Iipatheni zengubo yeGzhel. Izinto ezenziwe ngeGzhel mural

Isixeko saseGzhel sisiko lesinye sezixhobo zobugcisa ezidumileyo eRashiya. Itholakala kwingingqi yaseRamenskoye kwingingqi yaseMoscow. "Isihlahla saseGzhel" sibheke kwintsimi eninzi kwaye sinemizi e-27, abemi bayo benza umsebenzi wokwenza umzobo kunye nepeyinti ye-white faience kunye ne-porcelain. Imbali yembonakalo yobugcisa be-Gzhel ixhomekeke kwikhulu le-14 le-AD, xa idiphozithi yedongwe yeDinoinovskoe yafunyanwa kwingingqi yaseMoscow. Kwimiqolo engaphezulu kwakukho i-shire, impahla ebomvu, ngaphantsi kwakukho i-"furs" ephuzi - udongwe ophezulu, kwaye ekugqibeleni, kwizinzulu kwakukho "insipho" enobuncwane - udongwe olumhlophe, oluyimfuneko ebalulekileyo yokuvelisa i-faience ephezulu kunye ne-porcelain.

Iimfuno zamachiza

Ubumba obumhlophe beza ukwenza izixhobo nezinye izinto, kwaze kwavela umyalelo wokumkani wasekhaya, obophezelekile ukuhambisa yonke idongwe yaseGzhel eMoscow ngenxa yezidingo ze-pharmacy order. Nangona kunjalo, kwithuba elithile kamva, iifomethi ezininzi zafunyanwa ngaphantsi komhlaba, kwaye iimpahla ezimhlophe zaneleyo zonke iimfuno ze-capital yaseRussia kunye neenxa zonke. Ukongeza kwiivenkile zamachiza kunye neethi yeeti, abenzi bezobugcisa baqala ukwenza imikhiqizo yobugcisa. Yile ndlela eyenziwa ngayo i-Gzhel crak folk, eyaziwayo namhlanje kwihlabathi lonke.

Udumo lwehlabathi

Iipatheni zokudweba i-Gzhel zithotywe ngopende oluhlaza okweblue blue cobalt kwimvelaphi emhlophe yekhephu, ngokwesiko - ngokubhaliweyo ngesandla-ebhaliweyo ijometri kunye nemidumo yeentyatyambo. Imifanekiso kwimveliso inokuthi ibe yinto-njengaye, umzekelo umfazi oneebhakethi okanye ivumelanisiweyo ejikelezwe ngokudansa nabanye abantu. Iipatheni zengubo yeGzhel , njengomthetho, i-motifs zezimbali ziphindaphindiwe ngamaxesha amaninzi kwi-convex okanye kwi-concave surface yomkhiqizo.

Isalathiso sekhono eliphezulu lobugcisa ngumsebenzi we-halftones, xa isikhungo somfanekiso sigcwele imivimbo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kwaye sisondele kwipheriphery, umfanekiso ukhanya ngakumbi. Iintyatyambo I-Gzhel pattern - ifomu ekhethekileyo yokutolika, kufuneka ukuba iphinde iphinda izithako zezityalo. Kulo mfanekiso ungabona iipalali, iipistils, stamens, iziqu kunye neentennae apho intyatyambo ifakela kubamelwane bayo.

Te knoloji

Iipatheni zengubo yeGzhel zixhomekeke kwinkqubo ethile yokuhamba. Bangakwazi ukulungelelanisa okanye ukulungiswa, kodwa nangona kunjalo, umfanekiso ugcinwa kwisakhelo sesicwangciso esicwangcisiweyo. Kwiifektri zokuvelisa i-tableware kunye ne-artifacts kwi-faience ne-porcelain, iipatheni zodwebo lwe-Gzhel zichanekileyo. Kukho ilayibrari, equle imifanekiso emininzi eyenziwa ngabachwephesha kwimveliso. Izifundo zeemifanekiso zizona zininzi ezahlukeneyo: ukusuka kwimifanekiso elula ukusuka kwidolophana ukuya kwiibali ze-fairytale kunye nabalinganiswa abaningana.

