zilahlekelwe yintsikelelo yazo, kodwa, ngelo xesha, zifunekayo ezintsha. Ngenxa yoko, namhlanje, iindibano, iitheyibhile ezijikelezayo kunye nezinye iindlela zokutshintshana kwamava kunye nokuveliswa kweengcamango ezintsha zithandwa kakhulu.

Ukuphawula ukubaluleka kwezi ngcamango, utitshala owaziwayo S.T. Shatsky, wathi yiyo evula iindlela ezintsha kokuzifundisa kunye nesayensi.

Izixhobo zonxibelelwano phakathi kootitshala nabafundi

Uqhagamshelwano olunzulu lwezobugcisa luyinkqubo yonke yokusebenzisana phakathi kootitshala kunye nomfundi, oza kuzaliswa ngenjongo yemfundo nokukhuliswa. Izinto zezinto zenkqubo zichongiwe zimbalwa zeempawu zomqeqeshi kwaye zixhomekeke kwiminyaka, inqanaba lokulungelelanisa, iimpawu zesifundo esifundelweyo.

Iingcali zihlukanisa iindlela ezimbini:

• Inkqubo-nto yenkcazo apho utitshala ufumanisa njengesithethi, kwaye umfundi ungumfundi, ubizwa ngokuba yi-monologic;
• Isifundo-sifundo, apho utitshala nomfundi beqhubeka beqhagamshelana, baqhuba intetho.

Namhlanje, okwesibini ihamba phambili, njengoko ivumela umfundi ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokufunda. Le fomu yokuqhuba isifundo ivumela umfundi ukuba aqonde ngakumbi ngesihloko, kwaye utitshala unike ithuba lokujonga ngokucacileyo ulwazi lomfundi.

Incazelo kunye namanqanaba enkcubeko yokufundisa

Ekugqibeleni, emva kokuqwalasela zonke izixhobo, sinokunika inkcazo epheleleyo ngakumbi yenkcubeko yokufundisa. Le yinkqubo epheleleyo, kubandakanywa njengesiseko semilinganiselo yendalo yonke, imixholo yayo yindlela yokwenza umsebenzi wokufundisa, ubuchwepheshe bezobuqhagamshelwano, ubuchule, kunye nenxalenye yokuqhuba isakhono soqeqesho kunye nomnqweno wokuqhubeka nokuzikhupha.

Ngokwe siseko sale nkcazo, iinqanaba ezilandelayo zenkcubeko yokufundisa ziyahlukana:

• Ephakamileyo: ibonakaliswe ubukho bezinto zonke ezidweliswe kwincazelo;
• Umyinge: Ukungabi nako kwamava okufundisa okuchaphazelekayo kukuchaphazela, njengomgaqo, ubuchule, ngelixa ubuchule buba lunqanaba elifanelekileyo; Ngamanye amaxesha eli nqanaba libonisa ukungabikho kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuzikhupha;
• Umgangatho ophantsi: oqhelekileyo kumfundisi oqalayo, xa iteknoloji yokunxibelelana isasungulwa, ubuchule buyakheka, iindlela zokwenza umsebenzi wokufundisa aziphuhlisi.