Indlela ukuba aphefumle iintsholongwane? iintsholongwane aerobic kunye anaerobic. prokaryotes ikakhulu zemigudu

Phantse zonke izinto eziphilayo on Earth zifuna inkqubo nokuphefumla. Oxygen yenye oxidizers ixhaphakileyo kwikhonkco yokuphefumla zezilwanyana, izityalo, protists, iintsholongwane ezininzi. Noko ke, asinguye wonke umntu uyayazi indlela imizimba yethu yahluke kwi ukuntsonkotha ngesakhiwo iiseli ezincinane ezincinane. Umbuzo ngulo: ukuba kuphefumlwa njani le ntsholongwane? Ngaba indlela yokufumana amandla kweyethu?

Ngaba zonke iintsholongwane siphefumle ioksijini?

Asinguye wonke umntu uyazi ukuba oxygen akusoloko icandelo kuyimfuneko kwikhonkco sokuphefumla. Edlala ikakhulu indima i acceptor electron, kunjalo olungileyo yalerhasi oxidized kwaye idityaniswe kunye protons hydrogen. ATP - oku isizathu sokuba zonke izinto eziphilayo nokuphefumla. Noko ke, iintlobo ezininzi iintsholongwane ngaphandle ioksijini, kwaye ufumana umthombo wanqwenela wamandla njengoko adenosine triphosphate. Indlela ukuba aphefumle iintsholongwane lo hlobo?

Inkqubo nokuphefumla emzimbeni wethu lwenzeka ngaphezu nezigaba ezibini. Eyokuqala kwezi - anaerobic - ayifuni kukho ioksijini esiseleni, yaye oko kufuna ukuba imithombo kuphela carbon yehayidrojini Proton acceptors. Inqanaba lesibini - aerobic - kwenzeka kuphela xa kukho ioksijini ize iphawulwa linani elikhulu ngayo ngezigaba.

Ntsholongwane, ezo musa mpilo kwaye ungayisebenzisi yokuphefumla kwenzeka sigaba kuphela anaerobic. Phezu amagciwane iziqu bafumane ATP, kodwa imali yahluke gqitha koko siya kwamkela emva kokuba sicatshulwa izigaba ezimbini uphefumlayo. Kubonakala ukuba asizizo zonke iintsholongwane siphefumle ioksijini.

ATP - umthombo jikelele wamandla

Ukuba ufuna nayiphi na umzimba kubalulekile ukugcina nobomi babo. Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko kwinkqubo kwemvelo ukufumana imithombo yamandla ezisebenzisa baya kuba nako ukunika izibonelelo ezaneleyo ukulungiselela amanani zonke abasabela eziyimfuneko kwiseli. Okokuqala kwafika igwele iintsholongwane: le ke kuthiwa inyathelo of glycolysis okanye ibakala internal anaerobic of prokaryotes. Kwaye ngoko xa eziphilayo phambili ngakumbi multicellular kwemvelo naphaya, ngawo, kunye inxaxheba esesibhakabhakeni oxygen ngendlela uphefumlayo linyuke kakhulu. Ngoko kwakukho i nqanaba aerobic of nokuphefumla yeselula.

Indlela ukuba aphefumle iintsholongwane? zifundo Grade 6 eziphilayo lubonisa ukuba naziphi ephilayo kubalulekile ukufumana inxalenye ethile amandla. Xa inkqubo zazivelela oko igcinwe ngokukodwa kuhlelwe le okuthiwa triphosphate adenosine.

ATP akuphela kwento-eneji sisityebi, olusekelwe phezu carbon le pentose kwesiseko ring nitrogen (adenosine). Suka kuye iintsalela phosphate phakathi apho akhiwa iibhondi esinika amandla. Ngokutshatyalaliswa omnye wabo wakhupha i avareji malunga ne-40 kJ, yaye omnye ATP molecule iyakwazi yokugcina ezona iintsalela ezintathu phosphate. Ngoko ke, ukuba abole ATP kwi ADP (adenoziddifosfat), iseli ufumana 40 kJ yamandla ngexesha dephosphorylation. Kwaye, vice versa, kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa yokugcina phosphorylation of ADP nenkcitho amandla ATP.

