Imali ephakamileyo yebakala yintoni?

Kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo abantu basebenzise indlela elula - ukuchithwa, okanye utshintshiselwano lwempahla - ukufumana iimpahla eziyimfuneko nokuziqonda ezo zininzi. Ngokuphuhliswa kwezakhono, ukuphuculwa kweenkqubo zezolimo kunye neenkomo, kunye nokwandiswa kweendawo zokuhamba, le ndlela yokubala yayingenakukhathazeka.

Yilapho kuqala imali yokuqala. Babeqhele ngokukhawuleza, kwaye kungekudala ihlabathi lonke lisetyenzisisa enye inkqubo yokutshintshiselana kwempahla: ukuthengiswa nokuthengwa. Ixesha lidlulileyo, amazwe kunye neemeko zitshintshile, kwaye iinkqubo zokuhlaliswa kwezinto ziguqukile , imali epheleleyo kunye nephantsi, iintlawulo zekhompyutha kunye nezikhwama zavela.

Inkcazo yemeko

Imali-xabiso epheleleyo yimali, enegunya lokuthenga ngokuthe ngqo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezivela kuyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo le nto igolide, isiliva, ithusi. Kwiibhanki ezinjalo, ixabiso lokutyunjwa eliboniswe kwicala langaphambili lihambelana nemarike yemveliso.

Ngokomzekelo, imali esineligram enye yegolide inexabiso eliqhathaniswayo elilinganayo nentengo yesisindo esifanayo sesitye esinqabileyo kwimarike. Ngaphandle koko, ezi ndlela zokuhlawula azinakujongwa njengemali epheleleyo. Unyango kunye nokukhutshwa kunenani leempawu zalo, iingeniso kunye nokungalunganga, okuxutyushwa ngezantsi.

Impawu

Njengoko sele kukhonjiswe ngasentla, imeko efunekayo kwimiyalezo ebhanki yile ncwadana epheleleyo yokubaluleka kwexabiso lokwenene. Umzekelo, isilivere yesilivere esisisigidi esisodwa singakwazi ukuthenga iimpahla ezininzi njengoko ubunzima besitye esinikeziweyo bufanelekile. Ukongezelela, imali epheleleyo-mali iyinto engundoqo yezinto ezixabisekileyo ezingasetyenziselwa ukubala, kodwa ezinye iinjongo. Umzekelo, ukulungiswa nokuqhubela phambili ukuveliswa kwezinto zokugqoka, izinto zendlu okanye ubugcisa, izixhobo, njl. Imbali iyazi imeko ezininzi zokuchithwa kwemali kwiimfuno ezahlukileyo, zomntu ngokwazo kwaye zikhulu.

Ubume obukhethekileyo

Enyanisweni, imali epheleleyo yintengiso engathengwa, ithengiswe okanye ingatshintshaniswa. Kodwa ubuqili beli propati zezixhobo zokubala kukuba bahamba kuphela kunye nokuhamba, kodwa azinjongo zokusetyenziswa ngqo.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, isinyithi esixabisekileyo ngokwayo singasetyenziselwa ezinye iinjongo, kodwa ke ayisayi kuthathwa njengemali epheleleyo. Le ngxaki inquma ifom ekhethekileyo yexabiso lokungabonakali nakwezinye izixhobo zokuhlawula.

Nayiphi na into inokuhlaziywa

Ngenkcazo, esi sixhobo sokuhlawula sinenani elithe tye ngokwaneleyo kwizinto zangaphandle. Nangona ukuba imayini yegolide iqhubeka imihla ngemihla kwiinkulungwane eziliqela ngokulandelana, le ntsimbi ayikuthi ibe yinto eshibhile kuphela, kodwa, ngokuchaseneyo, ixabiso layo likhula rhoqo emhlabeni jikelele. Isilivere, ngelishwa, lilahlekelwe yinto yalo yangaphambili, kodwa isala phakathi kwezinto ezinqabileyo. I-Copper ngokuphuhliswa kweshishini kwaye yonke into ibe yinto ephantsi. Kwimbali, kwakukho neenkcukacha zokunciphisa imali epheleleyo.

