Inkampani engekho yoluntu: i-charter, ukubhaliswa

Iinkampani ezingabambiswanga zikarhulumente ezibandakanyekayo zivele kwindawo yoluntu. Yaye yonke into ngenxa yokuba izilungiso ezivakalayo kwiCode Civil zamukelwa. Ziyintoni na? Ziziphi iintlobo zemibutho ngokuhambelanayo nazo zavela eRashiya? Igama elichanekileyo lenkampani yokubambisana engekhoyo kawonkewonke kufuneka ukuba ifanelekileyo ukuba siqhube ibhizinisi ngaphakathi kwesi sikhokelo sale fomu kunye nomthetho? Siza kuzama ukuphendula le mibuzo kwaye siqwalasele ngokufanayo izinto ezintle eziphawulekayo ekutyhiliseni intsingiselo yezinto ezintsha zomthetho.

Umthetho omtsha

Into enjalo njengenkampani engekho yoluntu ngokubambisene nayo iyinto entsha kwiRashiya. Leli gama lalisasazeka ngokubhekiselele ekuguqulweni komthetho okwenziwa ngoSeptemba 2014. Emva koko kwaqala ukusebenza izilungiso ezininzi kwiCode Civil. Ngokutsho kwabo, iinkampani zentsebenziswano evulekileyo kunye nohlobo oluvaliweyo njengeentlobo zendlela yombutho kunye nomthetho womsebenzi wamashishini athathe igama elihlukile. Ngoku kuqhutywe eminye imiqathango, okuthi "uluntu" kunye noluntu "oluqhelekileyo". Ziyintoni na?

Imibutho yoluntu ngoku iquka imibutho ephethe amasheya kunye namasheya, afakwe kwifomati evulekileyo (okanye kuthengiswa kwiimarike ngokuhambelana nemimiselo yezenzo zomthetho ezilawula ukuhanjiswa kwemfihlo). Ezinye iintlobo zoshishino -CJSC, kunye ne-OJSC-engenazo iziqinisekiso zokuhamba ngokukhululeka, fumana indawo "yesiqhelo". Igama labo lizwakala ngathi "inkampani yokubambisana kunye", ngaphandle kweyongeziweyo. Sifanele siqaphele ukuba ifomathi enjalo yokubambisana kwamashishini, njenge-ODL, ayilungiswanga ngokusemthethweni kwaye isuswe ngokusemthethweni. Ngaloo ndlela, iinkampani ezidalwa ngaphambi kukaSeptemba 2014 kufuneka zibizwe ngokufanelekileyo. Aba batsha baya kusebenza ngendlela efanayo njengoko kusekwe ngumthetho.

Imiba yesigama

Umthetho omtsha awunayo igama eliya kuzwakala nje "njengenkampani engabambiswanga yintengiso". Ngaloo ndlela, uhlobo olunjalo lombutho kunye nolwasemthethweni njengeCJSC aluzange lufumane isalathiso ngqo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umbutho unokwabiwo, nangona kungenjalo ukuqaliswa kwintengiso yamahhala, ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi "inkampani engabambiswanga yintengiso" ngokubhekiselele kubo kuvumeleke ngokupheleleyo ngendlela engafanelekanga. Ngaloo nto, i-LLC, apho kungekho zizabelo (kukho kuphela i-capital capital).

Ngoko, umbandela ophambili "wolwazi" urhwebo oluvulekileyo kwizabelo nakwezinye iziqinisekiso. Ukongezelela, iingcali ziphawula ukuba enye into ibaluleke kakhulu. "Upapasho" I-AO, ngaphezu koko, kufuneka ibonakaliswe kumqulu wayo.

Kwakhona, siyaqaphela ukuba phantsi komthetho omtsha, ukubhaliswa kwakhona kwemibutho ukuzisa amagama abo ngokuhambelana nezilungiso akudingeki ukuba kwenziwe ngokukhawuleza. Ukongeza, xa uqhuba inkqubo ehambelanayo, amafemu ayadingeki ukuba ahlawule umrhumo welizwe. Inqaku elithandekayo kukuba izilungiso kwiKhowudi yoMgaqo-nkqubo we-RF ngokubhekiselele ziqaliswe ngabaphathi ngo-2012.

LLC yinkampani engekho yoluntu?

Ngokumalunga nelo hlobo lombutho kunye nomthetho wezobume njenge-LLC, kwicandelo lezilungiso kwiCandelo loLuntu lwaseRussian Federation, kukho into ekhethekileyo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwigama elitsha leKhowudi, ii-LLC ngoku zibhekisela kwiinkampani ezingekho zikarhulumente, kunye ne "yangaphambili" yeCJSC. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amanye amalungiselelo e-Civil Code yaseRussian Federation ayithethi malunga nokutshintsha isimo sabo. Ngaloo ndlela, i-LLC - ibonakala ngathi "yinkampani engekho yoluntu", kunye ne-CJSC, kwaye ngexesha elifanayo njengendlela yokuzimelela yombutho kunye nomthetho webhizinisi.

