Imizi isayensi City eRashiya: list. Uphuhliso izixeko science Russian. Zobungcali isixeko nenzululwazi eRussia yemvelo yenyukliya? Isixeko yokuqala inzululwazi of Russia

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kucacile ukuba kuphela kuphuhliso lobugcisa ezintsha Russia uya kuba nako ukuthabatha indawo yawo efanelekileyo kurhwebo kwezoqoqosho lwehlabathi. Kwakhona uya kuvumela ilizwe lethu ukubuyisela nokugcina iwonga amandla amakhulu.

Ewe, iRussia obuninzi othelekisekayo yendalo (kuquka igesi kunye namafutha). Kodwa ke, iimveliso yokujongwa lwabo zaseprayimari na isiseko kokomelela kwezoqoqosho, maxa wambi ukubeka lizwe inceba yamazwe aphuhlileyo kakhulu. Yiyo loo nto ufuna ukuya utshintsho ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kuqoqosho oluya iqhutywa amafutha kunye energy izixhobo, kuphuhliso ezintsha onke amacandelo loqoqosho lwesizwe. Kwaye oku kunokwenzeka kuphela xa uvuselelo ngokwasengqondweni kunye nemisebenzi yophando kwinkalo zamandla ombane nezothutho, isakhiwo umatshini, isixhobo kwezigqibo, eyama noshishino emajukujukwini.

Kukho Kufuneka kwakhona kubekho idabi ezintsha amayeza kunye nemfundo, anayiphi kunye nobuchwepheshe bolwazi. Indlela yokuphumeza oku? Ekhuthaza namakhono womelele ngokwasengqondweni yezenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe ngokuqulunqwa izixeko science Russian.

Indaba

Loo nto njenge "kwisixeko isayensi", wabonakala eRashiya kuphela ekuqaleni 90 zenkulungwane lokugqibela. Kwaye sikwinqanaba lokuqala, yaba umlinganiswa ehlangeneyo. Uluhlu, aqulathe izixeko inzululwazi Russian, baba izixeko edityanisiweyo kunye needolophu, kwafuneka iingxaki zophuhliso efanayo. Oku kuquka uhlobo olulodwa sokubhatala. Baba uphando isixeko-ukwakha kunye nemveliso kunye neminye imibutho enxulumene ngqo kunye nophuhliso amacandelo loqoqosho lwesizwe lwenzululwazi nobugcisa. Ziziphi ezona zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze ngokusekwa zokuhlala ezinjalo?

Naukogrady eRussia yimveliso intsingiselo yehlabathi jikelele. imbonakalo yazo kwenziwa kwenzeka ngexesha xa inqanaba lophuhliso likarhulumente yaba ezintsha nempembelelo ebalulekileyo.

imizi Science Russian wayehluke angako yoxinaniso ingqondo eyandinceda ukudala, uze ubambe zixatyiswe ngobuchule obufuneka kakhulu kwiindawo ezininzi ebalulekileyo yomkhosi. Ukongeza, ngokudala zokuhlala hlobo kwilizwe ikwazile ukufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu uphando kwiindawo ezininzi.

naukogradov Geography

Ngokwangoku, kwilizwe lethu ukuba zokuhlala asixhenxe, injongo engundoqo iyileyo kukuphuhlisa indlela ezintsha. imizi yesayensi City-Russian ibekwe zokuhlala zephetshana.

Phantse isiqingatha kolu luhlu zifumaneka kwi imephu kummandla eMoscow. Ezi ziquka ne Zelenograd, nto leyo eyinxalenye ukubandakanya yolawulo wezinto zakomkhulu.

Kwamanye amazwe, ummandla eMoscow, ngomhla ummandla Central Russia, lelinye nezenzululwazi ezisibhozo. Bona elise ukulungela ukusebenza, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, yaseTver kunye nemimandla Nizhny Novgorod.

Urals - ummandla yesibini apho xi sezingeni eliphezulu kwizixeko nenzululwazi Russian akhiwe. Uluhlu likhulu kuluhlu babe kwimimandla eChelyabinsk Sverdlovsk. Kwindawo yesithathu xi kwingxelo enjalo West eSiberia. On nommandla wayo ibekwe izixeko isayensi ezintandathu. Uyakwazi ithole ku imephu zeAltai Territory neengingqi Tomsk naseNovosibirsk.

