Iingxaki zokusingqongileyo kwe-West Siberian Plain. Ingxaki womntu nohlobo in Western eSiberia

Namhlanje, phantse umbuzo kokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo yondele kakhulu onke amazwe ehlabathini. Akukho nto ayimangalisi kule: Ukuxhatshazwa singacinganga olubawayo kwezibonelelo zendalo kwakhokelela ekubeni ngalo mzuzu kukho ingozi kungekuphela nje yokuduka ezininzi izilwanyana, kodwa uhlanga loluntu ngokwalo. Ingaba kukho inani elikhulu lweenkqubo yendalo esingqongileyo nolondolozo ukuba isondlo akwazi ukunceda ekujonganeni zonke iingxaki. Kodwa njengoko kusoloko kusenzeka, yonke into elungileyo kuphela ephepheni.

Oku kuyinyaniso ingakumbi kwilizwe lethu. Ngelishwa, thina imeko eziphilayo le ndawo usoloko ekupheleni kuqala. Lwakuba nje akazange kunokubangela naziphi na iingxaki ezithile, kodwa tshintsha amaxesha, kunye ungcoliseko amandla elizweni lethu iya isanda ngesantya esothusayo. Kakade ke, impucuko yanamhlanje ayikwazi khona ngaphandle zonke izibonelelo enika kuyo ishishini kuphuhliswa. Ngelishwa, abenzi rhoqo ngabom balekela ukuthotyelwa ezisisiseko kunye nemigaqo zokusingqongileyo, nto leyo imeko ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo iye yaba buhlungu ngakumbi nangakumbi.

Masingaze silibale ukuba ngaphandle ngemvelo ayikho yabantu. Kwi indlela kakuhle ukukhusela okusingqongileyo, oko kuxhomekeke-ntle yabantwana zethu kwixa elizayo, ukuze sengqondo zibhuqe lo mbuzo ngokuqinisekileyo hayi kulungile.

Accelerated kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphuhliso industrial weli lizwe kunempembelelo entle kwezoqoqosho, kodwa ke iingxaki zokusingqongileyo kwe-West Siberian Plain, ngenxa yoko kwanda kunye nyaka ngamnye.

Khumbula ukuba songqamano olubuthathaka kakhulu yonke loo misebenzi yendalo inzuzo kwezoqoqosho. Nditsho ufakelo elula izibonelelo zonyango lubiza kakhulu, kwaye ngenxa yokuba ulawulo inkampani zidla "ilibala" ngazo, wakhetha ukuba ahlawule ayikho imali njengento enkulu.

Akubuzwa bathi ngaphandle kwenkxaso yokwenene karhulumente, ekwakumele ukuba ngemali yokuthenga izixhobo, ngaphandle ngenkxasomali ukutyalwa imisebenzi ezintsonkothileyo lokusingqongileyo kufuneka nokuphupha yokuphucula imeko esingqongileyo kweli lizwe lethu.

Oku kuyinyaniso ingakumbi apha eNtshona eSiberia. Le ndawo abayinqobo kangangokuba ufanele uyinikele lonke inqaku.

isingeniso

Hi ndlela leyi, kuphi na West Siberian Plain? Kubhaliwe ebekwe lonke mmandla ukusuka Urals ukuya kwi Central Siberian Plateau, yomxhaso indawo enkulu.

Western eSiberia - indawo ekhethekileyo. Yena ikhangeleka isitya omkhulu, apho ngukumkani imozulu kakhulu kunzima. Age of the West Siberian Plain - iminyaka engama-25 ezigidi. Ukongeza, loo iyodwa kuphuhliso yayo zejoloji: kangangamawaka eminyaka, le ndawo ibisoloko ndivuka zawa, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba kwavela a ntlango ongaqhelekanga ngokwenene yaye kunzima. Noko ke, ukuphakama umndilili West Siberian Plain zincinane: sitsho, kunqabile ukuba igqithe uphawu ka 50-150 iimitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle.

Iziqalelo ephambili isiqabu ibonakala ngokucacileyo kunye asemlanjeni. Isikakhulu plain iba iimpawu iqapheleka onduli yokubona lisongiwe. Kumazantsi of Western eSiberia na isakhiwo ngengingqi yeyona common kakhulu. A lot weentili lomlambo, kwasekwa iqela elikhulu yemilambo emikhulu kunye ngoku kade, ugqibezele lo mfanekiso. Yiloo apho West Siberian Plain.

