Index Development Human

Kumaxesha akutshanje majelo eendaba weva malunga Human Development Index (HDI). Ndingathanda ngaphezulu ukuthetha iinkcukacha malunga kulo mzobo, uze uqonde ukuba le nto ichazwa ngendlela efanayo.

Kwindawo yokuqala isalathiso yophuhliso lwabasebenzi - ke Isalathisi kwezoqoqosho ukuba esetyenziswa kwi UN ukwenzela ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wobomi kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Kubalulekile ukuba edidekile ingqiqo kunye nomgangatho wobomi, oko luphawu iinkcazelo ezahlukeneyo. Umgangatho wokuphila uyakwazi ukuchaza iqondo kakuhle-ntle eziphathekayo, oko kukuthi, abantu ngokwanelisayo ukuchuma kwabo eziphathekayo. Kulo mzekelo, i-avareji umgangatho wokuphila kweli lizwe ingaba ngendlela eselubala kubonakaliswa ngokusebenzisa GDP kwiyunithi kubemi nganye. Nangona umba "umgangatho wobomi" iqulethe imiba "ongabonakaliyo 'yobomi. Oku kuquka ubomi kunye nempilo, ithuba bachithe ixesha labo lokuphola kwaye ukhululeke, ukuqhama lenkcubeko eli lizwe, umgangatho walo yophuhliso ngokomoya, njl

Ngoko kusengqiqweni ukuba ukujonga umgangatho wobomi kunzima ngokwaneleyo, ngokuba le ngcamango kakhulu ezininzi kunye nezintsonkothileyo, nto leyo iquka uluhlu lwemiba, ukongeza, mayingabi sakhululwa luboniswe ngokwemimiselo yezemali. Ukuze wenze oku, kufuneka usebenzise amanye uhlobo kwisalathisi ezifunekayo, kodwa musa ukulibala ukuba kule meko akunakwenzeka ukuba ukufunda datha ichanekile ngokupheleleyo kwaye zichanekile.

Ngoko ke kuba sisalathisi ebalulekileyo isalathiso yophuhliso lwabasebenzi, nolwathi lwaphuhliswa yi ngezoqoqosho amabini amazwe ngo-1990: Pakistani Mahbub ul-hacks kunye Indian Amartya Sen. Emva koko, ukususela ngowe-1993, ingxelo UN ngonyaka uchitha nzima kuphuhliso zesi salathisi ezivakalisa ixabiso HDI kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini. Nceda uqaphele ukuba iinkcukacha ezinikwe UN, eyaziwa zila kwiminyaka emi-2.

kwisalathiso sendlala, nto leyo ke, ayisetyenziswa ngokubanzi - njengenyathelo enye iye yaziswa kwi-HDI. Mhlawumbi esona sizathu siphambili oku igama dissonant, leyo uyayityeshela inkqubo yobungxowankulu kumazwe amaninzi. Hi ndlela leyi, eli nani nayo ibalwa ngokufanayo nokubala i index ye amandla kwabantu.

Xa ezingundoqo layo, i-HDI iqulethe izikhombisi ezintathu eziphambili - umgangatho wokuphila ukuze zivavanywe yi yemVeliso yaseKhaya kungekaTsalwa per capita, isalathiso yezemfundo, oko kukuthi, izinga lokufunda nokubhala abantu, ngokunjalo sokuphila.

Iimpawu lezeMfundo zibandakanya iqondo nokubhala abadala, ngokunjalo ipesenteji iyonke yabafundi. Yiloo nto ke inani labantu abafunde phakathi abahlali karhulumente, leyo sele uneminyaka eli-15 ubudala kwaye ingqalelo sisalathisi kwinqanaba. Umntu ukulesa kubizwa ngokuba umntu abangakwaziyo ukufunda nokubhala ingxelo elula enxulumene kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izinga lokufunda nokubhala nga kucaciswa kubalo, kodwa wenziwa kanye qho emva kweminyaka eli-10. Ukuze uqinisekise eli nani, ebanjwe ngonyaka amaphononongo ngqo ezizama ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi ukuqinisekisa inani lokwenyaniso abantu ukufunda nokubhala. Umzekelo, ukuqhuba uphando abantu ngokungena emtshatweni okanye ukubuthwa. Kufuneka ke ukuba indlela enjalo uyamkhetha kwaye awukwazi ukunika umfanekiso oluchanileyo epheleleyo nokubhala onke amacandelo oluntu.

I-Human Development Index kunokuba nexabiso phakathi zero anamnye. Oku kumiselwa indlela, apho yokalo emileyo kuthetha kuthathelwa ingqalelo intsebenzo zontathu indices zikhankanywe apha ngentla. Oko ekwandiseni translation ukuya ixabiso Isalathisi, leyo ungaboniswa njenge ixabiso lenani ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya kwenye, kwenza kube lula ukuba uthathe ingqalelo metric ezahlukeneyo kakhulu kwaye saa kulo Isalathisi omnye onxulumeneyo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inani amazwe zibandakanyiwe xa kubalwa leZizwe eziManyeneyo. amazwe aseYurophu Small afana Liechtenstein, San Marino, Monaco, Andorra akazange ukushicilela data zabo. Iindaba kwezoqoqosho kula mazwe zibonisa ukuba HDI liphezulu kakhulu, ezifana kwiminyaka eli-10 eyadlulayo. Amanye amazwe nabangekafumani zifakiwe UN ibika, ezi ziquka ulwahlulo of Serbia kunye iMontenegro, kwakunye Macau kunye Taiwan, kodwa ngokutsho data preliminary, bona babe HDI eliphezulu kakhulu.

Ilizwe apho kukho imfazwe, akusekho ukuchaza index yabo yophuhliso. Kuba amazwe afana eLiberia, Afghanistan, Somalia, njl Kokuba kucingelwa ukuba eli nani kula mazwe aya kuba sezantsi kakhulu.