Imizobo Pre-Raphaelite kunye nezihloko. Pre-Raphaelite imizobo imixholo

Ekubeni 1850 eNgilani, baqala ukuphuhlisa indlela entsha kwisihobe nokupeyinta. Yayibizwa ngokuba "Pre-Raphaelites." Eli nqaku lumele izimvo eziphambili zoluntu ubugcisa, ubuchule umxholo, Pre-Raphaelite imizobo kunye nezihloko.

Ngoobani aba Pre-Raphaelites?

Kwiinzame ukuba kude kwizithethe ekruqulayo zemfundo ubuhle eziyinyani ngexesha yeVictorian, iqela amagcisa ukudalile lwakhe ulwalathiso zobuciko. Kuye ukungena phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi, kwakheka ethile yokuziphatha kunye nonxibelelwano kwabayili zabo. Kunye nolwalathiso art, kunye nabameli zabazobi aba igama elifanayo - i-Pre-Raphaelites. Umfanekiso babonisa noFaro abo bokuqala Renaissance. Enyanisweni, igama bakwinkonzo obuliqilima. Ngabapeyinti koqobo abanomdla owayesebenza phambi ngokuvela Raphael kunye uMichelangelo. Phakathi kwabo - Bellini, Perugino, Angelico.

Icala phakathi kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19.

ukuvela

Ide 1850 zonke zobugcisa waseBritani phantsi iphiko Royal Academy of Arts. ngumengameli wayo, Nkosi uYoshuwa Reynolds, kwakunye naziphi na ezinye njengommeli amaziko ezisemthethweni madolw 'anzima ukwamkela ezintsha kunye amalinge wakhuthaza abafundi bakhe.

Ekugqibeleni, ezi wavingcela emxinwa wenza amagcisa eziliqela ezineendaba efanayo zobuciko kwi sibumbane ubuzalwana jikelele. Eyokuqala abameli balo baba iHolman Hunt kunye wabe Rossetti. Badibana umboniso nesikolo kunye nengxoxo, waqonda ukuba izimvo zabo ziyafana kakhulu.

Rossetti wabhala ukupeyinta "loLutsha of Virgin Mary" ngelo xesha, yaye Hunt wamnceda ukuligqiba akunamsebenzi, kodwa ilizwi. Sele 1849, lo ngelaphu ichatshazelweyo kwi show. Abantu abatsha bavuma ukuba umzobo IsiNgesi mihla ujongene xesha kakhulu kwimbali yawo. Ukuze ukuvuselela le fomu art ngandlel 'ithile, oko kuyimfuneko ukuba babuyele kwizinto ezisisiseko doakademicheskim, ukuze kube lula kunye ubuhule.

Esemqoka abameli

Ekuqaleni, lo Pre-Raphaelite Abazalwana, ogama imifanekiso ukuba kwathi ubomi entsha kwinkcubeko yaseBritani, ibe abantu abasixhenxe.

1. iHolman Hunt. Waphila ixesha elide, kunezinto iimbono zakhe zobuciko de ukufa kwakhe. Yena waba yimbangi iimpapasho eziliqela, isixelela ntoni amalungu ludale uchaze Imizobo pre-Raphaelite. Phakathi mizobo edume ngumzobi - "Shadow of Death" (ukupeyinta zonqulo uYesu), "Isabella kunye Pot of Basil" (esekelwe mbongo Dzhona Kitsa), "kuAzazele" (ezibhaliweyo ngokusekelwe amabali esiseBhayibhileni).

2. Dzhon Mille. Waziwa ngokuba umfundi omncinane of the Academy of Arts, apho kamva waba ngumongameli wayo. UYohane emva komsebenzi omde indlela Pre-Raphaelite ubuzalwana sakulahla. Ukondla usapho lwakhe, waza waqalisa ukupeyinta portraits kwi ucwangco kwaye baphumelela. Lo msebenzi ephawulekayo - "uKristu kwiNdlu Abazali Bakhe" (umfanekiso yonqulo, ezele iisimboli yobomi elizayo kunye nokufa uKristu), "Ophelia" (ezibhaliweyo ngokusekelwe isiqephu "Hamlet"), "amaqamza" (ukupeyinta kwixesha emva ingqondo yemveli, iye indumasi nentengiso soap).

