Iipropati lwemichiza nesalfure. Iimpawu sulphur nencopho abilayo

Isalfure yeyona nto, kwelo qela wesithandathu etafileni ngamaxesha kunye nexesha wesithathu. Kweli nqaku, siza kuxubusha chemical kunye neempawu zomzimba, ukuqokelelwa, ukusetyenziswa njalo njalo. Uphawu emzimbeni ziquka iimpawu ezifana nombala, sisidanga Unikezelo lombane, isalfure abilayo lobushushu t. Efanayo Q. Chemical ichaza intsebenziswano yayo kunye nezinye izinto.

ukusuka kwinqanaba kwimboniselo ye physics sulfur

It is a ngumbandela noxhamla ubuncwane. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, oko sikwimo esiqinileyo. Isalfure inombala yelamuni-yellow. Nokuba azilawule kwiindawo ezininzi zonke iikhompawundi alo shades ezityheli. Amanzi akumele kubenze. It has conductivity thermal kunye zombane ephantsi. Ezi mpawu zikhona njengendlela esiveza non-metal. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ubume eekhemikhali sulphur Akukho nzima, iyeza sinokuba ukwahluka eziliqela. Konke kuxhomekeke yikristale isakhiwo emkhusaneni, abaqhagamshelwe ngokusebenzisa athom, molekyuli, lingabumbi.

Ngoko ke, lo wokuqala ukhetho - sulphur rhombic. Kubaluleke kakhulu izinzile. Olu hlobo lobushushu sulphur okubila amane anamanci mane anantlanu degrees Celsius. Kodwa ukuze iziyobisi ocande urhulumente sukube, kuyimfuneko kuqala Kwathi ulwelo. Ngenxa yoko, ukunyibilika ngayo sulphur kuthatha indawo kwiqondo apho ikhulu elinesithathu degrees Celsius.

ATHUNYIWEYO Second - sulphur monoclinic. It is a ziikristale inaliti-ezimise nge umbala emnyama omthubi. Ukunyibilika lohlobo lokuqala isalfure, uze ukuphola yayo olucothayo kukhokelela ukuyilwa kwalo hlobo. Olu hlobo inamalunga ezineempawu ezifanayo emzimbeni. Umzekelo, iqondo sulphur yale hlobo - zonke ngokufanayo amane anamanci mane anantlanu degrees. Ukongeza, kukho iintlobo enjalo kwezinto ezifana zeplastiki. Le efunyenwe ngokugalela emanzini abandayo, lashushu kufuphi ebila rhombic. Iqondo sulphur le fom iyafana. Ke ubuncwane unalo ipropati ukuba olule ngathi ngerabha.

Enye ingxenye ubunjalo bomzimba apho Ndingathanda ukuthetha - mafutha lobushushu nesalfure. Eli nani zisenokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo eziphathekayo imvelaphi yayo. Umzekelo, iqondo sulphur ucinezelo zobugcisa iqondo omnye, anamanci asithoba. Oku oyintsobi osezantsi ngokwanelisayo. Kwezinye iimeko, le flash ingongoma sulphur ingaba amabini, anamanci mane anesibhozo degrees, nkqu amabini, anamanci mahlanu amathandathu. Konke kuxhomekeke enoba yayiveliswa, nto leyo iba ukuxinana izinto. Kodwa kunokwenzeka ukugqiba ukuba iqondo lobushushu sulphur yokutsha kuphantsi ngokwaneleyo, xa kuthelekiswa namanye imichiza, oko ezinokutsha. Ngaphezu koko, nesulfure maxa wambi inokudityaniswa ngayo iimolekyuli eziquka athom ezisibhozo, ezintandathu, emine okanye ezimbini. Ngoku ingqalelo le nesulfure ngokombono physics, ugqithele kwicandelo elilandelayo.

abalinganiswa Chemical sulphur

Isiqalelo enobunzima atomic ephantsi kakhulu, nto ilingana ezingamashumi amathathu anesibini grams adla nganye. element iimpawu sulphur luquka luphawu ukwimo njengoko ubuchule kumanqanaba angafaniyo igcwala. Oku kwahlukile, umzekelo, hydrogen okanye ioksijini. Ukuqwalasela umbuzo malunga iimpawu yemichiza ye-sulphur element, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukukhankanya ukuba, ngokuxhomekeka kwiimeko, ubonisa iimpawu indlela ukuchacha kunye oxidizing. Ngoko ke, ukuze sihlole impefumlelwano iziyobisi kunye iikhompawundi chemical ezahlukeneyo.