Iimpawu zanamhlanje i-Gzhel wall are complex and different. Nangona, kubonakala ngathi, imidwebo ye-monochrome iyodwa yodwa, kwaye oku kuthetha ukuba ukudibanisa kakuhle kwemibala akunakulindelwa. Nangona kunjalo, ubugcisa bezobugcisa abawazi ubugcisa beepayipi ezinemibala emininzi kunye neendwangu ezigqibeleleyo, kwenza izinto ezimangalisayo. Imveliso ye-Gzhel masters ayilungile kuphela, kodwa iyingqayizivele, kuba umsebenzi wezobugcisa uquka umzekelo owodwa kuphela.

Iintlobo

Ukusebenzisa iipatheni zokudweba kwe-Gzhel yinto enobuchule kunye noxanduva. Umsebenzi oyintloko wenkosi yonikezelo olufanayo lombala kunye nemithunzi ukuze umfanekiso ulinganiswe kwaye uhambelane. Inqaku ngalinye liziko elimiselweyo lobunjwa, apho iindawo ezizimeleyo zesalathisi okanye izakhi zemihlobiso yezityalo zihlukana . Kwezinye iimeko, imibala ye-blue cobalt yongezwa ngeendlela zokuhlobisa zegolide.

Ngokuqhelekileyo loo mbala isetyenziswe kwi-bone china. Leli bakala elikhethekileyo le-ceramics emhlophe ene-cream shade ebonakalayo efana nombala wobisi obuncibilikile. I-Bone porcelain ikhanya ngokukhawuleza, kwaye le propati i-artists isebenzisa xa udweba. Umzobo ubeka ngendlela enokuthi indawo ekhululekile kwipende iyasala. Emva koko iindawo zokukhanya ezicocekileyo zobungakanani bomhlaba ziqala ukusebenzisana nomzobo wombala.

Izinto ezenziwe ngeGzhel mural

Ukutshintsha kwimveliso emhlophe neyibluhlaza ihlala ihleliwe. Ingaba ngumfanekiso omnkqenkqisayo wabalinganiswa beengoma zobumnandi okanye indawo yasebusika kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni. Yaye kungekhona ngenxa yokuba u-faience okanye i-porcelain akunakwenzeka ukudweba nayiphi na imifanekiso engokoqobo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba lolu hlobo lobugcisa luyayithobela imithetho yalo ye-stylistics, ngokwemiqathango yemveliso. Iingcweti zaseRashiya zazo zonke iintlobo ezahlukileyo zikwahlukileyo. Ukudibanisa uhlobo oluthile loluntu kunye nolunye lungenakwenzeka.

Abanikazi abaziwayo beGzhel bahlala bephucula ubuchule babo, iimveliso zabo ngabanye ziyi-classical ze-genre. Le mi sebenzi yobugcisa i-museums kunye neqokelelo labucala, ayilona xabiso. Ukudweba kweGzhel, izitsha okanye ezinye iimveliso zobugcisa zihlala zithakazelisa kwaye zodwa. Ukuhlanganiswa kweemveliso, imihla ngemihla eveliswa ngamafektri kunye neendibano zokusebenzela ezincinci, akunakulinganiswa.

Ikhosi yeklasi "ukudweba kweGzhel"

Ubugcisa bokudweba buqhutywe rhoqo kwiisondo ezivulekileyo kuyo yonke indawo. Nangona kunjalo, akunakwenzeka ukuqonda ubugcisa bemizobo yaseGzhel ngaphandle kokuzibandakanya nembali yale ngozi yobudala yasendulo.