3. wabe Rossetti. Le mizobo bazaliswe ukunqulwa ubuhle kunye eroticism kwabasetyhini. uElizabhete umfazi wakhe waba Ndithelekelele enkulu ngumzobi. Ukufa kwakhe uphazamisa wabe. Wabeka wakhe ibhokisi-ngqangi yakhe yemibongo, kodwa emva kweminyaka embalwa, eqabuka, wenze le isidumbu waza wayithimba engcwabeni. imisebenzi olubonakalayo: "Malibongwe linguBeatrice" (zazibonisa umfazi wabe, apho phakathi kobomi nokufa), "Proserpina" (uthixokazi laseRoma isiqhushumbisi esandleni sakhe), "Veronica Veronese" (umzobo zokomfuziselo ebonisa inkqubo creative).

4. Maykl Rossetti. umzalwana wabe kaThixo, naye wafunda kwi-Academy. Kodwa ekugqibeleni ndakhetha umhlalutyi indlela kunye nombhali. Pre-Raphaelite imizobo zaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo phantsi kuyo njee. It is a biography of umzalwana wakhe. Waqulunqa le ngcamango ulwalathiso.

5. Tomas Vulner. Yena waba nomkroli kunye yimbongi. Kwincwadi yakhe yokuqala wayezixhasa ingcamango pre-Raphaelites, wajika nemvelo yaye athathele ingqalelo iinkcukacha ezincinane. Wapapasha imibongo kweli phephancwadi lobuzalwana, kodwa emva koko bahamba kude izimvo zabo jikelele kwaye wagxila kwiifomu yamandulo.

6. Frederick Stevens. Artist kunye Umhlaziyi wobuciko. Kungekudala waba waphoxwa italente ngomzobi kwaye lujolise nokugxekwa. Yena ingqalelo umsebenzi wakhe ukuba achaze injongo zoluntu abazalwana bamzukise Pre-Raphaelite kaMnu. Yalondolozwa ezinye ngemizobo yakhe: "I Marquis and Griselda", "Umama Child", "Ukufa kaKumkani Arthur."

7. Dzheyms Kollinson. Ndaba ikholwa, ngoko wayepeyinta izifundo zonqulo. Ndemka uluntu emva Millet ukupeyinta yagxekwa kumaphephandaba, wambiza onyeliso. Phakathi imisebenzi yakhe - "The Holy Family", "Ukuphika Elizabeth of Hungary", "Oodade".

Imizobo Pre-Raphaelite leyo yabangela kakhulu impikiswano, waba inani labantu-nye nonke. Babengekho lwabazalwana, kodwa ngqo iingcamango ezingundoqo. Phakathi kwabo - umzobi L. Alma-Tadema, umyili F. M. Brown, ngumzobi uWilliam Deverell, umluki weemfakamfele M. Morris, umzobi wemifanekiso Hughes kunye nabanye.

Le elibanjwa isanda

Ekuqaleni, pre-Raphaelite imizobo zifezekisiwe abagxeki kakhulu eshushu. Zazifana umpefumlo umoya. Nangona kunjalo, le meko lonyuka emva kokungeniswa ngokubhekiselele Imizobo zonqulo eziliqela, abhalwe-non ukuthotyelwa izinqumo.

Ngokukodwa, ekupeyinteni "uKristu kwiNdlu Abazali Bakhe" Mille ibrashi. Ngomhla ngelaphu ubonisa umoya obungqabangqaba, barn, kufuphi apho amadlelo umhlambi weegusha. ayeguqa Virgin phambi kokuba uYesu omncinane, limele isandla sakhe isikhonkwane. Yamabele iye bayizalisa le ngeesimboli mfanekiso. A ngesandla ukopha - umqondiso lokubethelela elizayo, isitya ndawonye namanzi, leyo uYohane umbhaptizi - iisimboli ze Epiphany, ihobe ehleli phezu kwizinyuko, bunxulunyaniswa ngoMoya oyiNgcwele, izimvu - kunye lixhoba elimsulwa.

Abagxeki baye wabiza kulo mfanekiso onyeliso. Iphephandaba "The Times" Dubbed ukupeyinta imvukelo zobuciko. Abanye, esalatha luthelekiso Family oyiNgcwele kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo, luphawulwa njengoko umsebenzi Millet kaThixo emide kunye ezinezothe.

Rossetti picture "Annunciation" Kwakhona phantsi ukuhlasela. Umpeyinti uphumile ukusuka yebhayibhile ncwadi, iNtombi benxibe iimpahla ezimhlophe. Ngomhla ngelaphu iyavezwa esoyika. IF Stone umgxeki wafanisa Pre-Raphaelite ukusebenza zakudala yanto.