Omnye umzekelo wayekude kwi-16 leminyaka, emva kokufunyanwa kweMelika. EYurophu, iinqanawa zazihamba ngegolide nesiliva, ezikhethwe ngabantu basekuhlaleni. Izityebi ezixabisekileyo zaba zibukhali kwaye zithengwa kakhulu, kunye neengqekembe, ngokulandelanayo, zilahlekelwa yixabiso. Kodwa le nkqubo ayizange ihlale ixesha elide: ireyithi yemarike yamiselwa, kwaye imeko izinzile. Imali isilivere okanye ubhedu sele ilahlekile ngokuxabisa amaxesha amaninzi kwimbali yayo.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo

Imali-xabiso epheleleyo ayikho nje isixhobo sokuhlawula, kodwa i-lever ephawulekayo yolawulo lomgaqo kunye nommiselo. Ngokubonakala kwazo, umsebenzi omtsha welizwe uvela - kungekhona nje ukuqaliswa kweemali ezithile okanye ingots kwi-circulation, kodwa nokwamkelwa kwemimiselo esemthethweni kunye nemithetho yokulawula imisebenzi yabantu bonke abasebenzisa ezo ndlela zokuhlawula.

Ngaloo ndlela, imali egcweleyo ibonisa izinto zomthetho kunye neenkcukacha okanye, njengoko zithi, zinomxholo "we-phiatic" (ukususela kwigama elithi "umyalelo", "umyalelo" - i-fiat). Siyabulela kule ngxaki, imigaqo-nkqubo yemali ikhulayo, kwaye umthetho nomsebenzi womthetho welizwe uphuhliso.

Ukubonakala kunye nefomu

Iifom zexabiso elipheleleyo-xabiso azifani kwiindidi ezikhethekileyo. Ekuqaleni, iingubo zegolide nezesilivere zavela kwi-circulation. Ukubonakalisa ubunzima babo kunye nesampula yensimbi, umnikezeli wabhala le ngcaciso kubo. Ngaloo mibhalo, ingot ayifuni ukuba ikhululeke, eyona yaququzelela kakhulu kwaye yakhawuleza inkqubo yokurhweba. Kodwa ii-ingots zineempembelelo ezibalulekileyo - zazingenakunzima kwaye zingenakunceda ukuyisebenzisa, zinexabiso eliphezulu kwaye zahlanjululwa ngethuba lokuhlawula impahla encinane okanye inkonzo encinci. Amalungu akhethiweyo kuphela kuluntu angenayo imali enjalo, kwaye abanye baqhubeka beqhuba i-barter evamile.

Ezi ngxaki zazisombululwa ngokubonakala kweengqekembe, ezo, ngokutsho kwezenzululwazi, zatshintshwa kuqala kwilizwe elibizwa ngokuthi yiLydia e-Asia. Ingqinqwana encinci yensimbi eyigugu, yenziwe ngolu hlobo lwemali, iyenziwa njengeyunithi yokulinganisa ixabiso lemveliso yansuku zonke, iinkonzo kunye nemisebenzi. Iingxowa-mali zaqala ukubonakala kungekhona kuphela kubaphathi, kodwa nakubantu abaqhelekileyo (abalimi, abaculi, amasoldati aqhelekileyo, njl.).

Ngaphezulu kweenkulungwane ezizayo, ezi ntlobo zemali ebalulekileyo zaqala ukuvela kuzo zonke iindawo zomhlaba. Baye batyotywa ngesimo sesangqa, isikwere, kunye neengqungquthela kunye nokunye. Kwamanye amazwe ase-Asia, umzekelo, izimbobo zenziwe kubo ukuba zifakwe ngentambo kwaye zingaphulukanga endleleni. Njengomthetho, ixabiso lokutyunjwa kunye negama lemali okanye iindawo apho zatshintshiwe zafakwa kwicala langaphambili. Kodwa iintlobo zeemifanekiso kwicala eliphambeneyo likhulu kakhulu: izithixo zengqungquthela kunye neengcinga, iifowuni zamanani ezivelele kwezopolitiko kunye nobugcisa, abameli beeflora kunye nezilwanyana, izixhobo, izakhiwo, izixeko kunye nokunye okuninzi.