Isalfure ezilula izinto

Simple abo benziwa element enye kuphela. athom yayo inokudityaniswa kwi zinemoletyhule, ezifana, ngokomzekelo, kwimeko ioksijini, okanye inokuba alidityaniswanga, njengoko kunjalo zesinyithi. Ngenxa yoko, i-sulphur ukuze idibene nesinyithi, nabanye ezingezo-isinyithi kunye halogens.

Intsebenziswano kunye nesinyithi

Ukuphumeza olu hlobo nkqubo ifuna lobushushu eliphezulu. Phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo, kukho i Ngaphezu reaction. Oko kukuthi, i-atom etyhidiweyo kudityaniswe sulfur ukwenza into ezimbaxa kunye sulfides. Umzekelo, ukuba abamenzelayo ezimbini ubushushu potassium, ukuxuba nabo enye adla ngayo sulphur ukufumana enye adla ngayo emanzini yesinyithi. Le equation angabhalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 2K + S = K ₂ S.

Ukusabela mpilo

Kuya umlilo nesulfure. Ngenxa oxide yayo amiliswe kule nkqubo. Le yokugqibela inokuba kweentlobo ezimbini. Ngoko ke, umlilo nesulfure nga kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba ezibini. Imvelaphi - xa omnye adla ngayo sulphur omnye nolovane ioksijini adla of kwakhiwa sulfur dioxide nganye. Bhala le imichiza reaction lenxaki ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: S + O ₂ = SO _2. Isigaba sesibini - ajoyine esinye dioxide kunye atom ioksijini. Oku kwenzeka xa idityaniswe iintuku ezimbini kwe-sulphur dioxide adla ioksijini nganye phantsi kweemeko aphezulu obushushu. Isiphumo abamenzelayo ezimbini sulfur trioxide. Inxaki yale intsebenziswano wemichiza ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 2Ngoko ₂ + O ₂ = 2Ngoko _3. Ngenxa yendlela uvelisa sulphuric acid. Ngenxa yoko, bamthwalela phandle inkqubo echazwe-ezimbini Sexy trioxide kufumaneka ngokusebenzisa jet zomphunga. Kwaye ufumane acid sulphate. Inxaki sokungamelani enjalo ibhaliwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: SO ₃ + H ₂ O = H ₂ SO _4.

Ukusebenzisana halogens

Iipropati lwemichiza isalfure, kwakunye nabanye abasebenzi abanga-ngesinyithi, ukuvumela ukuba uphendule kweli qela yezinto. Oku kuquka iikhompawundi ezifana fluoro, bromo, chloro, iodo. Isalfure idityaniswe namnye kubo, ngaphandle kwaba kwabokugqibela. Ngokomzekelo, siya kuqwalaselwa inkqubo fluorination le element lwezakhi. Kubushushu yathi non-metal ukuba halogen fluoride unako ukufumana ukwahluka ezimbini. Kwimeko yokuqala, ukuba umntu athathe omnye adla sulphur kunye abamenzelayo ezintathu fluorine adla of fluoride ngamnye afumane ogama ifomyula SF _6. Inxaki yile ilandelayo: S + 3f ₂ = SF _6. Ngaphezu koko, kukho indlela yesibini: Ukuba umntu uthatha omnye adla ngayo sulphur kunye abamenzelayo ezimbini fluorine adla ngamnye afumane fluoride kunye nefomula yemichiza SF _4. Le equation ibhalwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: S + 2F ₂ = SF _4. Njengoko ubona, konke oko kuxhomekeke olinganise apho kumacandelwana ngoku zidibene. Ngendlela efanayo uyakwazi ukugcina inkqubo sulphur chlorination (nabo bangaba izinto ezimbini ezahlukeneyo) okanye bromination.

