Iinkqubo le ... mqondiso - Ukhowudo: ulwazi ikhowudi

Coding ulwazi - esigangeni emangalisayo ngokubanzi ulwazi. Kakade ke, nayo inxulumene ngqo kunye nophuhliso lwetheknoloji yedijithali. Izikolo ezininzi mihla ethandwa isihloko - ulwazi usebenzisa ikhowudi. Namhlanje siza kufunda ukutyhilwa esisiseko yale meko ngokunxulumene kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo iikhompyutha. Siya kuzama ukuba uphendule lo mbuzo: "? Ukhowudo - inkqubo, indlela, isixhobo okanye zonke ezi zinto kanye"

Ngama nabantu

Phantse naluphi na uhlobo lwe data ukuba ukuboniswa kwikhompyutha screen, ngendlela enye okanye ngenye zimele code yokubini eliquka amaqanda kunye nabo. Yinto ke, "-kwinqanaba elisezantsi" Indlela elula yeekhowudi data, oluvumela PC ukwenza i data. Ikhowudi yokubini sikhona yonke; ke olulandelwa ngabo bonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, iikhompyutha (okunene, yiyo lonto wadalwa - ngokusesikweni ukusetyenziswa kolwazi ngohlobo yedijithali).

Iyunithi Isiseko, esebenzisa i encoding yokubini - oko isuntswana (ukusuka amagama "digit lokubini" - "double-digit"). It ilingana nokuba 0 okanye 1. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngamnye badinga ayisetyenziswa kwaye ezidityanisiweyo ngendlela ulandelelwano-digit 8 - bytes. Kwimeko nganye kuzo, ngaloo ndlela, anokuqulatha ukuya kwi 256 izayamaniso amaqanda abo (2 ukuya ngamandla 8). Kuba zokurekhodisha ubeka imali ebonakalayo iinkcukacha zisetyenziswa, bytes Kudla ngokungabikho ekwanti, kunye nexabiso ezinkulu - kunye nezimaphambili "Kilo", "musa" "Giga", "Tera", njalo njalo, ngalinye oko amaxesha 1,000 ngaphezu yangaphambili .. .

Usebenziso ngekhowudi umbhalo

Olu hlobo luqhelekileyo data yedijithali - isicatshulwa. Njani ikhowudi? Kulula ngokwaneleyo inkqubo explainable. Le leta, uphawu iziphumlisi, amanani okanye iisimboli nga enkhowudwa yi bytes omnye okanye ngaphezulu, oko kukuthi, i-computer ubona kwabo ulandelelwano Iweziganeko amaqanda abo, yaye emva koko, ngokungqinelana ne-wabeka phantsi Ubhaqo algorithm iyavezwa. Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zehlabathi standard "elizinyelisiweyo" umbhalo ikhompyutha - ASCII kunye Unicode.

Inkqubo ASCII, umlinganiswa ngamnye ufakwe yi Byte elinye kuphela. Oko kukuthi, lo mgangatho, unako 'yeekhowudi "kubalinganiswa 256 - yiloo ngaphezu ngokwaneleyo ukubonisa iisimboli uninzi nobumba zehlabathi. Kakade ke, sonke inkqubo ekhoyo ileta yesizwe namhlanje akuthethi angena kulo mthombo. Ngoko ke, ngokuba alphabet nganye eyenziweyo eyakhe "esezantsi" kosongekeko yayo. Uyaphi ulwazi encode kusetyenziswa iinkqubo umqondiso, apha naphaya iisampuli yesizwe yokubhala. Noko ke, ngasinye kwezi nkqubo, ke, yinxalenye umgangatho ASCII jikelele ezamkelwe ngamazwe ngamazwe.