Ukudalwa naukogradov

Uninzi zokuhlala, okwenza ibe ngengqondo, imizi. Kakhulu kutshanje, ilali ezimbini wafumana iwonga 'isixeko izixeko nenzululwazi Russian. " Uluhlu maqumrhwana wajoyina:

- evule. Chernogolovka zibekwa kummandla eMoscow;
- evule. New, waliguqula igama ukuya Relight umzi.

Xa uluhlu izixeko kwezesayensi - kwiilokishi namahlumela eedolophu asixhenxe. Kukho phakathi kula maziko kunye nemizi ezine ezisemaphandleni. Kodwa loo nto zonke izixeko inzululwazi Russian. Dwelisa kubo egcwaliswe Akademgorodok amaziko zenzululwazi ezinkulu Ekude eSiberia. Ukuxhuma yayo yolawulo, ukuba iindawo esixekweni.

Iintlobo ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ke inani labantu abahlala kwizixeko yezenzululwazi. Xa inkulu kubo ebhaliweyo abemi ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini amawaka. Kuluhlu - isixeko inzululwazi ye naseRussia Biysk. Kuba ezikhoyo zophando enkulu kunye inani elifanayo Dzerzhinsk kunye Zelenograd.

Zingaphi Russian inzululwazi imizi zimi kwinani lesibini eliphezulu labantu abahlala kuzo? Eight kwiziseko ezinjengezo. Yaye uninzi lolu luhlu ise kwingingqi eMoscow.

Amaninzi, umzi inzululwazi Russia - idolophu apho abemi-20 ukuya kwi-100 lamawaka. Enjalo isixa zabemi phantse isiqingatha zonke ezikhoyo zenzululwazi.

Le incinane isixeko isixeko-inzululwazi of Russia - Primorsk kummandla Leningrad. lwabemi beli a ngaphezu kwamawaka amathandathu abantu kancinane.

inani ezahlukeneyo iindwendwe emizini besayensi imeko-yohlobo ezidolophini zokuhlala. Ngenxa yoko, abantu kuloo dolophana. Orevo - 1,5 amawaka abantu, kunye ilali. Krasnoobsk - 17.5 amawaka.

Ke Akademgorodok inani abemi zazo ayaziwa. Oku kungenxa ukungena maqumrhwana kwizixeko ezinkulu. idatha ethile kuphela ye naseNovosibirsk Akademgorodok, ngenxa yokuba imfundo nenzululwazi kweli ziko yolawulo Soviet yesithili. Ekuqaleni kuka-2001 yi 130,9 amawaka abantu sele ibhalisiwe.

Ukwanda Uluhlu Science Cities

Ngoku kunzima ukubala inani lilonke kwamaziko ophando ukuba bathatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi ukwazisa ubugcisa bale mihla kuqoqosho lwesizwe. Into yokuba kukho CATF - Iqondo City, ebizwa ngokuba "iibhokisi zeposi". declassification yabo esebenzayo kwaqala kwisiqingatha sokuqala ekupheleni koo zenkulungwane yokugqibela, kodwa namhlanje, hayi zonke ezi amaziko ezaziwa kuluntu jikelele.

Yandisa uluhlu, elibandakanya isixeko izixeko nenzululwazi Russian angakwazi kwaye kwezinye iindawo kunye ibe lwenzululwazi nobugcisa enamandla. Ngokomzekelo, kutshanje oko kwenzeka kunye Gatchina efanayo imi kummandla iLeningrad. Le yokuhlala, inani yabemi leyo 82.3 amawaka. Man, iye ithathwe kwisixeko inzululwazi kuba ukwakweli kummandla St Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics.

Uluhlu kwezakhiwo enjalo ayinakwenziwa:

- Angarsk, ibekwe kwiMimandla Irkutsk (labemi - 264 amawaka abantu.);
- Glazov (. 106.8 amawaka abemi), isendaweni kummandla Udmurtia.

Angarsk Electrolysis Plant imisebenzi ojongene zophuculo uranium. Ngoku amehlo ngokufanelekileyo kuqwalaselwa ngunozala ushishino lwenyukliya phambene. Le isimo yabelwa umzi ngenxa Chepetsk Mechanical Plant, oveza uranium metal.

isixeko enokubakho inzululwazi of Russia - isixeko Sosensky enabantu 14.6 amawaka abantu .. Le lali ibekwe Research Institute of Instrumentation kunye yokuZenzekelayo, nokwakha neenkqubo kushishino lweenqwelo le.