Glycolysis cell bacteria unika 2 ATP molecule xa aerobic nokuphefumla agqibileyo inyathelo onokusinika iseli 36 kwangoko molecule iziyobisi. Ngoko ke, lo mbuzo, "Indlela ukuphefumla iintsholongwane?" Impendulo kunikwa kulandelayo: inkqubo yokuphefumla ngenxa prokaryotes ezininzi ukuyilwa ATP ngaphandle kukho ioksijini kunye neendleko.

Indlela ukuba aphefumle iintsholongwane? iintlobo ukuphefumla

Mpilo yonke prokaryotes bohlulwa babe ngamaqela eziliqela. Phakathi kwabo:

1. Nesibopho anaerobes.
2. anaerobes Facultative.
3. Nesibopho aerobes.

Iqela lokuqala libandakanya ezo iintsholongwane ezingenako bahlala kwiimeko ioksijini. O2 kubo ziyityhefu kwaye ekhokelela ukufa kweeseli. Imizekelo iintsholongwane enjalo ingaba prokaryotes kuphela oluphakathi abahlala ngaphakathi kwenye eziphilayo xa ingekho ioksijini.

Iqela lesibini liquka abo iintlobo prokaryotes, leyo zanda inxaxheba kwaye ikhule xa ingekho ioksijini, kodwa ipesenti encinane ngawo bume ingakhokeleli abulawe. Ezi bacterium saprophytes kwaye ezinye gazi.

Indlela ukuba aphefumle iintsholongwane ze iqela lesithathu? Ezi prokaryotes zihlukile ukuba baphile kuphela kwiimeko aerosolization elungileyo. Ukuba kukho ioksijini waneleyo emoyeni, ezi seli kufa ngokukhawuleza, kuba kubalulekile ukuphefumla O2.

Igwele yahlukile ngenxa yokuphefumla ioksijini?

Ibile ntsholongwane - ukuba inkqubo efanayo glycolysis, nto leyo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo prokaryotes anganika iimveliso basabela ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Umzekelo, i- asidi Ukubila lactic kukhokelela ukuyilwa lovalo-kwimveliso lactic acid, Ukubila utywala - ethanol kunye ne-carbon dioxide, neoli-emuncu - butyric (butanoic acid), njalo-njalo ...

Oxygen yokuphefumla - yinto nomxokelelwane epheleleyo iinkqubo ukuqala ukusuka kwinyathelo glycolysis ukwenza pyruvic acid, nalapho iphela khona nge nasekusungulweni CO2, H2O namandla. reactions zakutsha uthathe indawo phantsi kukho ioksijini.

Indlela ukuba aphefumle iintsholongwane? Biology (Grade 6) School eNdleleni zebhayoliji

Esikolweni, siye sanikwa kuphela ulwazi elula ngayo inkqubo prokaryotes uphefumlayo. Mitochondria kula Cya ayikho, kunjalo, kufuneka mesosoma - lunamaqoqo le inwebu cytoplasmic kungena iseli. Kodwa ezi zakhiwo musa ukudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu nokuphefumla ngayo iintsholongwane.

Ekubeni yombhodamo - uhlobo lwe glycolysis, oko kwenzeka xa kukho icytoplasm of prokaryotes. Kukhona enzayim ezininzi ezifunekayo ukuze wonke nje umqokozo ngayo. Yonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, iibhaktheriya zokuqala iimolekyuli ezimbini pyruvic acid eveliswa njengomntu. Kwaye ngoko ke bajike baye kwabanye iimveliso, leyo ixhomekeke kuhlobo yokubola.

isiphelo

prokaryotes World, nangona elula ebonakala yentlangano yeselula, ezele amathuba zinzima kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kunzima ukuyichaza. Ngoku kukho impendulo njengoko uphefumla bacteria okunene, kuba asingabo bonke bephela kufuneka ioksijini. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uninzi bebeziqhelanisa ukusebenzisa abanye, indlela ngaphantsi esebenzayo yokufumana eneji - ukubila.