Njengenxalenye yenkqubo ASCII, le resource abalinganiswa 256 yahlulwe iinxalenye ezimbini. Eyokuqala 128 - ke imiqondiso libekelwe oonobumba IsiNgesi (a nge z), kwakunye amanani, iimpawu ezingundoqo iziphumlisi kunye nabanye abalinganiswa. I-128 bytes yesibini reserved, ke, phantsi kwenkqubo unobumba yesizwe. Le "sub-nkqubo 'ukuba nobumba non-IsiNgesi - Russian, Hindi, Arabic, IsiJapanese, China kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Ngamnye kubo zimelwe ngokohlobo iitafile ikhowudi ezahlukeneyo. Oko kukuthi, le nto inokwenzeka (kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo oku kwenzeka), ukuze ngolandelelwano efanayo ziikhowudi ziya kuba noxanduva iileta ezahlukeneyo kunye nemiqondiso eyahlukileyo iitafile ezimbini 'yesizwe'. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa awohluke kuphuhliso IT-kwisigaba kumazwe ahlukeneyo, nokuba zahluke. Umzekelo, ukuba ulwimi Russian kakhulu eqhelekileyo iinkqubo ezimbini ikhowudi:-Windows 1251 kunye koi-8. Okokuqala wafika kamva (kwakunye nenkcubeko wayo kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza), kodwa abaninzi ngoku IT-iingcali esetyenziswayo ephambili. Ngoko ke, lo computer ukuba akunakuqinisekiswa ukufunda itekisi Russian kufuneka bakwazi ukuchonga ngokuchanekileyo zombini iitafile. Kodwa umthetho, akukho iingxaki kunye nayo (ukuba kuyimfuneko PC inkqubo yokusebenza namhlanje).

Text Ukhowudo Iindlela ukuphucula lonke ixesha. Ukongezelela "single-byte" ASCII nkqubo ingaphatha amaxabiso 256 kuphela abalinganiswa, kukho kwakhona "double-byte" inkqubo unicode. Kulula ukuba ukubala ukuba ivumela itekisi enkhowudingi kule isixa esilingana-2 ukuya kumlinganiselo 16, okt 65 amawaka. 536. Kuyo, bona, babe nezinto ngaxeshanye encoder phantse onke amagama ezikhoyo wesizwe zehlabathi. Ukusebenzisa Unicode ayikho ngaphantsi eqhelekileyo ngaphezu inxaxheba i "Classic" ASCII umgangatho.

esephepheni chart

Siye ziyichaze njani i "zombhalo 'okubhaliweyo kwaye kule meko bytes babesebenzisa. Njengoko kunjalo kunye iifoto digital nemifanekiso? Kwakhona ilula. Ngendlela efanayo njengoko kwenzeka okubhaliweyo, indima ephambili esephepheni yemizobo computer ukudlala zonke bytes efanayo.

Inkqubo umfanekiso ledijithali ngokubanzi iyafana indlela apho uqhuba TV. Kwi TV ikhusi, ukuba sijonga, umfanekiso siqulathe ezininzi pixels ngabanye ngokudibeneyo zenze imilo zingabonakali kumgama iliso. Television matrix (okanye CRT projektha) ye sixhobo lifumana uququzelelo tye kunye nkqo ye ingongoma nganye kunye nomfanekiso ngokuthe wakha. yemizobo computer esephepheni umgaqo isebenza ngendlela efanayo. "YeBitLocker" bytes imifanekiso esekelwe kwi-asayinimenti nganye amachaphaza screen ehambelana zilungelelanise (kunye umbala ngamnye kubo). Imibandela elula. Kakade ke, kwimizobo ikhowudi - le nkqubo intsonkothe ngaphezulu kunayo itekisi efanayo.

Indlela afanele reference nokulungelelanisa amanqaku kunye parameters umbala ubizwa ngokuba "bitmap". Ngokufanayo, amagama yeefomati ezininzi ifayile ye computer. Uququzelelo nganye pixels kunye nombala yazo ibhalwe kwi bytes omnye okanye ngaphezulu. Yintoni ebonisa inani? Ikakhulu kwindlela lineentsingiselo ezininzi umbala uya 'yeekhowudi ". Enye byte yaziwa - yindlela amaxabiso 256. Ukuba kukho imifanekiso ezaneleyo ukwakha inani elikhulu shades ezinjalo - siya ukuphatha le resource. Ngokukodwa, xa ilifa lethu babe 256 nombala ongwevu. Kwaye oku kuya kuba ngokwaneleyo uku encoder phantse nayiphi na imifanekiso omnyama nomhlophe. Ngenxa yoko, imifanekiso umbala lwemvelaphi alisilingene; iliso ebantwini, njengokuba usazi, uyakwazi ukwahlula ukuya amashumi eziliqela ezigidi imibala. Ngoko ke kufuneka "likaxakeka" ayikho amaxabiso 256, yaye ngamakhulu amawaka amaxesha ngaphezulu. Kutheni isebenza uku encoder amanqaku akukho namnye byte, kodwa ezininzi: namhlanje kwimigangatho ezikhoyo, akunakubakho 16 (unako "yeekhowudi" 65 K 536 imibala.) Okanye 24 (777 lamawaka 16 million 216 abangasekhoyo.).