Eyona engundoqo iimpawu ngengingqi

Njengokuba sele sitshilo, imozulu apha ngqo kakhulu. Ngoko ke, lo kwintsimi esemazantsi luphawulwa kwimozulu njengezwekazi libizwe. Ngenxa yokuba imilo isiqabu plain West eSiberia imele indebe yokuqala (jonga ngentla), intshukumo ebonakalayo zezulu mass ngaphakathi kwenzeka. Ngoko ke, utshintsho ngesiquphe kwamaqondo obushushu kulo ebusika akwenzeki. Oku akothusi ngakumbi ukuba ubude West Siberian Plain iphantse 2500 ophosa!

Ngoko ke, nkqu Barnaul amaqondo badla angehla ku -45 degrees Celsius, kodwa ke mnye obushushu waphawula kwinxalenye esemantla mmandla, nangona ngaphezu kwamawaka amabini kweekhilomitha. Spring kakhulu iqinisiwe, eyomileyo kakhulu. April ngengqiqo ngokupheleleyo ilizwi nyanga spring.

NgoMeyi, ubushushu kakhulu, kodwa ke ngenxa yokuba i-intshukumo khona umoya nolwandle emva rhoqo abandayo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko ukuba lipholile kunokwenzeka. NgoJulayi, kobushushu besukelana 22 degrees Celsius (kodwa hayi ngaphezulu kwe-5 degrees kumntla). Ekubeni ukuphakama umndilili West Siberian Plain encinane, ukuba kufuthi kukho umoya onamandla ezilumayo.

Eyona eziphambili ezibangela iimeko kakhulu kokusingqongileyo kummandla

Okokuqala, imeko yangoku kungenxa yokuba kwiminyaka yakutshanje, udaka kwandisa amandla nokusengwa kwemithombo yobutyebi yendalo. E Western eSiberia, uye amashishini eziliqela ezibangela umonakalo yohlobo lolona: Intlama nePhepha, iimveliso zokutya, imveliso oyile kunye namahlathi. Musa ukulibala malunga nokukhula iziqhushumbisi kwenani iimoto buqu, okwenza ukuba ungcoliseko bume inkqubo le.

Ngelishwa, le meko kwandiswa nokuba kwezolimo: kwiminyaka yakutshanje e Western eSiberia isetyenziswa kakhulu eninzi izichumisi, iyeza lokubulala izitshabalalisi kunye imichiza. Ukongezelela, abasemagunyeni abanamdla nkqu kwezinye izenzo malunga zokuyilahla.

Abaninzi kubo baye kudala ivaliwe, kodwa qhubeka samaxesha rhoqo zonke ihlobo, ngokufuthi bazisa abahlali zokuhlala ezikufuphi ukuba bazamile. Ngenxa yokuba imilo uncedo yaseWest Siberian Plain iyafana indebe, nako iinyanga ezimbalwa ngayo ngaphezu imizi. izibalo ezilula nezibhedlele ibonisa ukuba kweli xesha le meko kakhulu nzima kunye izifo zemiphunga.

Ekugqibeleni, thina ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo ezingenangqondo kakhulu yazo Zasebhofolo Siberian Plain. Izizathu kufuneka wafuna nkqu maxesha yasebukhosini. Emva koko, njengoko kwixesha yiSoviet, owaqalisa olwaluxhaphaza iidipozithi efikeleleka lula kwaye zizityebi, bedlula ngokuhlukumeza yingcambu lonke ihlathi ekufutshane. Ukuba uqhelene inkcazelo emfutshane West Siberian Plain, ngoko mhlawumbi uyazi ukuba nommandla wayo ayikho nehlathi kakhulu. Xa izithsaba zabo rustled phantse kuwo wonke loo mmandla, kodwa ngenxa ngezoshishino ngokukhawuleza kweli lizwe phantse bonke zitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo.

Ke ngoko nje badlule kuphuhliso kwamabala ezikude, ezo ngenxa ukungafezeki kwi isiseko lobuchwepheshe ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ediniwe.

