Ikhowudi Lokubini. Iintlobo kunye nobude code yokubini. code Reverse binary

Ikhowudi yokubini luhlobo zokurekhodisha eendaba ngohlobo abo kunye amaqanda. Loo inkqubo yokubala isiseko ngokokuma 2. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i ikhowudi yokubini (itheyibhile thaca ngezantsi kancinane iqulethe eminye imizekelo zokurekhodisha amanani) ezisetyenziswa zonke izixhobo zedijithali. yokuthandwa kwayo, kungenxa ukuthembeka ophezulu kunye nokusebenziseka kwalo Ifom yokungenela. arithmetic yokubini ilula kakhulu, ngokulandelelana, kwaye kulula ukuba uziphumeze hardware. Digital electronic amacandelo (okanye njengoko zibizwa - logic) zithembekile kakhulu njengoko zisebenza uthi ezimbini kuphela: iyunithi ubhalo (oko kukuthi ngoku), kunye logic zero (akukho current). Ngoko, xa ithelekiswa kakuhle ezinamacandelo analog, ezo zisekelwe transients.

Njani na uhlobo kabini yokubhala?

Makhe sibone isitshixo loo abunjwe ngayo. Enye ikhodi yokubini elakhiwa ithi ezimbini kuphela: zero kwaye omnye (0 no 1). Xa usebenzisa ibhithi ezimbini uba kunokwenzeka ukuba abhale amaxabiso ezine: 00, 01, 10, 11. I-entry enamanani ezintathu-iqulethe ezisibhozo ithi: 000, 001 ... 110, 111. Isiphumo kukuba ubude ikhowudi yokubini kuxhomekeke kwinani lemisebenzi. Eli binzana kubhalwa kusetyenziswa le ndlela ilandelayo: N = 2m, apho: m - linani ziikhowudi, kwaye N - inani lwendibaniso.

Types of iikhowudi yokubini

Ezi microprocessors zizitshixo zisetyenziselwa ukurekhoda ezahlukeneyo lolwazi ukuba iphunyezwe. Bit code yezibini ngaphezu ngokubonakalayo amandla kumqhubekekisi kunye inkumbulo yayo yangaphakathi. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, inani ixesha elide iiseli ezininzi memory yaye alungiswa kunye imiyalelo nje ezimbalwa. Kulo mzekelo, onke amacandelo imemori abelwe phantsi kwe multi-byte code yokubini, zithathwa njenge inani elinye. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno kwalo okanye iinkcukacha, ezi ndidi zilandelayo yezitshixo:

• ungatyikitywanga;
• Iikhowudi ngqo tselyeznakovye;
• reverse isikhonkwane;
• womqondiso;
• ikhowudi Grey;
• ikhowudi-Express Grey.;
• Iikhowudi fraction.

Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha ngamnye kubo.

code ungatyikitywanga binary

Makhe sibone ukuba yintoni eyenza fom irekhodi enjalo. Iikhowudi inani elipheleleyo linga tyikitywanga bit idijithi ngayinye (yokubini) imele isidanga ezimbini. Ngoko ke elona nani lincinane anokuthi ezibhaliweyo kule fomu, ngu zero kwaye ubuninzi angamelwa le fomyula ilandelayo: M = 2 ⁿ -1. La manani mabini ukuchaza ngokupheleleyo uluhlu ezingundoqo, nto leyo zibalulwe ikhowudi yokubini. Makhe sijonge indlela kweefom zobhaliso utshilo. Xa usebenzisa olu hlobo isitshixo linga tyikitywanga ibandakanya ziikhowudi ezisibhozo, uluhlu amanani kunokwenzeka aqala ku-0 ukuya 255. ikhowudi elinekona ezintandathu uya kuba uluhlu ukusuka ku-0 ukuya 65535. Le bit ezisibhozo-iziqhubekisi okugcina nokurekhoda kula manani ngokusebenzisa amacandelo amabini imemori ibekwe addressees ezikufutshane . Sebenza isitshixo inikeze imiyalelo ezizodwa.

Direct codes ubhalo yonke

Kule fomu indibaniselayezitshixo yokubini MSB isetyenziselwa ukuze kurekhodwe plate number. Zero ingqamana dibanisa, kunye neyunithi - thabatha. Ngenxa yale uluhlu obhobhozayo amanani khowudi yasiwa kwicala negative. Kubonakala ukuba bit ezisibhozo elipheleleyo esayiniweyo yebhayinari Inombolo key zingabhalwa kuluhlu ukususela -127 ukuya +127. Elinekona ezintandathu eziphela kwishumi - kuluhlu ukususela -32767 ukuya +32767. Yavulel bit ezisibhozo-ukugcina kwiikhowudi abazisebenzisayo amacandelo amabini ezikufutshane.