Intsebenziswano kunye nezinye izinto ezilula

Kule sulphur into laka iphela. Iyeza kwakhona iikhemikhali zisenokuxabana hydrogenous, iphosphate kunye carbon. Ngenxa yokusebenzisana emanzini acid kwakhiwa. Ngenxa yendlela yayo kunye iintsimbi bangalufumana sulfides zabo, nto leyo, nayo walungisa ngqo ngokuhlanganisa sulphur intsimbi efanayo. Ukufikelela atom ukuba atom hydrogen Isalfure kwenzeka kuphela kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu kakhulu. Xa abasabela ngayo sulphur phosphorus usenziwa phosphide. It has ifomula: P ₂ S _3. Ukuze ufumane enye adla ukwimo, kuyimfuneko ukuba abamenzelayo ezimbini ezintathu phosphorus abamenzelayo sulfur. Xa sulphur sele awasabela ngayo kunye neefom carbon carbides ingqalelo nonmetal. ifomula yayo chemical ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: CS _2. Ukuze ufumane enye adla ukwimo, kuyimfuneko ukuba enye adla yeKharbon kunye abamenzelayo ezimbini nesalfure. Zonke Ukongeza asabela ngayo echazwe ngentla-kwenzeka kuphela phantsi imeko ngokushushubeza i reactants kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Siye sahlolisisa impefumlelwano sulphur izinto ezilula, ngoku ugqithele into elandelayo.

Isalfure nanzima khompawundi

Complex abo izinto zabo molekyuli luqulathe izinto ezimbini (okanye ngaphezulu) eyahlukileyo. Chemical iimpawu sulphur ukuvumela ukuba azithethelele iikhompawundi ezifana kwealkali kanzulu sulfate acid. Kuyinto reactions iyinqaba kwezi izinto. Okokuqala, makhe sithethe ngoko kwenzekayo xa ugalelwe kunye kwealkali phantsi ingqalelo nonmetal. Ngokomzekelo, xa sithatha abamenzelayo ezintandathu potassium hayidroksayidi kunye nokongeza noko abamenzelayo ezintathu isalfure, emanzini ukufumana abamenzelayo ezimbini potassium adla of sulphite metal nganye kunye abamenzelayo ezintathu amanzi. Ngaba lubonakale olu hlobo basabela lenxaki ilandelayo: 6KON + 3 = 2K ₂ S + K2SO ₃ + 3h ₂ O. Ukusebenzisana Umgaqo kwenzeka ngokongeza sodium hayidroksayidi. Emva koko, cinga indlela yokuziphatha sulphur ngokuthi kongezwe nokubekiweyo sisombululo sulfate acid wamandla. Xa sithatha enye adla lokuqala nolwesibini abamenzelayo ezimbini wenkqu, siye sifumane ezi mveliso zilandelayo: sulphur trioxide kwi isixa abamenzelayo amathathu, kunye namanzi - abamenzelayo ezimbini. Le yokusabela ngamachiza zinokuphunyezwa kuphela ngokufudumeza i reactants ukuya kwiqondo eliphezulu.

Ukufumana ingqalelo nonmetal

Kukho iindlela ezininzi apho ungafumana ezahlukahlukeneyo iikhompawundi sulphur. Indlela yokuqala - ulwabiwo lwe pyrite yayo. Chemical formula lokugqibela - Fès _2. Emva ngokushushubeza ubuncwane ukuya kwiqondo eliphezulu ngaphandle ufikelelo ioksijini kulo uyakwazi ukufumana enye emanzini yentsimbi - Fès - nesulfure. Le equation asabela ibhalwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Fès ₂ = Fès + S. Indlela yesibini ukuvelisa isalfure, elithanda esetyenziswa kwishishini, - i sulphur yokutsha emanzini, wasinika imali encinci oksijini. Kulo mzekelo, kunokucingwa senilungile nonmetal kunye namanzi. Kuba indlela, kufuneka uthathe izakhi umlinganiselo izinyo ababini ukuya kwenye. Ngenxa yoko, imveliso yokugqibela kwi olinganise ezimbini ukuya ezimbini. Inxaki bayavuma kwemichiza angabhalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 2H ₂ S + O ₂ 2 = + 2H ₂ O. Ukongeza, i-sulphur kungenzeka eziqulunqwe ezahlukeneyo iinkqubo metallurgical, umzekelo, ekuvelisweni zesinyithi ezifana nickel, ikopolo, kunye nabanye.

Sebenzisa kushishino

isicelo libanzi esixubusha non-metal efumaneka kushishino kwemichiza le. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, nanku isetyenziselwe ndikhuphe sulphate asidi. Ngaphezu koko, nesulfure isetyenziswa icandelo lokuvelisa yematshisi, ngokuba le nto ezinokutsha. Yaye buyafuneka xa ukwenziwa neziqhushumbisi, wompu, izibane Bengal, kunye nabanye. Ukongeza, nesulfure isetyenziswa njengomnye izithako yokulawula izinambuzane. Xa amayeza, lisetyenziswa njengendlela component ekwenziweni kwamayeza izifo zolusu. Kwakhona, iyeza kuthethwa ngawo usetyenziswa ekwenziweni imibala eyahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, oku kusetyenziswa xa kusenziwa phosphors.