Ngaphezu koko, inkoliso okubonakalayo kwezi iidiphozithi, baza bahlala apho. Isizathu - yinto ubuchwepheshe obufanayo umva. Ngoku ukuya kwezi isitokhwe ingaba, kodwa kuya kufuneka ahlawule umsebenzi nzima kakhulu kwaye kukho inani elikhulu kakhulu ngokwenqanaba lobomi kubanye abantu. Namhlanje, njengoko ngakumbi nangakumbi beze. Iziphumo ibuhlungu: Imali elingu-SLAG Ukuxinana nje emhlabeni, kwaye ubunzima bayo kukhokelela ukuthotywa phezu komhlaba. Ngenxa yoko, baba curl kunye uyeke ngokupheleleyo umlambo komhlaba, kuvela ehlola karst, kufutshane nto leyo eyingozi kakhulu, nawuphi na umsebenzi mveliso.

Ukususela kwiminyaka ye-West Siberian Plain malunga 25-30 yezigidi kwiminyaka, ubutyebi kwi nezibilini zayo lukhulu. Kodwa musa ukucinga ukuba kumthi wabo akupheli.

Esinye isizathu - le inertia zokucinga ukulandela iimfundiso technocratic. abantu abaninzi bakholelwa uhlobo 'ukubangisana "Mntundini, nto leyo evumela ukuba ngoyaba uhlobo. Bayalibala ukuba umhlaba onokuphila - hayi kuphela kakhulu nzima, kodwa Inkqubo-ethe kakhulu, ukuphathwa kunye nongenelelo neyilahleko nto leyo igcwele ingxaki enkulu kuluntu.

Noko ke, kakade ukubona oku: rhoqo kwemozulu "freaks" xa kungekho ikhephu ngoJanuwari nekhephu ngoJuni nto intsha, kabukhali nxaxheba imbonakalo itsunami kunye neenkanyamba, kukho inani elikhulu labantu abasweleke zentlanzi ngenxa ukukhutshwa izinto eziyityhefu emlanjeni. Kungenxa yoku, eli uphawu i-West Siberian Plain njengeendawo 'emdaka "musa ukukhangela ngxelo imbi kangaka, nangona onke la - amakhonkco enye kunye chain efanayo.

igalelo Human

eneneni A Inani lemizi kule ndawo ibekwe endaweni ka esisigxina ntlekele eziphilayo. Esona sizathu siphambili le meko ukubhidana elikhangeleka imithamo kwezibonelelo zendalo kunye namanyathelo ukhuselo lokusingqongileyo. Ngamafutshane, imveliso oyile enye wayemana enyusa, kodwa imisebenzi ekucoceni lokusingqongileyo bume evela oyile iphalale phantse namnye.

Ukongeza, le ngingqi kakhulu kwisigaba enyukliya, imo leyo kwiimeko ezininzi akukho kude kakhulu zimbi. Ukususela ukuphakama West Siberian Plain ephantsi (okuba ngaphantsi yokwanda zosulelo), oko kanye lo mmandla wakhethwa yi kobunkokheli yiSoviet ukuba izixhobo uvavanyo zenyukliya. Imiphumo yale abahlali zezithili waziva unanamhla.

Asazi akanakusuke sithetha okuninzi malunga neempawu zemozulu ummandla ekuqaleni kweli nqaku (ezifana ukuphakama West Siberian Plain): le permafrost enye, kufumaneka ngokubanzi kumntla yethafa ngumba igalelo ngokuvela ntshikilelo lokusingqongileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukungabikho yeentshukumo okubalulekileyo komoya ngexesha iziphumo ubusika ukuqokelelana okukhawulezileyo nomsi mass kwimizi-mveliso omkhulu, nto leyo kule ndawo kakhulu.

Uphando lubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba iingxaki kakhulu kokusingqongileyo eWest Siberian Plain kukho uphawu zeAltai Territory, Tomsk Region, kunye kwiNgingqi eOmsk kunye Khanty-Mansiysk. Kule ndawo ubungozi kwimpilo yabantu wedatha yi 80-85%! Ngokubanzi, le ndawo ingxaki ngu-15% yonke of Western eSiberia.

