Iintlobo iinguqu - phambili kuchaswa: imizekelo

Namhlanje, phantse wonke umntu ijongene imihla nombono "utshintsho." Sele waba igama esiqhelekileyo imisindo imilomo presenters abezopolitiko, unomathotholo TV, neempawu rhoqo iincwadi, amajelo eendaba kunye neminye imithombo. Yintoni na le nto imele ibe ziziphi iintlobo yayo?

Kakuhle eli Umba

Igama elithi "guqula" livela kwisiLatini «reformare», elithetha "ukuguqula." Kubonisa utshintsho ingqiqo okanye inguqu nayiphi na inkqubo okanye into, iinkalo zobomi yoluntu. Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo yempembelelo ngophuhliso zembali.

Ngenxa kwiindawo eziphantsi ukutshintsha, ukwabelana iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iinguqulelo. Ngokubanzi, le nto kulo lonke uhlobo yayo obubonakala yinkqubo efunekayo yophuhliso oluntu kunye karhulumente, nokuba imiphumela yabo emibi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uhlaziyo - nto idla yinkqubo ethatha indawo ngaphakathi kwilizwe elithile kunye nenkqubo yayo zezopolitiko, ezentlalo nezoqoqosho.

Uphawu ngembali

Ngokutsho kwifuthe lazo indlela imbali kunye nophuhliso lizwe zilandelayo iintlobo iinguqu:

• Progressive - ezi nguqu kubandakanya ukuphucula, ukuphucula nayiphi na inkalo yobomi, okanye inkqubo yonke. Umzekelo, ukupheliswa serfdom kwakhokelela ekuphuculweni ebalulekileyo kubomi uluntu jikelele. iinguqu Progressive nempembelelo entle kuphuhliso loqoqosho, imigangatho eziphilayo ntle, kwakunye neminye imiqondiso, ngokuxhomekeke imihlaba yokuziphatha kwabo.

• Ukuhlehla - yeenguqulelo kuqulatha kukwehla iinkqubo kunye nezakhiwo, bewuhlisele umgangatho wokuphila okanye ezinye iziphumo ezingalunganga kuluntu. Umzekelo, ukuqaliswa irhafu aphezulu kunokubangela ekuthotyweni imveliso, nokutshintshwa uqoqosho ekuthiwa-"umsebenzi isithunzi", ukonakala imigangatho yokuphila.

iinguqu kuchaswa angakhula abe uqhushululu ekuhlaleni, udlame, ugwayimbo. Kodwa ke, nangona zonke iziphumo zalo ezimbi, loo manyathelo wambi ngenkani kamva ukunika iziphumo ezidibanisayo. Ngokomzekelo, ukwanda imirhumo okanye irhafu ukuze ukomeleza ukhuseleko loluntu abemi ekuqaleni kunokubangela ezininzi wobhavumo edumileyo, kodwa xa inkqubo isebenza ngokupheleleyo yaye abantu baya kuziva izinto ezintle zotshintsho, imincili ziya kupheza; nokuhlaziya impembelelo entle kumgangatho wokuphila kwabemi.

izikhombisi

Iintlobo zokulungisa izinto amanqwanqwa sicelo ebanzi kakhulu. Ingqwalasela ezopolitiko utshintsho kwindawo ethile. Umzekelo, inkqubo yonyulo ukuguqulwa okanye isakhiwo yolawulo. Economic kungadala ukutshintsha imisebenzi yezoqoqosho yelizwe okanye uzilawula kwezoqoqosho. Social eyayibanjelwe ukuze senze umahluko kubomi iindimbane.

Eli ligama ukuba kubandakanya inani iinguqulelo ezininzi ethile. Nantsi imizekelo embalwa:

• uguquko siseko - utshintsho kuxwebhu iphambili kweli lizwe, ngokubonelela utshintsho kubume ngamandla okanye imigaqo esisiseko yemisebenzi yayo. Ibhekisela kwinqanaba lezopolitiko.

• yokuvuselelwa kwemihlaba - utshintsho kwimisebenzi yezolimo kweli lizwe. Oku kusenokubonisa inkxaso kwicandelo likarhulumente kuqoqosho okanye vice versa retaining iimfuno kunye nemithetho. Oku kubhekisela sphere kwezoqoqosho.
• uguquko leMfundo - utshintsho kwinkqubo yoqeqesho. Enxulumene nayo kuzo zombini ephezulu izakhiwo zolawulo kwinkqubo (imigaqo-Ofisi yoMphathiswa weMfundo), kunye neendawo ezithile (amaziko pre-school, izikolo, iiyunivesithi, iikholeji, njalo njalo). Ibhekisela kwinqanaba loluntu.

Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi kwimbali yeli lizwe

lokulungisa umnotho Khrushchev kaThixo olwenziwa 50-60s kwinkulungwane yokugqibela nempembelelo enkulu kuphuhliso ngakumbi kwilizwe ngokubanzi kunye neziphaluka zayo ngabanye. Eyona ezintsha ibalulekileyo kwisahlulo wonke ummandla kwimimandla yolawulo kwezoqoqosho kunye noorhulumente beengingqi zabo, benawo amagunya ebanzi.

Kwakhona, utshintsho ebalulekileyo kunganxulunyaniswa kukutyunyuzwa i Stalin ubuntu yokuzinikela, leyo wabanika amandla okuqhubela imboniselo entsha kwilizwe labo nakwihlabathi liphela ngokubanzi, yaye yabangela umdla omkhulu ekuhlaleni yehlabathi.

Kodwa oko kwenzeka ekuqaleni utshintsho, kulandele nezinye ngokulinganayo kuphela. Hi xikombiso, le yokuvuselelwa kwemihlaba ijoliswe ekuphuhliseni kumazwe amatsha kunye nemimandla, imveliso yabo nokuziqhelanisa iimfuno zezolimo. Le misebenzi ziye zaba japan ebalulekileyo: yokwanda izivuno, kuphuhliso lwamashishini ezinxulumene kwicandelo kulimo kunye nabanye.

Economic iinguqu Khrushchev kaThixo zayisithelisa kunye nophuhliso olunokubakho lwezenzululwazi, kwaye kwandiswe amandla emveliso yelizwe kunye kakhulu ngakumbi. Zashiya a umzila ebalulekileyo kakhulu kwaye wamvusa kakhulu umgangatho wokuphila kwabemi, nangona nje nemiphumo emihle.

imizekelo angaphandle

Iintlobo iinguqulelo amashumi zentlalo, kunye nemizekelo yazo, kakhulu, inani elikhulu. Enye tshintsho olothusayo kwimbali yanamhlanje zezo eziye yenziwe eGeorgia.

Kwithuba elifutshane ixesha liye lathotywa izixhobo karhulumente, inkqubo yobhaliso lula kunye noshishino, sakhiwe ngokupheleleyo inkqubo yobonelelo loluntu kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo. Ngenxa yezi iinguqu, Georgia usinike umsebenzi oncomekayo kwi ekulweni urhwaphilizo, igumbi wabonisa ukukhula kunye inkqubela ebonakalayo imigangatho yokuphila.

uhlobo olukhethekile

Kuba ukululama inkqubo, nokuzinziswa izinga lotshintshiselwano okanye ixesha lotshintsho ngexesha ukusebenza kwezinye isiganeko utshintsho karhulumente isoloko isetyenziswa ukubanjwa yokuvuselelwa wemali. Ngesi sixhobo, unako ukufikelela zongcoliseko emali kwaye woyise iimpembelelo ezingalunganga yokudodobala kwezoqoqosho.

I ecacileyo kakhulu kwaye bayazazi kwinginginya imizekelo yotshintsho lawulo yi mvaba (wamthembisa iiyunithi emali ngaphandle kokutshintsha igama lazo), nullification (agcwalise "ngokutsha inkqubo" - ukuqaliswa imali esitsha endaweni endala) kunye ukwehla (ukuncitshiswa lwemali yasekhaya ngokunxulumene nemali kwamanye amazwe iiyunithi).

Inyathelo elilandelayo

UPawulos, kubalulekile ukuphawula ingongoma ebalulekileyo ukuba phantse zonke iintlobo iinguqu, xa iziphumo zabo kuba nefuthe elibi kakhulu ubomi babantu, baya ekugqibeleni kukhokelela ngobuwena izinqumo okukhawulezileyo utshintsho. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba revolution. Ngenxa yokuba ezi akaguquki ziqalwa ngurhulumente kunye nabantu, yaye ngokufuthi musani ukuba iinjongo ezicacileyo kwaye nje isiphumo koqhankqalazo, kunye neziphumo zazo ingaba engalindelekanga.