Ingxaki. Iintlobo iingxaki: kwezentlalo, kwezoqoqosho, kwengqondo kunye nezinye

Igama elithi "ngxaki" phantse wonke umntu ubona njengengxaki, inkathazo, isithintelo, ukulibaziseka nantoni na.

Ingxaki: Iindidi iingxaki

Njengesakhi ebalulekileyo yehlabathi lanamhlanje, oko eyenziwe Ukwahluka yayo. Kuhlukumeza inkqubo emisiweyo ebomini, echaphazela onke amacandelo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu, ubeka umntu ibe isiphelo ofileyo yingxaki. Iintlobo iingxaki:

• ngokwasengqondweni;
• yesayensi;
• kwezentlalo;
• ezoqoqosho;
• ulawulo;
• yokusingqongileyo;
• jikelele.

iingxaki zengqondo

iingxaki zengqondo na imeko kungalingani iimvakalelo zabantu echaphazela ulwalamano yayo omnye nomnye kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Ezi ndidi zilandelayo iingxaki zengqondo:

• Obala -. Ngamanye amazwi, "ubuxoki phezu" Ezi iingxaki kubudlelwane, umona, uthando buhlungu, uloyiko ezicacileyo, ukungabikho ukuzeyisa kunye ukuthanda mthwalo kunye nokuba mathidala zizame.
• Efihliweyo - ndikho umntu, kodwa ukuzibonakalisa kangangoko ukuze uzibone.
• Deep - iingxaki ezifanayo ezifihlakeleyo, ubukho apho kungekho bungqina oluthembekileyo, kodwa kukho iimpawu iisayikholojisti bakholisa ukuba uyakholelwa wazo.

iingxaki zesayensi

Iintlobo iingxaki zenzululwazi (theoretical component, methodological, sombutho) i iseti asakhasayo nemiba yeengcingane kwaye aluncedo, kunokuba ezintsonkothileyo, ephambene nolwazi olukhoyo yaye kufuneka iqwalaselwe nge uphando. Ngeenjongo zokusombulula iingxaki yezenzululwazi iimeko mihla ifuna imigudu liqela elikhulu leengcali kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, nganye ekufuneka intando kunye nokuzimisela ukuba kufikelelwe nesayensi.

iingxaki zentlalo

iingxaki zentlalo zibonakaliswa ukwaneliseka buso okanye engaphelelanga ngokuphathelele iimfuno kunye neminqweno yabantu ngabanye kunye namaqela. Phantsi iimfuno eziyimfuneko ukuqonda iimfuno komzimba (impahla, indawo yokuhlala, ukutya), kunye nemiba zokomoya (unxibelelwano, imfundo, self-ukuqonda). Ezi ndidi zilandelayo iingxaki zentlalo:

• Ngabanye-sobuqu kunye nosapho. Le ubulolo, ukudakumba, ukuswela ukuqonda, ikheswa, imeko ezimbi entsatsheni, unetyala, emaxongo lwangaphakathi, iingxaki kwimfundo yabantwana nolutsha, ubunzima kunye impilo ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwasengqondweni (ebudaleni, ukukhubazeka).
• Socio-economic, ezinxulumene nobuhlwempu, ngqesho, inani labantu abadinga.
• LweNtlalo kunye nokusingqongileyo, ngenxa yeziphumo ezibi kwimpilo yabantu yokusingqongileyo angcolisekileyo.
• ezithile ngokwezinga enxulumene ukwahlulwa abantu ngokusekelwe ezithile (amandla, ingeniso, umsebenzi), ebangela ukuba ukungalingani appreciable phakathi umgangatho wokuphila seziqingatha ezahlukeneyo yabemi. Oku kunegalelo ekudaleni iimeko ezithandwa ukuxhaphaza ekuhlaleni nokwenza.
• Zokuziphatha kuquka ukuziphatha etenxileyo, ubuqhetseba, iziphene zentlalo mgaqweni.
• Symbolization kunye Ukulinganisa ekuhlaleni, oko kukuthi inqubo ephothiweyo, uhlaba amaxabiso zentlalo.
• kwinqanaba loluntu kunye oonobangela zezopolitiko ophantsi umsebenzi loluntu labemi, ukujongana ngezikhondo zamehlo kunye nokungazinzi yonxulumano loluntu.