Iimpawu ze ezikhutshwayo eziyingozi

In Kemerovo Novokuznetsk Prokopyevsk kunye Tomsk, eOmsk Barnaul Tyumen kwaye (ubukhulu sincinane) imeko uba anzima ngakumbi ngonyaka ngamnye. Emoyeni, kukho ukwanda elibukhali kokuqulathwe formaldehyde, phenol kunye benzopyrene. Zonke ezi zinto zibe umhlaza kuyoyikisa. Yongeza kule inani elikhulu ekukhutshelwe carbon emnyama kunye ne-nitric ayoni. Kwaye ayikwazi Ndamangaliswa elandayo rhoqo inani izifo zemiphunga kubantu abaphila kule mizi. Musa ukulibala malunga ukukhutshwa kwe-nitrogen dioxide, nto leyo iyityhefu eyomeleleyo.

amafutha liphucula sphere

ngonyaka ngamnye kwi-oyile utshisa malunga billion ezisixhenxe ukunceda igesi cc ukuba ayikho ngaphantsi kwe 75-80% of umthamo wayo uwonke. Kwaye oku nangona ilahleko nobuchwepheshe aziyi kuba ngaphezu kwe-5%. Iitotshi yokutshisa igesi e Western eSiberia ngokucacileyo lubonakale noba evela emajukujukwini. Kufuneka kongezwe ukuba iqondo lolawulo ukukhutshwa kushishino oyile ukusulungekiswa kulo mmandla lingaphantsi kwe 0,015%. Ngaloo ndlela, iingxaki zokusingqongileyo kwe-West Siberian Plain ubukhulu becala ezibangelwa ngokholo embi kwi inxalenye kwiinkampani ze-oyile ezinkulu.

Imitha ukungcoliswa komhlaba

Oku akunjalo badla ngokuthi, kodwa uninzi kummandla Western eSiberia ise kwindawo kwiindawo ezinkulu noko imisebe. Eyona "merit" omelwe inkampani "Ukugxininisa" yaye "Siberian Chemical Hlanganisa." E Tomsk, apho isityalo yokugqibela esosulelwa zone kumgama ozikilometa eziyi-100 ababekweso sixeko nemimandla.

Musa ukulibala ukuba ummandla Totskii, Novaya Zemlya ne site uvavanyo Semipalatinsk for udubulo zenyukliya kude saa imisebe. It idlulisela ummandla Tomsk, Kemerovo naseNovosibirsk. Ukongeza, phantsi uhlaselwa yaba ngenxalenye nokubandezeleka zeAltai Territory, nto leyo esele heptyl elosulelekileyo rhoqo esiwa elizweni lakhe ekukhubekeni izigaba rocket evela Baikonur. Phakathi kuka-1953 ukuya 1961 kwezi kolundi kwenziwa udubulo ezininzi, iziphumo zazo nangoku ngayo.

Kodwa loo nto bonke. Oku akuthethi kuthi, kodwa West Siberian Plain ise kwindawo imisebe onamandla kakhulu, njengoko yaveliswa phakathi eninzi ungadubula zenyukliya komhlaba, imiphumo ezo kwezona Nefteyugansk efanayo. EOmsk ezimbini kakhulu ne radiation, umbindi umzi, lo gama kwiindawo zayo peripheral ziye zahlala zilolo uhlambulukile.

ungcoliseko lwamanzi

Phantse yonke indawo yaseWest Siberian Plain, okukwiqondo omnye okanye enye yonakaliswe kunye Ammonium nentsimbi neetyuwa, phenols kunye nitrate. Ngelishwa, kwanaloo nto na lo mba ubalulekileyo: uthungelwano yonke lokuhlola amanzi kule ngingqi yingxaki enkulu ngenxa nezokukhupha yeoli kule ngingqi. Nangona kunjalo, kuye kubekho nempumelelo kakhulu kule nkalo imeko emazantsi kwi West Siberian Plain.

Awu, kodwa kwezinye iindawo MPC (ubuninzi kuvumelekile yoxinaniso) yamafutha amanzi kwadlulwa ezintlanu okanye 50 (!) Times. Oku kusebenza ngokukodwa kwi naseNovosibirsk, Tomsk kunye eOmsk iingingqi. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba bonke (!!!), njengoko inxalenye esemntla Western eSiberia ukuhlupheka bosulelwe ukuze kwakuwo lamaxesha 50-100 norm MPC ukumangala mntu. Kwaye ngoku - ezimbi. Iingcali ziqikelela ukuba malunga ne-40% ye kummandla kummandla kukuba xa ukwimeko olusisigxina intlekele eziphilayo, ekubeni izithethe umxholo oyile emanzini ngaphaya izihlandlo-100 okanye ngaphezulu.