Kwinqanaba lokuqala, abafundi bazama ukuvelisa imifanekiso elula kwiGzhel isitayela kwiphepha. Ukwenza oku, ungasebenzisa iphepha eliqhelekileyo okanye amaphepha amatshini. Ipeyinti yokuqala kufuneka ibe yi-watercolor. Ukuba umzekelo weGzhel uphendule iphepha, ungaya kwisiseko sokuqala - i-ceramic billet. Kule nqanaba, imibala yamanzi i-watercolor ayisayi kusebenza, udinga i-cobalt yangempela eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Iinkonzo

Kwiinkulungwane ze-18-19 zee-cookware ze-Gzhel zazifuneka ngokukodwa. Zininzi iimveliso zaya phesheya. Abantu baseYurophu bathenga i-faience kunye ne-porcelain yeRashiya yokuvelisa kunye ne-Gzhel yokudweba ngobuninzi. Oku kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba yilapho iNkundla yaseMrasi yaseRussia yaba ngumthengi othe ngqo kuzo zonke iifriji ezivelisa iinkonzo ezimhlophe ezimhlophe.

I-tsar kunye nombutho wakhe babenomdla okhethekileyo kwi-"Guryevsky" enkonzo yabantu abayi-150 kwimikhosi emikhulu kunye nemidlo. Emva koko landela "i-Monomakh" kunye no "Tsar-baba" ngabantu abayi-12 ngamnye. Kwakukho iiseti zezinto ezili-84, ngokuqala ngeendlela ezinkulu kunye nokuphelisa i-saucers ye-jam. Okudumile kwakuyiiseti ezincinci ze "Tet-a-tet" ezimbini kunye ne "Egoist", ezenzelwe umthandi wezinto ezilungileyo zokutya.

Yehla

Kwiminyaka eyi-20 yekhulu lokugqibela eGzhel, kwakukho ukuhla. I-alamu yokuqala yenziwe ngababumbi ngokwabo, abaqala ukuxwayisa ukuba ukuba ayilungiswanga, iifotyi nezitya ngokukhawuleza zaziza kuthengwa kwamanye amazwe. Ngethamsanqa, zavakala, iifriji zathola amandla amatsha, kwaye ngo-1933 amabhizinisi amakhulu athatha ukulinganisela kwimeko yelizwe, ngoko ke i-faience, porcelain kunye neminye imikhiqizo ye-bush yaseGzhel iphinda ihamba emakethe yaseRussia kwaye .

Abaculi abaziwayo

UGzhel uhlukile, iliso elinye alinakususwa kumkhiqizo omnye, kodwa enye ayibangele umdla. Kutheni oku kwenzekayo? Umlinganiselo oyintloko, obeka umgangatho we-Gzhel ceramics, ufunde ngokubanzi umzobo. Ingcaciso engaphezulu, umfanekiso obaluleke ngakumbi. I-Gzhel connoisseurs baqhelana kakuhle nomsebenzi wabo bonke abaphathi bexesha lethu. Abaqokeleli bathenga kuphela imisebenzi yabo, iimyuziyam kunye nemibonakalo yenkcazelo izama ukufumana iimveliso zobugcisa ezikhethekileyo.

Phakathi kwamatye adume kakhulu nguDenisov, uDunashov, Okulov, uAzarov, uRozanov kunye no-Tsaregorodtsev. Umsebenzi ophezulu wezobugcisa weN.I. I-Bessarabova igcinwe kwiMyuziyam yaseRussia yaseSt. Petersburg kunye ne-Historical Museum eMoscow. Izinto ezininzi ezingabonakaliyo ziyahlakazeka kwihlabathi lonke, zonke zazo ziqokelelwe ezizimeleyo kunye neegalari.

Kuye kwaba yinto efanelekileyo ukuvula izitolo ezithengisa ubugcisa beGzhel kwiiforikhi ezivelisa le mi sebenzi yobugcisa. Isidingo sobuhle obumhlophe nesibhakabhaka sisasentla, kwaye akukho mkhwa wokunciphisa. I-Gzhel iya kukhula ngokukhawuleza ukuba kukho idiphozi zobumba obumhlophe phantsi komhlaba, kwaye iindawo zayo zokuhlala namhlanje zibonakala zingapheliyo.