iingxaki zoqoqosho

Ihlabathi, luqhutywa yi iinkqubo ukuhlanganiswa, ukukhula oza imfuneko urhwebo kunye noqoqosho ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe ngendlela entsonkothileyo yezoqoqosho kwihlabathi elinye. ukunqongophala kokudla efuna unikezelo olufanelekileyo phakathi kwabathengi, kulo mzekelo, kukho umba. Iintlobo mngeni ke akhoyo wayiqokelela kwi iqela elinye, njengokuba ngokupheleleyo ezizimeleyo omnye komnye. Umzekelo, ukunqongophala izondlo ezibalulekileyo - ngxaki ukutya - nefuthe elibi kwimpilo yabantu ngenxa yoko, ukunciphisa umgangatho zabasebenzi. Kwaye oku, nayo, iba nefuthe elibi ekukhuleni koqoqosho, sehlise kwaye ibangela iingxaki kuqoqosho.

Forms iingxaki zoqoqosho linokuchazwa yi le miba ilandelayo:

• Yintoni imveliso?
• Njani imveliso?
• Kuba lowo imveliso?

Oko kubalulekile ukujonga ngokuchanekileyo ukhetho impahla eyenziweyo ezifunekayo le resource kunye nobuchwepheshe, kwakunye nokunikezelwa oluchanekileyo imveliso afunyenwe phakathi abaqhubi kwezoqoqosho ngenxa inani eliqingqiweyo kwempahla wadala kunye neenkonzo ezinikiweyo.

kwingxaki yolawulo

iingxaki Management eyaboniswa iinjongo zokwenziwa komsebenzi non ecwangcisiweyo uqeshwe kwinkampani, ibangela iingozi kunye ezizuzwa zokuqhubekeka komsebenzi. Kulo mzekelo, ukusombulula le meko awufanelekele yinkokeli isisombululo ulawulo, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu ukuchonga ngokukhawuleza nokuxilonga le ngxaki. Iintlobo iingxaki zolawulo:

• qhinga, efuna ukwakheka, ukuqonda, iimviwo, uvavanyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kakuhle lo database;
• Tactical kusonjululwa kwixesha elifutshane xa kuthelekiswa ne-qhinga;
• elide -, eliphakathi --zexesha elifutshane kwaye ngoku;
• kwinqanaba lolawulo: ezantsi, phakathi kunye ngaphezulu.

Ukusombulula le ngxaki ukuze niqinisekise nize baqonde iimpawu wenza oko. Avamise kakhulu zezi:

• ukungangqinelani kwi intsebenziswano phakathi kweeyunithi zangaphakathi;
• izinga abampofu iimveliso kunye neenkonzo;
• iindleko eziphezulu zolawulo kunye nemveliso;
• ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo kunye fluidity yayo;
• yimveliso yabasebenzi amancinci;
• amanani yokuthengisa ezimbi;
• inkqubo yokuyila lixesha kwaye kukho ukwehla ebalulekileyo izixhobo;
• inzuzo encinane;
• zikhokhelwe emikhulu.

Amaxesha amaninzi ezi mpawu zixelwe ngentla ezihlobeneyo enye, ebonisa ingxaki enzima. Umzekelo, ingeniso ephantsi inxulunyaniswa neendleko eziphezulu kunye nomgangatho wemveliso amahlwempu.