A Ububi yale fomu yokurekhoda kukuba amasuntswana isitshixo bemiqondiso kunye yamanani kufuneka kusingathwa ngokwahlukileyo. iinkqubo ubuchule ukusebenza kwezi khowudi ukufumana inzima kakhulu. Ukutshintsha ukhetho kwaye atyikitye amasuntswana ezifunekayo ukuphumeza iindlela ukuba tifihla isimilo, nto leyo inegalelo ekwandeni elibukhali kwi ubungakanani software kunye ukuhla yokusebenza kwayo. Ukwenzela ukuphelisa le engxakini iye yaziswa uhlobo olutsha lwe key - reverse code yokubini.

Sayina isitshixo sokubuyisa

Olu hlobo lokubhala yahlukile ikhowudi ngqo kuphela ukuba inani elithabathayo ngayo efunyanwa inverting onke amasuntswana zonke isitshixo. Kule yedijithali kwaye phawu amasuntswana ziyafana. Ngenxa kulo, umsebenzi algorithms kunye olu hlobo mgaqo lula kakhulu. Noko ke, isitshixo umva kufuna algorithm esikhethekileyo ingqalelo uphawu yokuqala, ukubala ixabiso elililo lwenani. A kuvuselela umqondiso ixabiso isiphumo. Ngaphezu koko, amanani reverse kunye neekhowudi phambili emazishicilelwe izitshixo ezimbini zisetyenziswa zero. Nangona isibakala sokuba eli xabiso akanalo uphawu oluvumelanayo okanye embi.

Isayinwe amanani binary ikhodi

Olu hlobo yerekhodi iintsilelo yezitshixo zangaphambili kuluhlu. Iikhowudi zivumela summation ngqo zombini amanani akhabayo kunye navumelanayo. Ngaloo ndlela asibanjelwa uhlalutyo bit mqondiso. Konke oku kwaba Bulelani kunokwenzeka yokuba amanani ezongezelelweyo ezo ikhonkco uphawu yendalo hayi njengequmrhu ngumntu, ezifana amaqhosha phambili umva. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba into ebalulekileyo kukuba ukubalwa add-ons ukwenza iikhowudi yokubini kulula kakhulu. Akwanelanga ukuba umva iqhosha add enye. Xa usebenzisa olu hlobo ikhowudi yekharakhtha equka ziikhowudi ezisibhozo, uluhlu amanani kunokwenzeka asusela -128 ukuya +127. iqhosha njengokom uya kuba uluhlu -32768 ukuya +32767. Le iziqhubekisi bit ezisibhozo-ukugcina iinombolo ezifana Ungasebenzisa amacandelo amabini ezikufutshane.

Ikhowudi yokubini ezongezelelweyo isiphumo umdla obonakalayo apho kuthiwa ekuthiwa ulwandiso mqondiso. Makhe sibone oko kuthetha ntoni. Isiphumo kukuba kule inkqubo yokuguqulwa ixabiso olunye-byte kwi bit nganye byte-ezimbini byte sezingeni eliphezulu amaxabiso ayabele asayine amasuntswana le byte ephantsi. Kubonakala ukuba umyinge wogcino esayiniweyo Inani loonobumba ungasebenzisa i amasuntswana eziphakamileyo-oda. Xa eli xabiso iqhosha akawatshintshi ngokupheleleyo.

ikhowudi Gray

Olu hlobo lokubhala, kubaluleke iqhosha-inyathelo elinye. Oko kukuthi, utshintsho ukusuka kwelinye inani ukuya kwenye iyatshintsha enye kuphela isuntswana lwazi. Imposiso xa ufunda data kukhokelela inguqulelo ukusuka kwindawo enye ukuya kwenye kunye nexesha omncinane wokuprinta. Noko ke, kokufumana iziphumo ezingachanekanga ngokupheleleyo xa indawo emboxo yenkqubo efana iyapheliswa ngokupheleleyo. Abaxhamla kule khowudi ngamandla ayo nekubonakala kuwo ulwazi. Umzekelo, inverting badinga eziphakamileyo-order, ungatshintsha indlela reference nje. Oku kungenxa igalelo kulawulo ngumphelelisi. Xa eli xabiso ukuze ofakwe njengoko ndivuka yawa ngohlangothi kwi axis mnye ujikelezo. Ekubeni ingcaciso ebhalwe iqhosha Gray siku ikhowudi yekharakhtha, engaquki kuthwala data kanye lwamanani, phambi kokuba kufuneka umsebenzi ngakumbi uyiguqula ngaphambili ibe ubhalo oqhelekileyo yokubini. Oku kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa i transducer ezikhethekileyo - idikhowuda Grey Binar. Esi sixhobo ngokulula ndaqonda kwimiba logic iyevakala zombini hardware ne-software.