Iintlobo ezintathu zeentlalo

Ngoko, sithini emva kokulungiswa komthetho? Kukho iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zemibutho eRashiya.

1. IiNkampani zoLuntu eziManyeneyo

Lawa ma shishini anesabelo esichaphazelekayo ngokukhululeka. Kwimeko nayiphi na, le yinto "yangaphambili" ye-JSC.

2. Amacandelo amabini angamaqumrhu angaphandle:

- ii-JSC ezingenayo izabelo ekuhambeni kwehhala (ezi zizo zombini "zangaphambili" i-CJSC kunye ne-JSC kunye neziqinisekiso ezingabonakaliyo), ngokungafanelekanga - "inkampani engabambiswanga yintengiso";

- LLC ngaphandle kwezabelo.

ODL zangaphambili zipheliswe. Kuzo iifemu ezikwazi ukubhalisa kule nkalo, imimiselo eqhelekileyo ye-LLC iya kusebenza ngoku.

Imiba yokubhalisa kwakhona

Yintoni omele uyenze iifereji ezibhalisiweyo? Ngaba kufuneka baqambe kabusha ngokuhambelana nemithetho emitsha ye-Code Civil ye-Russian Federation? Amagqwetha akholelwa ukuba akukho, ngokusekelwe kumxholo weemimiselo zezilungiso kuMgaqo. Inyaniso kukuba kumhlathi we-11 weqendu lesithathu yomthetho ohambelana nokuqanjwa kwakhona kweenkampani zentlangano ezenziwe ngaphambi kokuba izilungiso zisebenze kwaye zinemiqondiso yoluntu, ziyakuthi zibonwe ngokuzenzekelayo. Ngako oko, i-ZAO ayikwazi kwakhona ukubhaliswa kwakhona, nangona kunjalo, kude kube lixesha apho utshintsho kwi-charter luya kwenziwa-ngoko uthi umhlathi wesi-9 weqendu lesithathu lomthetho malunga nezilungiso.

I-Algorithm yokubhalisa kwakhona

Cinga ukuba kwakhona ukubhalisa (ukuqamba kabusha) kwenkampani kufuneka kwenziwe ngokusebenzayo, ukuba imfuneko yale nto iyaqhubeka. Le nkqubo inamanyathelo alandelayo alandelayo.

Okokuqala, inkampani igqiba isicelo kwifomu ebalwa nge-P13001, evunyiweyo yiNkonzo yeRhafu yeNkonzo. Emva koko inkampani ifaka amaxwebhu alandelayo:

Imizuzu ye-intlanganiso yabasunguli (abanini-nxaxheba);

Intsha entsha yekontrakthi yenkampani engekhoyo kawonkewonke.

Umsebenzi, njengoko sithethe ngasentla, akufuneki ukuhlawula. Isinyathelo esilandelayo kukuba ubeke i-documentary constituents. Ngokukodwa, isishwankathelo se-ZAO kunye nekota ehambelana nayo "inkampani yokubambisana ngokubambisana" kufuneka iqeshwe kwakhona kwi-JSC. Emva koko, kuyafuneka kwakhona ukutshintsha isakhiwo seempawu, wenze utshintsho kumaxwebhu eebhanki, kwaye uthumele ulwazi kumaqabane anje ngoku inkampani enjalo inkampani engabambiswanga yinkampani. Kule nxu lumene, ezinye iingcali zincoma inkqubo yokulungisa kwakhona, ngokokuba ama-counterparties kunye nabanini-mali abatyalayo kufuneka baqonde ukuba luhlobo luni oluqinileyo okanye luya kusebenzisana. Nangona umthetho awufuneki oko ngokungagqibekanga.

Ezinye iingcaphephe zengcali, ngokubhekiselele kumhlathi wokuqala weSiqendu 97 soMthetho weRhafu weRussian Federation, ukuba ii-JSC ezinempawu "zokubhengezwa" zibophezelekile ukuba zongeze imfundiso efanelekileyo egameni labo. "Ukungewona uluntu" I-JSC ngokwengqiqo yayo inokukwenza okufanayo ukuba abanini-zimali banenjongo yokuvakalisa ukuba izithenjwa ziya kuvula ukuthenga.