Kodwa oku uluhlu olupheleleyo izixeko needolophu, ezo contenders ukuze zifakwe kuluhlu izixeko science. Ngoko ke, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kuqwalaselwa ngenjongo yokufakwa kule kuluhlu lwezinto ezikhoyo ezinjalo, i-Peterhof, kuba le dolophu yaziwa kwaye ngobukhulu isixeko myuziyam ehlabathini.

Ukudluliselwa ubume

NgoNovemba 1997, uMongameli we-Russian Federation yaba sisiqalo nkqubo karhulumente kwi kuphuhliso lwamaziko zophando. Yaba ngeli xesha, isalelo "On amanyathelo ukwenzela uphuhliso izixeko ezenzululwazi isixeko kobugcisa ophezulu kunye nenzululwazi." Kungelo xesha kumisiweyo kanye ingqiqo mfundo, kwaye ekuqhubeni imisebenzi ezintsha lwenzululwazi nobugcisa, abanongamelayo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso uvavanyo kwiindawo ephambili eli lizwe.

Isixeko nenzululwazi yokuqala eRashiya, ezafumana ngokusemthethweni iwonga enjalo - Obninsk, ibekwe kummandla ukulungela ukusebenza. Kwathi ngoMeyi 2000. Emva konyaka, umzi inzululwazi obizwa ngokomthetho Korolev (eMoscow Inombolo yobhaliso.). NgoDisemba 2001, ubume yanikwa Dubna.

lunye naukogradov

Cities ababandakanyekayo ezintsha kunye nophuhliso lwenzululwazi nobugcisa, baqhube imisebenzi yabo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko, kwi kumqolo omnye ke uluntu odidi lwenzululwazi (Borok, Dubna, eTroitsk) kunye Akademgorodok. isixeko ngokwahlukeneyo zabelwe, ine i isiseko umxhelo yenzululwazi kunye zoshishino (Reutov, Khimki, Zhukovsky). Kwakhona ziquka izixeko inzululwazi kunye noshishino yenyukliya (Sarov, Ozersk, njalo njalo). Xa iqela elahlukileyo uqulethe imizi bayivavanyelwa leyo yavelisa izixhobo (Plesetzk, Luxolo, 7 Dmitriev et al.).

Noko ke, emizini iNzululwazi jikelele eRashiya ezikhethiweyo zabo ezintsonkothileyo. Xa ezinjalo namaziko ingcamango ngokwasengqondweni zibonelela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zophando, ligubungela kwiinkalo ngeenkalo. Noko ke, bonke isabelo phawu enye ethile. Phakathi inani elikhulu lwemisebenzi kusoloko kusenzeka ukuchonga ezimbini okanye ezintathu ezinkulu. naukogrady enjalo ebizwa multioriented.

Kukho kwakhona isixeko monospecialized. Kuwo akukho orientation enye kuphela phambili kuphando.

Xa ukuhlelwa izixeko zenzululwazi kwinkalo yesifundo abayifundisayo sime phandle njengeqela eliphakathi. Oku kuquka imfundo enjalo, nto leyo eqhuba uphando kunye nophuhliso kwinani fronts, kodwa omnye kuphela yengundoqo, kwaye abanye - ozikhethelayo kuphela okanye ehamba umsebenzi omkhulu.

uphando Space and aviaraketostroenie

Umbutho uphando kunye nophuhliso kakhulu esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi iimfuno isithuba kunye mboni. Indlela yesayensi imizi eRashiya asebenza kule nkalo? amaziko anjalo kweli lizwe 25, kunye nenombolo zazo eziphambili ise kwingingqi eMoscow. Kukho phakathi kwabo ezo zixeko ukuba idlale indima ekhethekileyo kuphuhliso lizwe yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe.

Ngoko ke, inkokeli kushishino lweenqwelo yasekhaya Zhukovsky. lwabemi beli amawaka 95.1. Abantu. Le dolophu inzululwazi phambili kweli lizwe apho kuyilo kunye nokuvavanywa moya. Nazi i Flight Research Institute edumileyo egama emva Gromov, kwakunye Central Aero-Hydrodynamic Institute. Zhukovsky.