Ngokungafaniyo imigangatho umbhalo, i-ezahlukeneyo apho enokuthelekiseka kunye nenani ngeelwimi ehlabathini, kukho izinto kumzobo kancinci lula. Iifomati zefayile ixhaphakileyo (ezifana JPEG, PNG, BMP, GIF, njalo njalo. D.) Ngaba ziyavunywa kwiikhompyutha ezininzi jikelele kakuhle ngokulinganayo.

Akukho nto nzima ukuze siqonde iikhowudi lwenziwa ngenxa ezithile imigaqo ulwazi olukokuzotyiweyo. Grade 9 nasiphi lesikolo Russian ngokuqhelekileyo kuquka izifundo zesayensi computer, apho ubugcisa ziyachazwa kwezinye iinkcukacha ilula kakhulu kunye nolwimi eqondakalayo. Kukho kwakhona ziinkqubo ezizodwa Ukuqeqesha abantu abadala - bona iiyunivesithi yokulungelelanisa, izikolo eziphakamileyo, okanye nazo esikolweni.

Ngoko ke, le ndoda mihla Russian kulapho ukufumana ulwazi malunga neekhowudi ukuba zinokubaluleka practical ngokwemiqathango computer. Kwaye ukuba ufuna ukuba uwazi ulwazi olusisiseko, uyakwazi ukufumana izinto noqeqesho ekhoyo. Kwabo ziquka, umzekelo, isahluko "Coding kolwazi igrafikhi (9 incwadi kwibakala" yokwazisa and ICT "wabhala Ugrinovich ND).

Esephepheni of lwedata evakalayo

Ikhompyutha esetyenziswa rhoqo ukuba ukuphulaphula umculo kunye nezinye iifayile eziviwayo. Kanye njengokuba kunjalo itekisi kunye nemizobo, nayiphi na isandi kwi PC yakho - eyona nto zonke bytes efanayo. Nabo ke, "uguqulwa" ikhadi audio kunye nezinye iitshiphusi baza basenza isandi oluvakalayo. Umgaqo apha malunga efanayo kwimeko amacwecwe zikaJ. Bona aziwa isandi ngamnye ingqinelana ukuya vee obungabonakaliyo kwi iplastiki, nto leyo ivunyiwe umfundi, waza wavakalisa. Kwi computer yonke ikhangeleka njani. Kuphela vee badlala indima bytes kwindalo apho, njengokuba kunjalo lwesicatshulwa kunye nemifanekiso, i ikhowudi kabini.

Ukuba kwimeko yunithi umfanekiso computer element kuphuma ingongoma, ibizwa ngokuba xa ukurekhodwa isandi "ukubala". Isikakhulu emiselweyo bytes ezimbini, ivelisa ukuya ku-65 amawaka. 536 microvibrations yesandi. Nangona kunjalo, xa kuthelekiswa ukuze, njengokuba kwenzeka ekwakheni imifanekiso ukuphucula umgangatho isandi lwenziwa awudibanisi bytes ezongezelelweyo (kukho, ngokuqinisekileyo, kwaye ngaphezu ngokwaneleyo), kunye nokunyusa inani "okubulala". Nangona kwezinye iinkqubo audio bytes kusetyenziswa ngaphantsi ngakumbi. Xa encoding emanyelwayo wenziwa, iyunithi umgangatho byte "obhobhozayo" yenza enye ngomzuzwana. Microvibrations ngamanye amazwi, ngokufihlisa usebenzisa th 8. Bala yesibini nganye, ngokucacileyo zibe wobunjani ophantsi kwe kulandelelwano isandi ekhowudiweyo yi 44 lamawaka. "Bala".