Registry kunye noMbhalisi

Qaphela kwakhona ukuba izilungiso kuMgaqo-nkqubo woLuntu waseRashiya zihamba kunye nemithetho kamasipala. Enye yeeNcwadi zeBhanki yaseRashiya yenye yazo. Ubonakalisa uxanduva lwemibutho ukuba idluliselwe kubhalisi okhethekileyo, ngaba yinkampani evulelekileyo okanye engekho yoluntu, irejista yabanini-mali. Oku kuyimfuneko kuzo zonke iinkampani zokubambisana, njengoko amagqwetha ayaqaphela ukuba enze umyalelo weBhanki Ephakathi. Ukuba inkampani evulekileyo okanye engekhoyo kawonke-wonke yinkampani ayifakelanga ukubhalisa irejista yabanini-mali, abasunguli bayo kufuneka basebenzise iinkqubo ezininzi. Ngalo:

- ukhethe umbhalisi, uxoxe naye ngemimiselo yesivumelwano sobhaliso;

- lungisa amaphepha afanelekileyo kunye nolwazi;

- yenza isivumelwano kunye nombhalisi;

- Xela ulwazi (ukuba i-JSC iyalelwe ukuba yenze oku) malunga nenkampani ebambiseneyo;

- yazisa abantu abanenkcukacha zabo ezikhoyo kumaphepha obhaliso;

- udlulisele irejista kumbutho weqabane;

- ukungena ulwazi malunga nombhalisi kwiRejista yeSizwe yoNyunyana yeeNkampani zomthetho;

Yonke le nkqubo, iBhanki Ephakathi i yalele ukuba ibambe i-JSC de kube ngu-Oktobha 2, 2014.

Ukubaluleka kweenguqulelo

Ziziphi iziphumo ezibonakalayo zokuguqulwa kwe-ZAO kunye ne-OAO? Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba ngoku i-state ingakwazi ukulawula umsebenzi weenkampani zentsebenziswano ngokubambisana kunokuba ngaphambili. Ngokukodwa, zonke iinkampani zenkampani yokubambisana ziza kufuneka zenze uphicotho-zincwadi zonyanzeliso, zombini kunye noluntu olunamalungu angabonakali ngokukhululeka. Akunandaba nokuba yi-AO iziqinisekiso. Nangona uhlobo lwezoshishino njengeenkampani ezingabambiswanga zikarhulumente, ukuphicothwa kuba yinkqubo enyanzelekileyo.

Ngexesha elifanayo, umphicothi-mphicothi akufanele adibaniswe neminqweno yenkampani ephicothiweyo okanye ngokwazo nabanini-nxaxheba bekampani. Isihloko sophicotho-zincwadi ngxelo yokubika kunye nezimali. Ukuqalisa ukuhlolwa okungapheliyo kungabakho ngaphezulu kwe-10% yeempahla ze-corporation (izabelo okanye i-capital capital). Inkqubo yokwenza le nkqubo ingabonakaliswa kumqulu we-JSC.

Siyaqaphela ukuba ezinye izilungiso zongezwe kwi-Code Civil, ezongezelela ezo esizicingayo. Ngokukodwa, abantu abaninzi banokuthi basebenzele inkampani njengomlawuli jikelele. Nangona kunjalo, i-charter yenkampani engabambiswanga yinkampani ehlangeneyo okanye iqabane layo "evulekile" kufuneka libe neenkcukacha malunga namagunya ngamnye. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba isithuba se-akhawunti yomphathi singabodwa. Olunye ulungelelaniso olutsha - ezinye iintlobo zezigqibo ezenziwe ngabanikazi abanini-zimali zeenkampani ngoku kufuneka zibhalwe.

Utshintsho oluphawulekayo, umzekelo, into enjalo njengendlela yokuqinisekisa uluhlu lwabantu abathatha inxaxheba kwintlanganiso yabanini-mali. Umgaqo usungulwe kwiinkampani zengxowanxu yabasebenzi - umntu ogcina irejista yabanini-masheya kunye kunye nokwenza imisebenzi ethile ekhomishini yokubala inokuvelisa inkqubo ehambelana nayo. Ezi zizinto ezintsha. Ngaloo ndlela, kule fom yentlangano yezoshishino, njengeenkampani zentengiso engekho zikarhulumente, ukugcina irejista kungenziwa kwakhona ngumntu olawulayo, kodwa umsebenzi wayo, ohambelana nokuqulunqwa kobambi-nxaxheba kwintlanganiso, unokwenziwa ngumbonari. Ukongezelela, njengoko ezinye iingcali zithi, iinkcukacha ezithile zalo mgaqo zinokumiselwa kwintlanganiso yomntu ongekho loluntu-umthetho awunqande ngokucacileyo.