Nangona kunjalo, lo mkhuba uqhubeke namhlanje. Ngaphezu koko, amazwe anjalo anokukhupha iibhanki ezinjalo kunye nezixeko, izifunda, ookumkani kunye neenduna zamakhosi. Ukuhlawula kwakulula ngokwaneleyo naphi na kwihlabathi-igolide ihlala ixabiswa! Kwaye namhlanje kwi-wallet abantu abaninzi banemali emibini. Enyanisweni, zenziwe zintsimbi, ubhedu, i-nickel kunye nama-allothi ahlukeneyo.

Enye ifom ezithakazelisayo yi-banknotes classic, ezitshintshiselwa ngegolide. Oko kukuthi, ngamaphepha eebhidi anempahla yexabiso elipheleleyo, kunye nexabiso lalo libonakaliswa ngokulinganayo nesitye esinqabileyo. Le mali yayisetyenziswe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yokugqibela. Nangona babonakala njengamaphepha alula, ixabiso lawo eliqeshwayo liqinisekisiwe ligcinwe ngegolide.

Inqaku elithandekayo

Kakade ke, ukungena kwindlela entsha yezinto zegolide - iimali zebhanki ngendlela yeengots kunye neengqekembe-zibandakanya ukubonakala kobuninzi babantu abafuna ukuzondla ngokungekho mthethweni kule ngxaki. Abakhohlisi babesebenzisa iimali zemali, kwaye igolide entsha yaveliswa ngegolide echitshiweyo ngale ndlela. Ngako oko, ubunzima behlile kwaye bekungasalingani nolu khetho. Abantu abalula babengenakukwazi ukuhlula into ekhohlisayo nangayiphi na indlela, kwaye kwakungekho nto engathandekiyo ukulinganisela iimali zemali rhoqo kwiibalo.

Ukuyicombulula le ngxaki, beza ngeenxa zonke. Imali esazisiweyo yayibonakala ngokuphawulekayo kwaye ngokukhawuleza yavusa izikhalazo, kwaye kwakungekho lula ukuphinda imifanekiso kwiimeko zobugcisa. Kamva, kukho ubuchwepheshe obuye bavumela ukusebenzisa iintlobo zemidwebo kunye nemibhalo ebhalwe phantsi, ekhuselekileyo nakwiindawo zokukhusela. Namhlanje, ixabiso leemali liphantsi, kwaye akukho zininzi ezifuna ukuzenza, kodwa isithethe sokudweba siye sigcinwa.

Inzuzo enkulu

Imali-xabiso epheleleyo enepropathi ebaluleke kakhulu, ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga yabanikazi bayo: ngokugqithiseleyo kwimali engaphezulu, inokuthi imele ilandelwe njengendawo yokugcina isityebi esinqabileyo (ubuncwane). Kwaye ke, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ingots okanye iimali zingaphinde zifunyenwe ngumnini kwaye ziqaliswe kwakhona ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ixabiso lawo (okokuba, ngaphandle kokuba zihlaziywa ngenxa yeemeko okanye iziganeko ezingalindelekanga). Oku kwasusa isidingo sokulawulwa okunzima kokonga kunye nezo zifunwa kwiimfuno zangoku.

Iingxaki

Ngokumalunga nazo zonke iingenelo eziye zavumela ukuba sifeze imisebenzi yethu eyisiseko ixesha elide, imali epheleleyo (yangempela) nayo inamacala amaninzi:

• Ukwenza iimali ezivela kwisitye esinqabileyo (igolide, isilivere) kudinga inani elincinci lezinto ezixabisekileyo, ukukhutshwa kwazo sele kuseyinkqubo ebalulekileyo kwaye ibiza. Ukongezelela, akubona onke amazwe anesitokethi salezi zinyithi emathunzini abo kwaye ayanyanzelekile ukuba azithenge kwamanye amazwe.
• Njengomphumo wokusetyenziswa kwemali epheleleyo, gxininisa, ugqoke, ulahlekelwe ubunzima bawo bokuqala, ngoko ke, ubaluleka ubuso.
• Isidingo semali sinokutshintsha ngexesha elixhomekeke kwiimeko ezininzi. Ngamanye amaxesha kukho ukwanda okukhawulezayo, kwaye kubekho ukuphelelwa kwemali ebanzi. Isizathu salo kukuba ukukhutshwa kwezitye ezixabisekileyo akugcini ukuhambisana neemfuno zeemarike.