komgangatho International lwefayile eziviwayo, kwakunye kwimeko yemizobo, luphuhliswa kakuhle. Kukho izakhiwo eziliqela eqhelekileyo somsindo eendaba - MP3, WAV, WMA, gqitha kulo lonke ihlabathi.

ividiyo iikhowudi

A uhlobo "inkqubo hybrid", apho isandi kudityaniswe ngokufihlisa ikhowudi kwemifanekiso, esetyenziswa iividiyo computer. Ngokuqhelekileyo iimovie umboniso luqulathe iintlobo ezimbini data - ngokwaso isandi kwaye ikhapha ividiyo. Njengoko "zombhalo" ingxenye yokuqala, sasinixelele ngasentla. ngakumbi I yesibini kancinane inzima. Le migaqo apha abangafaniyo iquka ikhowudi lomzobo kuxoxwe ngasentla. Kodwa enkosi jikelele le "ingqiqo" ye bytes ezi ndlela kakhulu eqondakalayo enengqondo.

Khumbula ukuba indlela yokwakha ifilimu. Akunto nje uthotho kwizakhelo ngazinye (ezivele 24). Ncam ngendlela efanayo amalungiselelo videos computer. frame nganye - ngumfanekiso. Malunga nendlela iyakhiwa ngoncedo bytes, siye sabona ngasentla. Ngenxa yoko, ngoku kwi khowudi ividiyo elichaziweyo mmandla, evumela ezibophelelayo phakathi kwizakhelo ngazinye. A uhlobo endaweni digital kwiifilim. Iyunithi eyahlukileyo esihlambo wevidiyo (amanqaku afanayo kuzo imifanekiso kunye ukukuphumeza ephilileyo, njengoko kwi "film" kunye movie umboniso format), isakhelo kuqwalaselwa. Eyesibini yokugqibela, ngokuhambelana nemigangatho eyamkelekileyo, babe 25 okanye 50.

Kanye njengokuba kwimeko ezimanyelwayo, kukho imigangatho efanayo ngamazwe yevidiyo - mp4, 3GP, AVI. Abavelisi movie kunye zenze uzame ukuvelisa iisampulu eendaba ukuba iyahambelana inani elikhulu iikhompyutha. Ezi iifomati zefayile - phakathi othandwa kakhulu, bavula phantse naluphi PC mihla.

ucinezelo data

yokugcina idatha kwikhompyutha lwenziwa kwi iintlobo zosasazo - disks, flash drives, njl Njengoko sesitshilo ngasentla, bytes, njengoko umthetho, izimaphambili 'ayegqunyelelwe "" mega "," Giga "," Tera ", njl Kwezinye iimeko .... ixabiso ekhowudiweyo iifayile kukuba uzibeke kunye nezibonelelo ezikhoyo kuba phezu disc unako. Emva koko sebenzisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iindlela data ucinezelo. Ba, enyanisweni, naye iikhowudi. Oku - omnye ke, ukucaciswa kwekota kunokwenzeka.

Kukho iindlela ezimbini ezisisiseko ucinezelo data. Ngomhla wokuqala kubo ibhalwe ngokulandelelana bit "wapakisha" ifomu. Oko kukuthi, ikhompyutha akakwazi ukufunda imixholo iifayile (uyidlale njengokuba okubhaliweyo, umfanekiso okanye ividiyo), ukuba anithanga iqalise le nkqubo ye "Ukuveza phandle". Le program, leyo Oluma idata ngale ndlela kuthiwa logger data. ukuba isebenza njani na ilula. data kumphati njengenye yezona ndlela ithandwa apho ukuphumeza ulwazi esephepheni, izifundo-kwinqanaba lesikolo computer ezinyanzelekileyo.