Thatha ukulawula iingxaki nokubhala ezandleni zabo amandla entloko, emva apho ulwazi enamandla kunye namava, ubuchule, ingqiqo ishishini kunye nesakhono ukuze azive ingxaki kwi zigaba ekuqaleni ekuqaleni kwalo.

iingxaki zokusingqongileyo

iingxaki Environmental ngenxa ubukhulu becala kwizinto zabantu, zenzelwe ukuba ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo nokwenza iinguqu ezingentle kokusingqongileyo. Luyanda wokuphuthuma ukufumana ezi ntlobo zeengxaki zommandla ezifana:

• Ukuncipha ye-ozone, elikhusela eziphilayo kwimitha eyingo- elanga. Oyena nobangela uphambili "ozone umngxuma" (a isithuba ezinomthamo eliphantsi ozone) is a xi ebalulekileyo umoya CFC - iikhemikhali eguquguqukayo kakhulu, esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi ekhayeni nasemsebenzini. Disintegrating kwiingcamba umoya eliphezulu, zakha oxide chlorine, elonakalisileyo ozone. Le eziphango iziphumo ozone kule inhibition wenkqubo photosynthesis izityalo kuwa izivuno zezityalo, ukuphucuka imitha yelanga ehlabathini, okwenza ukuba izehlo ngumhlaza wolusu.
• Yi greenhouse effect ngenxa ubushushu yeegesi lentendelezo ephantsi, ukukwazi kugqitha ngokwayo radiation shortwave solar yaye ngaloo ndlela ukunqanda thermal elide-wave radiation of kumphezulu womhlaba. Iigesi (kwenitrojeni, methane, freon, icarbon dioxide) ukwakha uhlobo uphahla abamba phezu emhlabeni, babuyela inkoliso ubushushu emhlabeni, nto leyo ebangela nokwanda yayo kwiingcamba phezu emoyeni. Oku kubangela iziphumo ezingalunganga ezifana ukukhula komphakamo wolwandle ngenxa ice ukunyibilika, ukwanda imvula, utshintsho kwicala umoya nolwandle imisinga, lobushushu suka, ukufudumala zendalo. In Kyoto ngoDisemba 1997, kwingqungquthela yamazwe ngamazwe malunga notshintsho zehlabathi sezulu esesibhakabhakeni lwaqhutywa apho amazwe 159 inxaxheba. Isiphumo yaba ukwamkelwa kwimvumelwano yayo ngokubonelela ukuncitshiswa iyonke ye 5.2% ngaphakathi greenhouse gases.
• imvula eneasidi, amele ngezenzeko zendalo (eyimvula, ikhephu, inkungu) ne asidi ngenxa lwee- ion ze-hydrogen isisombululo. Oku kukhokelela kwezithandani yezityalo, kuncitshiswa ukukhula ehlathini, izivuno zezityalo, Ukuba muncu amachibi, ekhokelela ekufeni lisiza kunye nentlanzi.
• Ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma - amasalela engasetyenziswayo zempahla ekrwada, izinto semi-ogqityiweyo eziveliswa kwinkqubo kweemveliso.

Ukuxinana emhlabeni kobutyobo, equlethe kumafa yayo, ezosulelayo izinto eziyityhefu,, neziqhushumbisi zivuthe yenza umonakalo omkhulu uluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo, igalelo ungcoliseko lomoya, utyani, umhlaba, amanzi aphantsi komhlaba kunye namanzi angaphezulu komhlaba. Isisombululo lokuqala nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma ngu ukutshisa kunye etiphini. Ngenxa yokwanda ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo kwindawo yokuqala amanyathelo zokusingqongileyo ukuphelisa le ngxaki - lokhetho, ri ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa inkunkuma ephantsi-, apho nempembelelo embi kubume bemeko ayidluli inqanaba ovunyelweyo imigangatho yococeko.