Imfuneko yokuguquka

Imisebenzi yemali ephakamileyo ephezulu ivumelekile ukuba inikezele ngokuthengwa kwempahla elula emhlabeni jikelele ixesha elide, kodwa ngokuphuhliswa kweebhanki, ubudlelwane beentengo kunye neenkqubo ezihambelanayo, yonke inkqubo yokuhlawula idinga utshintsho.

Inkqubela yesayensi kunye nezobuchwepheshe kunye nokukhula kwabantu kubangele ukwanda okwenziwe kwizinto ezininzi kunye neenkonzo, kunye nesidingo kubo. Isilivere kunye negolide kwakungenakwaneleyo ukubonelela ngeemarike kunye nexabiso elifunekayo leendlela zokuhlawula, kwaye endaweni yendawo yangempela yaba yimali engaphantsi. Omnye umqathango wukuthi amanqaku ayeka ukuba yixabiso kubo, kodwa yayimfuneko nje ngokuba "ngabaphathi" kwimisebenzi yokuthengisa kwaye akazange ahlale kunye nomnini omnye ixesha elide, utshintshe izinto ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo.

Imali engalunganga

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlulileyo, imali yangempela yatshintshwa ngamanqaku eebhanki, ayenziwe kwiphepha, ayinanto yokubiza, eqinisekisiwe "igolide" elinganayo, ixhomekeke kwixabiso elincinci kwaye ayinakusetyenziswa njengempahla. Leyo mali ibizwa ngokuba yinto ephantsi. Ngaphezu koko, banamathuba amaninzi: ukulula ukuphuma, ukungenamkhawulo ngokomzimba, kunye nokulungelelanisa ekusebenzeni. Iindlela ezinjalo zokuhlawula zinokusombulula ingxaki ngokungahambi kwemali kwiimarike, kodwa kwabangela nezinye iingxaki kunye nemiphumo. Njengokuba, umzekelo, imfuno yokuchithwa kwezinga lokutshintshwa kwee-currencies zamazwe ahlukeneyo ngesiseko sezinto eziguqukayo.

Iphepha nje?

Kwiminyaka edlulileyo, inqaku elithi "imali yamaphepha" yabonakala. Imali-xabiso epheleleyo inexabiso eliqinisekileyo lokubiza igama, elingagqibekanga - alinayo, kunye nemali yamaphepha ikhutshwe lizwe ukuba lihlawule isabelo sebhajethi okanye ezinye iimfuno ezifanayo. Oko kukuthi, ezi ndlela zokuhlawula azigcinwanga kuphela, kodwa nazo azihambelani neemfuno zeemarike.

Ngexesha lokukhutshwa kwabo, benza imisebenzi eyabelwe yona, kwaye iyanciphisa, kunye nemali yonke yemali efanayo kwimarike. Ngaloo ndlela, impahla ye-phiatic ilahlekile kwaye ikhokelela kwimiphumo emibi. Siyabulela kule nkcazo ukuba inkcazelo "yephepha", oko kukuthi, ingenanto, yabonakala, kwaye akunjalo ngenxa yokuba yenziwe ngezinto ezinjalo.

Ubuchwepheshe bezobugcisa

Inkqubela phambili ithathe ixesha elide, kwaye namhlanje i-full-fledged and finance money is a little popular. Batshintshwa ngee-currencies zekhompyutha. Ukwenza ukuthenga ngekhadi lebhanki okanye ukwenza iintlawulo ngaphandle kokunyuka kwisitulo seenqwelomoya kulunge ngakumbi kwaye kuyasebenza. Imali ye-elekthroni, ngokuqinisekileyo, iimpazamo zayo, kodwa i-digital-information-age age yenza iinguqu zayo kwaye idinga utshintsho kwinkqubo endala yokuhlala ngokuncediswa kweemali kunye neebhanki. Enyanisweni, kwanamhlanje abantu abaninzi banqwenela ukugcina imali yabo ngefowuni yebhanki yebhanki ukuze bawaphephe ekuhlahleni, bekholelwa ukuba isinyithi esixabisekileyo sisona sithembekileyo sezona ntlawulo kunye nokulondolozwa.