Kwakhona, inguqulelo entsha ye-Code Code yashintsha umyalelo wokuguqulwa koluntu oluya kwelinye. Ngoku i-AO ingaba yi-LLC, ubambiswano loshishino okanye intsebenziswano. Ngexesha elifanayo, i-AO ilahlekelwa ilungelo lokuba yinhlangano engenzi nzuzo.

Isivumelwano semibutho

Izilungiso kuMgaqo-nkqubo wezoLuntu ziphinde zaziswa ngokusasazwa ngokusemthethweni kwekota elitsha - "isivumelwano sekhontrakthi". Ingagqitywa ngabanini-mali ngabasebenzi kwiminqweno. Ukuba benza oku, ngoko, ukuba i-AO iyindawo kawonkewonke, umxholo wolu xwebhu kufuneka udityaniswe (nangona, imimiselo ekhoyo elawula le nkqubo ayibonakali). Ngaloo nto, ukuba "inkontileka yenkampani" yayingu "yangaphambili" i-ZAO, inkampani engekho yoluntu ngokubambisene nayo, ngoko umthetho awunamisela ukuba uchaze iinkcukacha zayo.

Iinguqu kumthetho

Kukho inani leempawu ezinokubaluleka ukuhlawula ingqalelo kubanikazi beenkampani ezinobambiswano, abenze isigqibo sokwenza utshintsho kwi-charter yombutho. Inguqulelo entsha ye-Code Code iqulethe imfuno emitsha kulo mqulu. Cinga ngezinto ezinokuthi zibe ne-standard charter yenkampani engabambiswanga yinkampani. Ulwazi malunga nabo lunokubaluleka kokubambiswa kwenkampani entsha, kwaye xa ikhona kwakhona. Ngoko, uhlobo lomqulu we-non-public stock stock company kufuneka lubandakanye izinto ezilandelayo:

Igama lenkampani yombutho;

- inkcazo yokuba uluntu (ukuba umsebenzi okwenene kunye nohlobo lwezabelo zihambelana noko);

- inkqubo kunye neemeko phantsi kokuphicothwa kophicotho-zincwadi, ezicelwa ngabaphathi-mali abanamalungelo angama-10%;

- igama lendawo apho kubhaliswe khona inkampani;

- uluhlu lwamalungelo kunye neemfanelo zabasunguli beenkampani;

- iimpawu zenkqubo apho abanye abanini-nxaxheba bazisa abanye ukuba baya kufaka isicelo kwinkundla ngamabango azimeleyo;

- uludwe lwamalungelo asekwe ngabantu abenza isakhiwo solawulo lweekholeji yenkampani;

- ulwazi malunga nokuhanjiswa kwamagunya phakathi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zangaphakathi.

Ziziphi ezinye izinto ezibandakanya umsebenzi kwi-charter? Omnye unokuyiqonda le nyaniso: xa inkampani engabambiswanga yinkampani ehlangeneyo ibhalisiwe, umqulu oyintloko wokhetho awufuneki ukuba ufake ulwazi malunga nomnini-nxaxheba oyedwa. Okomnye, umzekelo, ulwazi malunga nokuba ubulungu babanini-zamasheya bazimisele - umyalelo ngale ngqiqo unikezela abanikazi beenkampani ezingekho zikarhulumente inkululeko yentsebenzo.

Umzekelo we-charter yeenkampani ezingabambiswanga zikarhulumente, esizibekwe ngasentla, zinokuxhaswa kunye namalungiselelo amanani. Enyanisweni, oku kudinga isigqibo esisisigxina sabasunguli. Kodwa ukuba ifunyenwe, kuvumelekile ukubandakanya oku kulandelwe kulo mqulu:

- ngokubhekiselele kwimibandela ekubhekiselelwe kuyo ukuba inqunywe kwiintlanganiso eziqhelekileyo, kwiinkalo zenkampani yolawulo lwengqesho.

- ekuqaliseni amatyala abangela ukusekwa kweKhomishini yoPhicotho;

- njani ukuba umhlangano wabanini-zimali ubanjwe ngumbandela othe ngqo;

- kwinkqubo yokunika ilungelo eliphambi kokubambisa ukuthenga izithenjwa eziguqulwa kwiimpahla zeenkampani;

- kwinkqubo yokuqwalaselwa yintlanganiso kawonkewonke yale micimbi, ngokwemiqathango esemthethweni yaseRashiya Federation, ayinalo ikhono layo.

Lo ngumzekelo ochanekileyo we-charter yenkampani engabambiswanga yintengiso. Nangona kunjalo, sathintela kwizinto eziphambili ezithintekayo kubanini-shishini abanomdla wokunyamekela.