Iintlobo iingxaki zehlabathi

iingxaki zehlabathi, kunye zendalo-zendalo nezentlalo indalo, kuchaphazela umdla lonke uluntu, nzulu ukusongela ikamva layo eqhelekileyo. Njengoko inkqubo kwaye oqhagamshelwano phakathi oluhlanganisa entsonkothileyo zonke ezi ngxaki zichazwe ngentla apha, ke kufuna ukuba isisombululo ngokukhawuleza kunye nesicelo iinzame ubuninzi onke amazwe ehlabathini.

Kuxhomekeka iimpawu iimpawu zezi ntlobo zilandelayo iingxaki zehlabathi;

• Phakathi kuphuhliswa nokuphuhlisa amazwe kunye namazwe kunye kuqoqosho akutshintsho. Isigqibo ijolise ekuthinteleni ungquzulwano kunye nokuseka kwezoqoqosho, ulondolozo yoxolo, ukulwa nendlala, izifo, indlala, likhoboka iziyobisi.
• Phakathi nendalo umntu. Le yokuhlala ijolise ekukhuseleni okusingqongileyo, ukukhuselwa kunye nokusasazwa amafutha kunye ekrwada izinto, uphuhliso iilwandle kunye nendawo, ukubonelela abantu ukutya, amandla kunye nezinto ekrwada.
• Phakathi komntu kunye noluntu. Kulo mzekelo, indawo yokuqala kukho imfuneko ukhathalelo lwempilo, imfundo, ukusombulula ingxaki yezibalo njalo njalo.

iingxaki zehlabathi isikali langa

Iingxaki zehlabathi zehlabathi lanamhlanje ziquka:

• Intsongelo yemfazwe yenyukliya, ekulweni leyo ukunqanda ugqatso ngeengalo, ukuthintelwa uphuhliso nokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo nezixhobo zokubulala abantu abaninzi, nokuphelisa kwezixhobo zenyukliya.

• ubugrogrisi Global ezijoliswe ekuthatheni intsimi entsha baze abanye abantu.
• Le ntlekele eziphilayo ke yokungenelela kwabantu esikhawulezileyo kwiinkqubo zendalo.
• Ukunqongophala kobutyebi bendalo - yingxaki enkulu kakhulu (iintlobo iingxaki ezikhoyo, njengokuba ezifanelekileyo, elowo ngendlela yayo). Kulo mzekelo, imfuno engxamisekileyo ukoyisa ingxaki intsebenziswano womntu nendalo, okukhokelela engozini enkulu ezifana kwamanani kwezibonelelo zendalo kunye ungcoliseko ibonwe lokusingqongileyo. amanyathelo kuyimfuneko ukuba imilinganiselo ejoliswe ukusetyenziswa eyongayo kwezibonelelo zendalo kunye nokuncitshiswa ukungcola e emhlabeni, umoya namanzi.
• Umba Izibalo kukunciphisa izinga lokukhula koluntu kumazwe aphuhlileyo kunye nokunyusa amanani zabo kumazwe asaphuhlayo.
• iimahluko nezenkcubeko phakathi esemgangathweni ngokuphila kumazwe aphuhlileyo (East and West) kunye namazwe yeHlabathi yesiThathu (Asia, eAfrika, Latin America). Kule meko ifuna ukusetyenziswa iinzame ukunciphisa umsantsa bestereo kunye nokuphelisa backwardness kwezoqoqosho ehlabathini lonke.
• revolution Scientific and zobugcisa kunye neziphumo zalo ezimbi, ifuna ukusetyenziswa esinengqiqo nolusebenzayo impumelelo yayo ukuze kuzuze uluntu kunye ngamnye ngamnye ngokwahlukeneyo.
• Ukusasazeka kwezifo ezosulelayo (AIDS, Ebola virus).
• Drug mkhuba, utywala kunye neminye imikhwa eyingozi. Kulo mzekelo, i umgudu ukuze phambili ukoyisa utyekelo ukunciphisa ezempilo, ukulwa butywala, ngamakhoboka eziyobisi, AIDS, isifo sephepha nezinye izifo.