Science City isithuba ezizodwa Korolev, enabantu 132,9 amawaka. Abantu. Corporation "Energia" na kwishishini engundoqo imfundo. Yeyona lizwe phambili aerospace yenkampani-umbhekisi phambili kweenkqubo ezininzi isithuba, kuquka i "Energy-Buran". Kodwa asinguye kuphela lo Korolev odumileyo. On nommandla wayo kukho iziko yoqeqesho oosomajukujuku.

Ngu Queen ekufuphi nebheyi kwenye idolophu yezenzululwazi. Le wobuyiselo elinabemi wamawaka 27.7. Abantu. Ngomhla kummandla le mfundo amaziko ophando inxaxheba kuphuhliso lweenkqubo isithuba-rocket complex.
obungcali Naukogradov kuyafana kunye Star City. lwabemi beli 5.5 amawaka. Abahlali. Le Ukwakheka kwilali kwintsimi abo oosomajukujuku aqeqeshelwe ukuba ezibhabhayo.

Ukuya entshona eMoscow ngumzi inzululwazi ivaliwe. It Krasnoznamensk apho amawaka 29.4. Abantu. Emva ngasekupheleni-imi- 40 kwinkulungwane lokugqibela indawo yalowo imfundo yavulwa iziko engundoqo unxibelelwano, ngoku iziko esingundoqo uvavanyo kunye nolawulo moya isithuba.

Esinye sezixeko yesayensi edumileyo, ezisetyenziswa zobungcali nophando ezi izixeko ezifana uxolo Znamensk. Bona zibekwe kufutshane iziko space Plesetsk kunye Kapustin Yar.

Radio Engineering and Electronics Centres

Science City, ngokukodwa umsebenzi kule mimandla, xa kukho iqela eyahlukileyo, njengoko unique uphando olwenziwe kuzo. Zonke ezo amaziko e-Russia ezintathu. Ababini umzi - Fryazino kunye Zelenograd - ibekwe kummandla eMoscow. Okwesithathu - Pravdinsk - kummandla Nizhny Novgorod.

Obonwa yi bombane kwi elikomkhulu Russia nguye Zelenograd. Imbali kulo mzi, ngoku ekhaya amawaka 207,8. Abantu, yaqala ngo-1958 ngoko ukuba iBhunga labaPhathiswa yamkela isigqibo ukuqalisa ukwakha kwidolophu yisathelayithi eyinkunzi. Indawo kweli qumrhu zolawulo wanyulwa ndawo, zibekwe kufutshane nesikhululo Kryukovo. Sele kwiminyaka yokuqala elishumi ikhona, loo mzi ungakhiwa amaziko ezisibhozo ezinkulu wakha apho izityalo pilot inxaxheba ezahlukeneyo izinto, kuquka kummandla microelectronics.

Uphuhliso yodederhu yenyukliya

Phakathi imizi inzululwazi Russian, kukho abo ukugxininisa uphando, kwakunye zijongene kunye nesicelo eziqulunqile nobuchwepheshe kwiindawo of chemistry yenyukliya kunye physics. A indawo ekhethekileyo kolu luhlu izixeko atomic elishumi. Ngelo xesha, imizi badalwa ukuqaliswa kwe-USSR projekthi atomic. Isiqalo sendalo ezi zixeko inzululwazi esisekwe-1943 Ke ngoko eMoscow wabonakala Laboratory №2, ukujongana neengxaki yokwakha izixhobo zenyukliya. Namhlanje ke liziko enkulu zenzululwazi-kakhulu ngokuba "Kurchatov Institute".

Kwixesha elizayo, ngokuba uphuhliso elabhoratri ukuba ufune ulwenziwo iqela lemibutho akhiwe kwiindawo ezinkulu apho oko kunokwenzeka ukufumana uphando kunye nemveliso kunye novavanyo izibonelelo. Ukusombulula le ngxaki sakhiwe namashishini ezilishumi. Bonke kuwo kude kwiindawo ezihlala abantu, ngokunjalo koohola bendlela kunye zikaloliwe (kude ukusuka 'amehlo prying ").