Ngubani owaziyo ukuba uza kuba bayahlelwa zomanyano, xa ungekho ngakum wakhe umgxeki Dzhon Roskin, abanemibono sibala zonke.

Effect umntu onegunya

Dzhon Roskin yaba mbali kwaye ebhaliweyo yomsebenzi ngaphezu kwesinye yezenzululwazi phambi kokuba siqhelane umsebenzi Pre-Raphaelites. ndamangaliswa xa waqonda ukuba zonke iingcinga kunye nezimvo kuchaziwe kumanqaku ayo, baye bafumana indawo yabo nobuzalwane ngelaphu.

Ruskin wakhuthaza ukungena kwi undoqo endalo, ingqalelo iinkcukacha, ukunqunyanyiswa ebekwa izinqumo kunye imifanekiso nomfanekiso njengoko kufuneka. Konke oku ibandakanyiwe kwaye inkqubo pre-Raphaelite.

A umgxeki ubhale amanqaku for "The Times", apho bamdumisa umsebenzi amagcisa. Wathenga ezinye bekwenza ngemizobo yabo yepeyinti, ukuxhasa amagcisa, kwaye ngokuziphatha, ngokwezimali. Ruskin wazithanda isimbo esitsha engaqhelekanga yokudweba imizobo eyenziwe ngepeyinti yeoli. Pre-Raphaelites kamva wadala eni ezininzi nomondli wayo umxhasi.

ngesakhiwo

Ekuqaleni, artists wajika kuphela kwizifundo ivangeli, egxininisa kumava bemeko- bokuqala Renaissance. Abazange kufuna ukwenza umfanekiso izinqumo ibandla. Injongo ephambili sokutshintshela iingcinga bulumko kwi ngelaphu. Kungenxa yoko le nto Imizobo pre-Raphaelite njengoko oluneenkcukacha elingumqondiso.

"I-Youth of Virgin Mary" Rossetti waba ukugcina kunye neemfuno ngexesha yeVictorian. Yayibonisa intombazana ukuthobeka endleleni unina. Oku ngesiqhelo kuvezwa nokufunda wabe ufakwe kulo ezandleni Virgin yenaliti. Yena zamfakamfele phezu ngelaphu njengenyibiba - uphawu ubunyulu nobunyulu. iintyatyambo ezintathu isiqu - uYise noNyana noMoya oyiNgcwele. Amagqabi Palm neenkunzana ngameva - uvuyo kunye nosizi kaMariya. Lo mfanekiso ayikho nantsingiselo izinto, imibala kunye nezenzo - bonke yenzelwe ukuchaza intsingiselo bulumko.

Kamva, zabazobi Pre-Raphaelites, ogama imifanekiso itsale ingqalelo kawonke baqalisa ukuba yesihloko ukungalingani kwabantu ( "Lady Lilit"), ukuxhatshazwa kwabasetyhini ( "ukuthozama nebe"), yokushiywa ( "The Last of England").

Indima ebalulekileyo nobuzalwane imisebenzi ukudlalwa imizobo ezisekelwe imisebenzi iimbongi IsiNgesi nababhali. Ngabapeyinti aphefumlelweyo ngokwasemisebenzini Shakespeare, kaJolobe, kwaye Italian wabe Alighieri.

imifanekiso female

bafaka imixholo nabalinganiswa basetyhini Pre-Raphaelite kakhulu kuhluka. Kokuba bamanyane kuphela kwelinye - malunga canvasses zabo walawula ubuhle ababhinqileyo. Ladies ezotywe wawuhlala ezintle, uzolile, ngokundibamba imfihlelo. Kukho izifundo ezahlukeneyo: isiqalekiso, ukufa, uthando ezingabuyekezekiyo, ubunyulu ngokomoya.

Ngokufuthi wamvusa isihloko yokukrexeza, apho umfazi ubethwa ukukhanya engafanelekanga. Kakade ke, yena abe isohlwayo ukhohlakele isenzo sakhe.