Njengoko sisazi, inkqubo 'yeBitLocker "kwi standardised bytes ifayile. Thatha umgangatho ASCII. To, nithi, ukuba uguqulele kwi khowudi i elithi "hello", kufuneka thina bytes 6, ngokusekelwe kwinani lonobumba. Yiloo ndlela isithuba kangakanani ifayile santlandlolo izakuthatha disc. Kwenzeka ntoni xa bhala igama elithi "hi" izihlandlo 100 emgceni? Ayikho ezikhethekileyo - oku kufuneka bytes 600, ngokulandelelana, imali enye indawo kwi diski. Noko ke, singakwazi ukusebenzisa logger data, nto leyo eya kudala ifayili, nto leyo ethetha inani elincinci kakhulu bytes kuya "kwi khowudi" iqela ejongeka into efana nale: "Molo phinda-100". Ngokubala inani oonobumba kule ngxelo wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ukuze ukubhala ifayile enjalo, kufuneka thina bytes-19 kuphela. Ke inani elifanayo indawo kwi diski. Xa "Ukuveza phandle" ifayile yogcino i "ubuyiselo kubhalo oluqhelekileyo", kwaye okubhaliweyo kuba imboniselo yemvelaphi ukusuka "100 hello." Ngenxa yoko, ngokusebenzisa inkqubo ekhethekileyo, esebenzisa indlela ekhethekileyo ukhowudo, sinako ukugcina isixa esikhulu isithuba kwidiski.

Le nkqubo ingentla ubhetyebhetye ngokwaneleyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni na iinkqubo umqondiso esetyenzisiweyo, ulwazi ikhowudi ngenjongo ucinezelo usoloko kunokwenzeka ngenxa kulondolozwe data.

Yintoni indlela yesibini? Ukuze othile, uyafana koko lisetyenziswa logger data. Kodwa umahluko yayo esemqoka ukuba ifayile zixinaniswe akwazi kakuhle kakhulu ukuvela ikhompyutha ngaphandle "utsalo" inkqubo. kuyasebenza njani le ndlela?

Njengoko khumbula, ngendlela lokuqala elithi "hello" ohlala bytes 6. Noko ke, sinako ukuya iqhinga ubhale ngoluhlobo: "prvt". Published bytes 4. Konke oko uhlala ukwenza - ukuba 'bafundise' ikhompyutha ukongeza kwi inkqubo ukubonisa oonobumba ifayile, leyo yacocwa. Kufuneka ke ukuba inkqubo practice "yokufunda 'ukuba aququzelele kwaye akukho mfuneko. iindlela ezisisiseko nokuqatshelwa abalinganiswa ezingekhoyo ibandakanywa software ezininzi mihla le PC. Oko kukuthi, ukuba isambuku iifayile apho siya kwenza yonke imihla, ngendlela enye okanye omnye sele "kwi khowudi" kule algorithm.

Kakade ke, kukho "hybrid" esephepheni ulwazi inkqubo, nto leyo ukwenza ucinezelo datha ukwenza zombini ezi ndlela ngasentla. Yaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba isebenze ngakumbi ngokwemiqathango yokusindisa isithuba sediski ngabanye.

Kakade ke, nosebenza kanye elithi "hello", sanduluka kuphela siseko engundoqo iindlela data ucinezelo. Eneneni ke inzima kakhulu ngakumbi. iinkqubo ezahlukileyo zolwazi ujiko bangenza i izivamvo zesi entsonkothileyo of files "ucinezelo". Noko ke, sibona, nangeendleko yintoni enokwenziwa ukuze ugcine isithuba kwidiski, phantse ngaphandle kokubhenela kwi ukonakala umgangatho wolwazi kwi-PC. Zibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo indima ucinezelo data xa usebenzisa imifanekiso, eziviwayo kunye nevidiyo - ezi ntlobo ze data abanye befuna kwizibonelelo diski.

Yintoni enye izinto "Iikhowudi"?

Njengokuba siye sathi ekuqaleni, ikhowudi - simanga ezintsonkothileyo. Ukuba iyitshinizele kunye nemigaqo esisiseko ikhowudi data digital esekelwe kwi bytes, sinako irwece omnye indawo. Elidityaniswe kunye nokusetyenziswa iikhowudi ikhompyutha amaxabiso ezahlukeneyo kancinane. Apha, phantsi kwe "ikhowudi," sithetha akukho ukulandelelana iintsapho zeros, kunye nokuqokelelwa oonobumba ezahlukeneyo kunye neempawu (oko, njengokuba sele ukwazi, yaye zenziwa 0 no 1), nto leyo sibaluleke ebonakalayo umphefumlo womntu mihla.

ikhowudi

Xa intliziyo nayiphi na inkqubo yekhompyutha - ikhowudi. Kubhaliwe kwathiwa ngolwimi liqondwe computer. PC, ziqonde ikhowudi umenzi imiyalelo ethile. A isici esasenza inkqubo yekhompyutha ukusuka kolunye uhlobo lwe data yedijithali ukuba siqulethwe kwi khowudi iyakwazi "ubhalo oluqhelekileyo" ngokwalo (umsebenzisi akufuneki ukuqala kuphela inkqubo).