Isakhiwo Electronic sulphur

Njengoko yaziwa, zonke athom Ziqulethe uluhlu engundoqo equlethe protons - amasuntswana ngokuqinisekileyo wamwisela - kunye neutron, oko kukuthi, amasuntswana ukuba isimangalo zero ... Elektroni zijikeleza emhlabeni ngumongo, apho intlawulo ezimbi. Ukuze ube ingaphezulu cala kubume bayo kufuneka inani elifanayo protons kunye electron. Ukuba wokugqibela elide, oku kwaku- negative - anion. Ukuba phezu koko - inani protons mkhulu ngaphezu electron - kwaku- HIV okanye zesiqinisekiso. sulphur anion sebenza amasalela asidi. Yinxenye izinto eziphilayo ezifana emanzini acid (emanzini), kunye sulfides netyhidiweyo. Le anion wambumba ngexesha dissociation electrolytic, olwenzeka xa ukunyibilikisa iyeza emanzini. Xa oku molecule waphula ibe zesiqinisekiso apho angamelwa ngokohlobo ion ngesinyithi okanye hydrogen, kunye zesiqinisekiso up - ion kwintsalela acid okanye iqela hydroxyl (OH-). Ekubeni inani lothotho inani sulphur kwi lwezakhi - elinesithandathu, kunokwenziwa isigqibo ukuba ezingundoqo wayo kanye eli linani protons. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, singatsho ukuba electron Bajikeleza elinesithandathu kakhulu. Inani neutron ingafunyanwa ngokuthabatha ubunzima izinyo lwe inani lothotho inani umchiza element 32 - 16 = 16. electron nganye ujikeleza chaotically, kwakunye okuwo ethile. Ekubeni nesalfure - element yemichiza fanele kwixesha wesithathu lwezakhi, kunye nokujikeleza ezintathu ehlabathini ngumongo. Ngomhla wokuqala ezi elektroni ezimbini ibekwe kwi yesibini - ezisibhozo, ngomhla wesithathu - ezintandathu. Electronic sulphur formula atom ibhalwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4.

Ubukho endalweni

Ngokubanzi ingqalelo element wemichiza a afumaneka nokwakhiwa kwezimbiwa, apho iintlobo sulfides yesinyithi. Oku ngokuyintloko pyrite - ityuwa yentsimbi; Kwakhona ungandikhokelela, isilivere, ayenechaphothi nobhedu, nezinki blende, cinnabar - mercury emanzini. Ngaphezu koko, nesulfure ukuze ziqukwe nokwakhiwa kwezimbiwa, ubume apho limelwe izinto ezintathu okanye ngaphezulu chemical. Umzekelo, chalcopyrite, ityuwa, kieserite, gypsum. Uyakwazi uqwalasela ngamnye kule zolwimi ngokunzulu. Pyrite - Lo Ferrum sulphide, okanye Fès _2. Inombala baluthuthu omthubi kunye Ndileka yegolide. Le ezimbiwa ukuba wayesoloko elubhorha phakathi lesafire, nesetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi ukwenziwa izacholo. Oku kungenxa yokuba ezi izimbiwa ezimbini baqhele ukuba babe intsimi eqhelekileyo. Chalcocite - chalcocite, chalcocite, okanye - imele into bamantshontsho ezingwevu efanayo metal. Galena (galena) kunye ukhanye yesilivere (argentite) aneempawu ezifanayo: bobabini ziyafana insimbi kukhona hina. Cinnabar - ngezimbiwa sinombala-ezibomvu kunye amabala buthuntu engwevu. Chalcopyrite, ifomula ogama chemical yi CuFeS _2, - yegolide emthubi, oko kuthiwa blende segolide. Izinki blende (sphalerite) usenokuba umbala ukusuka evuthiweyo ukuya eziqaqambileyo-orange. Le iityuwa - Na ₂ SO ₄ x10H ₂ O - in ziikristale ezimhlophe ngaphaya. Libizwa ngokuba ityuwa Glauber kaThixo, kusetyenziswa amayeza. kieserite ifomula Chemical - MgSO ₄ xh ₂ O. Kubonakala yangumgubo, emhlophe okanye enemibala. Chemical ifomula gypsum - CaSO ₄ x2H ₂ O. Ukongeza, i element imichiza yinxalenye kwiiseli eziphilayo, yaye umkhondo ebalulekileyo.