Abafazi badla uyekelela esilingweni kunye nenkanuko kwi imizobo ze-Pre-Raphaelites ( "Proserpine"). Kodwa kukho iyelenqe umva, apho le ndoda ngumtyholwa ukuwa amabhinqa (njengoko kwi imizobo of "Marianne", "ukuthozama nebe").

le Model

Isikakhulu imifanekiso ngenxa ngemizobo yakhe umzobi ukhetha abahlobo nezalamane. Rossetti wayedla wabhalela kumama wam kunye nodade ( "I-Youth of Virgin Mary"), kodwa kwakhona wabhenela iinkonzo senkosikazi yakhe Fanny ( "Lucretia Borja"). Elizabeth uyaphila, nomfazi wesifuba sayo, imifanekiso ababhinqileyo ufumene ubuso bakhe.

Effie Grey, umfazi Millet kunye ex-umfazi Ruskin, mazifakwe kwi film "Lo ukuze kukhululwe" Portrait kaYohane kunye ibrashi.

Annie Miller, uMtshakazi Hunt, owabuzwa phantse zonke amagcisa nabazalwana. Oku kubonisiwe kwi imizobo of "Elena Troyanskaya", "ukuthozama nebe", "Mfazi in yellow."

zezwe

Imbonakalo wabhala kuphela ezinye abazobi kweli cala. baphuma iindonga ofisi waza wasebenza emoyeni evulekileyo. Oku kwamnceda ngabapeyinti ukuba zifake zonke iinkcukacha yokugqibela, umfanekiso wabo igqibelele.

iiyure wachitha abaNdulela-Raphaelites kwindalo, ukuze awuphoswa iinkcukacha enye. Lo msebenzi kufuneka Titanic umonde kunye nesakhono ukuze ukudala. Mhlawumbi ngenxa iimpawu inkqubo uthole landscape lwalathiso ukwanda ezifana nezinye ntlobo.

migaqo yokudweba uhlobo imizobo Hunt kubonakala ngokupheleleyo "kunxweme IsiNgesi" kunye Millais 'Ukwindla Ishiya ".

sokonakalisa

Emva kwimiboniso eziliqela ngempumelelo Pre-Raphaelite Abazalwana waqalisa uqhawuke. Ukukhulisa ndawonye uthando lwabo kumaXesha Aphakathi akwanelanga. Wonke umntu wayefuna indlela yakhe. Hunt kuphela wahlala ethembekile kwimigaqo yalo mkhwa de kube sekupheleni.

Ingqiniseko weza 1853, xa Millais yaba lilungu le-Royal Academy. Abazalwana bahlukana ngokupheleleyo. Abanye baye bafudukela kude umzobo ixesha elide (umzekelo, Rossetti wathabatha phezulu ngokubhala).

Nangona yokuyekwa kanye ubukho, i-Pre-Raphaelites wenza njengoko indlela kangangexesha elithile. Nangona kunjalo, indlela yokubhala lwemifanekiso kunye nemigaqo ezimbalwa jikelele ophambene.

emva Pre-Raphaelites

Kuba amagcisa, abamele kamva inqanaba Kakade, iquka USimon Solomon (umsebenzi liphuhlisa eyona intshukumo kunye neenjongo aestheticism zobufanasini), Evelyn De Morgan (wabhala kwimixholo wasentsomini, ezifana "Ariadne auf Naxos"), umzobi wemifanekiso Genri Forda.

Kukho inani lamagcisa abaye baba negalelo imizobo Pre-Raphaelite. Iifoto ezinye rhoqo ukuvela eendaba yaseBritani. It uSophie Anderson, Frenk Diksi John Godward, Edmund Leighton kunye nabanye.

inani

Prerafaelitizm ebizwa kwicala yokuqala ubugcisa eNgilani, nto idume kwihlabathi lonke phantse. Wonke umgxeki okanye ongenalwazi na uluvo lwakhe kunye nelungelo ukuvavanya nobuchule zabazobi. Ngokuqinisekileyo omnye kuphela into - ukuba ukuba eyangena yonke imiba yoluntu.

Ngoku kwakhiwe kakhulu. Imisebenzi ebhaliweyo entsha yenzululwazi, ezifana "Pre-Raphaelites. Ubomi kunye nomsebenzi lwemizobo 500." Umntu uza kwisigqibo sokuba abameli kule nentsingiselo owandulela lo Symbolists. Umntu uthe impembelelo ye Pre-Raphaelite ingenelisi nkqu Dzhona Tolkina.

Canvases sile ekukhokeleni iimyuziyam eBritani. Ngokwahlukileyo inkolelo ethandwayo, imizobo pre-Raphaelite e Hermitage ayigcinwanga. LeMiboniso lwemizobo kuqala eboniswe eRashiya ngowe-2008 e-Tretyakov Gallery.