Ezi iingxaki zokusingqongileyo kwe-West Siberian Plain. Ngokufutshane ukushwankathela, singatsho ukuba yonke into embi. La manani kuthiya zixhaphake kakhulu kwiindawo ezikufutshane imizi emikhulu, yaye inika "iqondo lobushushu avareji esibhedlele." Izinto sibengcono kakhulu, kodwa ulawulo iinkampani ezininzi akanamdla ekuphuculeni izityalo yokucocwa kwesuweji (okanye uzifakelele). Kodwa ke amanzi - omnye wabo anazo, leyo esisityebi ingakumbi West Siberian Plain! imilambo emikhulu Photo kaThixo kweli nqaku, ukuze wena ukwazi ukubona oku.

Izazinzulu, hydrologists bathi imeko esisongela kwi kwicandelo Biysk - naseNovosibirsk, OB apho kakhulu ingcolisekile. ngezantsi nje idolophu Kolpashevo degree of ezinokosulela mlambo kwakhona eziphakamileyo, kodwa intlanganisela yomfanekiso kungcono kakhulu. Phantse yonke imijelo ezincinane imeko ngingqi efanayo ngokupheleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, bonke efanayo: a ungcoliseko lwamanzi qualitative yokuqhubekileyo kunye neenkcukacha zamanani ke wancipha kwicala ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi (emantla wavelisa neeminerali ezininzi).

imithombo ehlathini

Isimanga, kodwa ukusetyenziswa (Ngokutsho kwamanani asemthethweni, kunjalo) kwemithombo kwihlathi eSiberia kunokuba uNothozamile. Umthamo avareji ukuvuna izithole ayidluli-8%, lo gama babengama-18% ye-avareji kazwelonke, kwaye kwezinye iimeko nangakumbi. Ukunqongophala thinning izicwangciso kukhokelela ekubeni kweenkuni iqalisa ukuba akhule yaye afe.

Ngoko ke, ma overripe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku sele zibumba ubuncinane 70% kulo mmandla. Konke oku ngcembe kukhokelela kukuba kummandla Western eSiberia rhoqo elithe qwele i "emthini bhubhane" yokwenene zibangelwa ngesinyanzeliso borers iinkuni kunye nezinye izinambuzane. Ukongeza, ngenxa ungcoliseko lwamanzi etafileni ingentla kukho iimeko rhoqo desiccation kwamahlathi yonke.

Enye ingxaki - umlilo, apho kwiminyaka yakutshanje ka 'odumileyo' Russian naseWest Siberian Plain. Malunga nama-65% of ilahleko ezingacwangciswanga iinkuni njengoko ixesha iwela phezu kwabo. Musa ukulibala ukuba malunga nama-25% ye-hlathi kwindawo esebenzayo zokuvelisa oyile, ezenza kwakhona kwandisa amathuba ucinezelo kweendawo ezinkulu. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba inani imililo kuxhomekeke kakhulu lombutho nabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, kummandla Kemerovo izele amahlathi, leyo bachatshazelwa kakhulu izinambuzane, kodwa ilahleko emlilweni zibe okungenamsebenzi (ngaphantsi kwe 0.2%). Apha 'ihlathi' sengqondo luphawulwa ngayo i-West Siberian Plain. Photo hlathi ezintle ziyafumaneka kweli nqaku.

Biotopes ukumelana En

Kakade ke, imeko eziphilayo zokuhlala e Western eSiberia, kwakunye nayiphi na enye indawo, kuxhomekeke kakhulu uzinzo yabo. Eyona miba ibalulekileyo ngendlela enye okanye omnye lunokuphazamisa asuleleke, kuba amanzi, permafrost, lexinene uthungelwano lokuhlola amanzi. Ngoko ke, lo eyetundra ubuncinane oluzinzileyo ihlathi kumathafa, intlango imigodi kodwa iyakwazi elide ukumelana nemiba yokusingqongileyo. Oku kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba isakhiwo zejoloji West Siberian Plain inegalelo kwizibonelelo engentle yokusingqongileyo.

Le meko kakhulu enzima kwabonwa kummandla Kemerovo kunye besekhaya. Kwimeko yokuqala inxulunyaniswa imveliso olunzulu yerhasi neoli, kunye yesibini - umsebenzi Baikonur, ekubeni uwela zeAltai wachitha imijukujelwa Isigaba sokuqala. Kwezenkolo zilumkisa ukuba le mimandla kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo amanyathelo zokusingqongileyo.

Njengoko ubona, iingxaki zokusingqongileyo kwe-West Siberian Plain zahlukahlukene kunye enzulu kakhulu. Ukuba ngaba uthatha nawaphi na amanyathelo ngoku, wabalungisa abaninzi kubo isebenze ayisekho.