Gray ikhowudi-Express

Standard Grey iqhosha-inyathelo elinye isicombululo ukuba zinikezelwe ngohlobo amanani, elinebaxiweyo i sine ababini. Kwiimeko apho kuyimfuneko ngayo ukuphumeza ezinye izisombululo, le fom yerekhodi aqingqiweyo kwaye usebenzise kuphela inxalenye eliphakathi. Ngenxa yoko, isitshixo-inyathelo elinye igcinwe. Noko ke, kule wokwamanani khowudi uluhlu lokuqala ayikho zero. Siyeka ukuba ixabiso elichaziweyo. Ngexesha lweenkcukacha kwi ubume eveliswe odlayo isiqingatha umahluko phakathi isigqibo sokuqala kunye lincitshiswe.

Ukungeniswa inani iqhezu kwiqhosha fixed-point lokubini

Kule nkqubo, kufuneka usebenze nje amanani apheleleyo kodwa iqhezu. amanani abanjalo zibhalwe yi ngqo, inguqu kunye neekhowudi ezongezelelweyo. ukwakhiwa ikhankanywe Umgaqo obalulekileyo iyafana naleyo yonke. Kude kube ngoku sasicinga ukuba ngongoma yokubini kufuneka ilungelo LSB. Kodwa akunjalo. Oku kungenziwa akhiwe ekhohlo kunye bit kakhulu (kulo mzekelo, variable kungenziwa kuphela amanani iqhezu ebhaliweyo), kwaye umahluko ophakathi (amaxabiso mixed zingarekhodwa).

Umelo yebhayinari lencopho-yokudada

Le fom kusetyenziselwa ukurekhoda amanani amakhulu, okanye ngolunye uhlobo - lincinane kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, imigama okanye Isanti atom oluphakathi kunye electron. Ekubaleni ezi amaxabiso kwakuza kufuneka asebenzise ikhowudi yokubini ukubhobhoza elikhulu kunene. Noko ke, akukho mfuneko siyithathela ingqalelo umgama cosmic ukuya nawethu elikufutshane. Ngoko ke, indlela yokalo emileyo-point kule meko alufanelekanga. Ukuze ukubonisa ezinjalo Iikhowudi ezisetyenziswayo ifomu aljibra. Oko kukuthi, inani ibhalwe njenge mantissa liphindaphindwe ezilishumi ukuya ngamandla olubonakalisa inombolo ukuze oyifunayo. Nceda uqaphele ukuba i-mantissa akufuneki ibe ngaphezu kwesinye, kwaye emva kokuba kwesishumi akufuneki ukuba ndinibhalele zero.

ukuba umdla

Ekukholelwa ukuba calculus kabini lwasungulwa sezibalo ngenkulungwane ye-18 ekuqaleni Gottfried Leibniz eJamani. Noko ke, njengoko izazinzulu lwafunyanwa kutshanje, kudala ngaphambi koku inzalelwane yesiqithi wesiPolynesia ka Mangareva ukuba usebenzise olu hlobo arithmetic. Nangona kukho inyaniso yokuba ulawulo watshabalalisa phantse ngokupheleleyo ngokwendlela yokunombola yokuqala, abaphengululi walibuyisela okubini ezimbaxa kunye neentlobo lokugqibela akhawunti. Ukongeza, i-nzulu cognitive Núñez ubanga ukuba ikhowudi ikhowudi yokubini wasetyenziswa e China yamandulo ukuya emva kwenkulungwane 9 BC. e. Nezinye izizwe amandulo ezifana Maya naye wasebenzisa indibanisela wokugqibela ezimbaxa kunye neenkqubo yokubini umkhondo yamaxesha osasazo kunye neziganeko ngeenkwenkwezi.