Esi sixeko edume ngesayensi ye physics yenyukliya eRashiya - Sarov. Le ise kwinxalenye yaseYurophu kweli lizwe, kuloo ndawo ahlala kuyo egciniweyo Mordovian. Inani abahlali abahlala kuyo - 84,9 amawaka abantu .. Ekuhambeni kweminyaka, lo mzi inzululwazi wazala amagama afana Yasnogorsk kunye yesicelo, Arzamas-75 kunye Arzamas-16. Kwaba kuphela ngo-1994, emva kokuba zimvo, isixeko eyaziwa ngokuba: Sarov.

Zobungcali isixeko nenzululwazi eRussia yemvelo yenyukliya? Ngaphandle ukusuka ngentla kubalulekile esibonisa ngaphaya koMlambo. Kwakhona ifumaneka kwi isahlulo yaseYurophu kweli lizwe, ngomhla ummandla kummandla Penza.

Kukho imizi ezintlanu atomic kwi Urals. It Snezhinsk, Ozersk kunye Trehgornyi imi kummandla saseChelyabinsk, kunye Novouralsk kunye Forest - kummandla Sverdlovsk. izixeko ezithathu, iingcali zophando-nuclear, ibekwe eSiberia. It Seversk kummandla Tomsk, Zelenogorsk kunye Zheleznogorsk - kwi Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Enye elithile isixeko nenzululwazi eRussia yemvelo yenyukliya? Ngaphandle imizi elishumi atomic ngentla kuluhlu ezikhoyo ezinjalo ziquka izixeko ezisibhozo kummandla apho amaziko ophando enkulu kule nkalo. Phakathi kwabo, Dimitrovgrad kunye Gatchina, Obninsk kunye Dubna, Protvino, eTroitsk, kunye nabanye.

Esinye sezixeko kule luhlu Ndingathanda ukuqaqambisa ngakumbi. It Obninsk - sisixeko sokuqala inzululwazi ye eRashiya, wafumana iwonga omkhulu onje. Sikhoyo kumzantsi-ntshona eMoscow, ngo anekhulu elinamanci mabini yeekhilomitha ukusuka kwikomkhulu, yaye namhlanje inabemi 107,8 amawaka abantu.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-Obninsk kwaqala ngowe-1946, xa kugqitywe isigqibo sokuseka isakhiwo esiyimfihlo "B" ngesiseko seziko lokubhoda kunye neenkedama. Uphando kwintsimi ye-nyukliya yenziwe nge-Soviet kuphela, kodwa kunye neengcali zaseJamani ezifakwe kwiLebhu phantsi kwesivumelwano. Kamva e-Obninsk, i-Institute of Physics neMandla yadalwa, kwaye ngo-1954 isityalo sokuqala samandla enyukliya sehlabathi saqala ukusebenza kwayo.

Ukulungisa iingxaki zezolimo

Ingcali yaseNaukograd yaseRashiya yumuzi waseMichurinsk. Le nkalo yanikezelwa kulo mqathango, ohlala kwingingqi yaseTambov, ngokutsha nje ngo-4/11/2003, ngesiseko soMongameli kaMongameli. Olu xwebhu luye lwavunywa neendlela ezisemgangathweni apho isayensi yolwazi lwaseRashiya, ekhethekileyo eRashiya, ifanele iqhutywe. Phakathi kwazo zilandelayo:

- uphando kwimida yokukhetha kunye nemfuza, i-biochemistry kunye ne-biotechnology, i-ecology yemifuno, i-berries neziqhamo zezityalo, kunye nokuchongwa kweendlela zokuvelisa, ukuzinza nokuzinza kwezinto eziphilayo;
- uphuhliso lwezobuchwephesha bokuzihlola ezikhuselekileyo ngokusingqongileyo, kungekuphela kokuveliswa, kodwa kunye nokuthutha, ukucwangciswa kunye nokugcinwa kwexesha elide kweziqhamo kunye nemveliso yemifuno;
Umsebenzi wezenzululwazi kunye nolwazi lobugcisa, ukuvavanya nokuphuhliswa kwamalinge kwintsimba yokudala iindlela zobugcisa, kunye nokufumana iimveliso zokutya ezitsha, ezokusingqongileyo;
- uqeqesho lwabasebenzi emsebenzini kuzo zonke iinkalo zenkampani yezolimo.