Enye inkalo lwenkqubo - in bungqingqwa relative ikhowudi esetyenzisiweyo. Oko kukuthi, anike ikhompyutha umsebenzi omnye umntu angakwazi, usebenzisa iseti enkulu "ngamabinzana", yaye xa kuyimfuneko - kwaye ngolunye ulwimi.

amaxwebhu andisiweyo

Enye ukubaluleka practical somxholo we ikhowudi unobumba - indalo kunye ufomato kwamaxwebhu. Njengomgaqo, umbukiso elula zabalinganiswa kwi kwikhusi akwanelanga ukusuka kwindawo Ngenxa yokubaluleka eluncedo PC. Kwiimeko ezininzi, okubhaliweyo kufuneka wakhiwe ngokusebenzisa ubungakanani bomgca ethile kunye nombala, kufuneka sikhatshwe izinto ezongezelelweyo (ezifana, umz, iitheyibhile). Zonke ezi parameters zibekiwe, kwakunye kwimeko lweenkqubo kwiilwimi ezithile esingaqondwayo computer. PC, iqaphela "iqela", ubonisa uxwebhu kanye njengoko umsebenzisi afuna. Ukongeza, le tekisi limiswe ngendlela efanayo, kanye njengokuba kwenzeka iinkqubo, esebenzisa iiseti ezahlukeneyo "mabinzana 'kwaye ngeelwimi ezahlukeneyo.

Noko ke, kukho umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi Iikhowudi amaxwebhu kunye neenkqubo zekhompyutha. It sikuko into yokuba owayesakuba singakwazi kwi khowudi ngokwabo. Ukuvula iifayile kunye inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kusoloko kufuneka software wesithathu-party.

encryption data

Omnye ke, ukucaciswa kwegama elithi "ikhowudi" njengoko isicelo iikhompyutha - i encryption. Ngaphezu, siye wasebenzisa eli lizwi-ntonye elithi "ikhowudi", yaye kuvumelekile. Apha, ngokufihlisa sithetha ngohlobo olwahlukileyo senzeko. Ezizezi ujiko data digital ukuze ukuba ithintele ukufikelela kuzo abanye abantu. Ukhuselo iifayile computer - ngezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwi-IT-sphere. Oku eneneni uqeqesho eyahlukileyo yenzululwazi oko kuquka kwakhona ikhompyutha yesikolo. Ujiko iifayile ngenjongo ekuthinteleni ukungena ngaphandle kwemvume - ngumsebenzi, ukubaluleka enikwa abemi bamazwe mihla ebuntwaneni.

Njani indlela ngayo ukubethela data? Lo mgaqo nje elula necacileyo njengoko konke edlulileyo, siye ingqalelo. Ukhowudo - nkqubo leyo ngokulula explainable ngokwemiqathango nemigaqo esisiseko ekuqiqeni.

Masithi kufuneka ukugqithisa umyalezo, "ivanov, Petrov uya 'ukuze kungabikho namnye unako ukuyifunda. Siyathemba ikhompyutha ikhowudi myalezo kwaye ubone isiphumo: "10-3-1-15-16-3-10-5-7-20-11-17-6-20-18-3-21". Le khowudi, Kakade ke, ilula: Inombolo ngamnye ingqinelana ukuya kwinani lonobumba kwe kwi alphabet amazwi ethu. "Mna" esimiyo phezu indawo 10, "B" - 3, "A" - 1, njalo njalo ke inkqubo ikhowudi ikhompyutha mihla ngemfihlo data ukuze oko baya kuphatha kwiqhosha nzima kakhulu ...