Iingxaki Amandla izisombululo zayo

Ingxaki amandla ngayo uluntu iya ixhaphaka into ngonyaka ngamnye. Oku kungenxa ekukhuleni labantu jikelele kunye nophuhliso okukhawulezileyo kobugcisa, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni amanqanaba olukhulayo ukusebenzisa amandla. Nangona ukusetyenziswa enyukliya, enye kunye umbane, isabelo yengonyama abantu amafutha kuqhubeka esomba emhlabeni. Ioli, igesi yendalo kunye namalahle ke amandla nobuncwane bendalo exhaustible, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, izabelo zawo ukuya kwinqanaba ezibalulekileyo.

Ekuqaleni ekupheleni

I-jikelele yeengxaki amandla yoluntu waqala 70s kwenkulungwane yokugqibela, xa ilixa oyile enexabiso iphelile. Deficit kunye nokonyuka elibukhali ixabiso le hlobo amafutha kwavusa nengxaki enkulu kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Kwaye nangona ixabiso layo liye luyakuncitshinshwa nokuhamba kwexesha, imiqulu ziye inyusa uwa, ngoko ke amandla kunye nezinto ekrwada ingxaki wesintu iba bukhali kakhulu.

Ngokomzekelo, kuphela ngexesha ukusuka kwiminyaka engama-60 ukuya kuma-80 zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, umthamo yehlabathi amalahle-40%, i-oyile - 75% yerhasi yendalo - 80% yemali iyonke kwezibonelelo kusetyenziswa ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba nokunqongophala kwamafutha yaqala kwi 70s kwaza kwaphengululwa kwafumaniseka ukuba ingxaki lwamandla - kuba yingxaki yehlabathi yoluntu, akazange anikezele iingqikelelo zokukhula ngayo umbane. Kwacetywa ukuba umthamo zemigodi 2000 uya kunyuka kayi-3. Kamva, Kakade ke, ezi zicwangciso ziye zancitshiswa, kodwa isiphumo inkcitho kakhulu kwemithombo yobutyebi, yathatha amashumi eminyaka, namhlanje ukuba beziphantse ukumka.

Le miba ephambili geographical iingxaki amandla abantu

Esinye isizathu sokuba elandayo ukunqongophala fuel ulwabiwo kwemiqathango imveliso yawo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kule nkqubo. Ukuba eminyaka nje embalwa edlulileyo, imithombo yendalo ilele phezu kwamanzi, kodwa namhlanje kufuneka ukwandisa rhoqo ubunzulu amaqula imigodi, irhasi kunye namafutha. Ngakumbi mandundu iimeko wejoloji isahlakalo amandla kwiindawo ezindala mveliso nakuMntla Melika, Western Yurophu, iRashiya neUkraine.

Xa sijonga imiba geographical wamandla kunye aphila iingxaki zabantu, kufuneka sithi solution yabo ukwandisa imida resource. Kufuneka ukuphuhlisa imimandla emitsha kunye nemiqathango ngokukhanya neznye. Ngaloo ndlela kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa iindleko zokuvelisa amafutha. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba kwezimali ezinkulu iyonke imveliso yezamandla kwiindawo ezintsha, njengoko umgaqo nje, ngaphezulu kakhulu.

imiba yezoqoqosho kunye neAfrika lwamandla kunye aphila iingxaki zabantu

Kwamanani amafutha eziphili zamandulo ezaba lilitye kukhokelele ukuvela ukhuphiswano kakhulu kwi ezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko kunye neAfrika. iinkampani Giant abandakanyeke kwicandelo kukudla amafutha kunye energy izixhobo kunye nokunikezelwa iinkalo nempembelelo kolu shishino, nto leyo ekhokelela nokungazinzi kwamaxabiso rhoqo kwi kwimarike igesi ihlabathi, amalahle neoli. imeko Uxhaphazelayo aggravates kakhulu iingxaki amandla abantu.

Global Energy Security

Le mbono weza ukusetyenziswa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21. Imigaqo qhinga loo kukhuseleko kunika oluthembekileyo, ixesha elide kunye nonikezelo amandla zamkelekile ngokokusingqongileyo, ixabiso apho uya kugwetyelwa, nokuba zenze amalungiselelo eli lizwe ngaphandle nokungenisa amafutha.

Ukuphunyezwa kwale sicwangciso kunokwenzeka kuphela xa ukuphelisa izinto ezibangela iingxaki amandla abantu namanyathelo asebenzisekayo ejolise ekuqinisekiseni ngakumbi uqoqosho lwehlabathi njenge zokubasa eqhelekileyo namandla evela kweminye imithombo. Kunye nophuhliso lwamandla ezizezinye kufuneka anikwe ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo.

nkqubo nokulondolozwa kwamandla

Ngemihla amafutha cheap luqoqosho kakhulu resource-olunzulu iye yavela kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini lonke. Kuqala kwinto zonke, into enjalo kuye kwaphawulwa kumazwe zizityebi imithombo kwezimbiwa. Intloko uluhlu lwe eSoviet Union, eUnited States, Canada, China kunye Australia. Kwi-USSR umthamo amafutha zibhedlela izihlandlo eziliqela ngaphezulu eMelika.

Isimo esinjalo efunekayo intshayelelo engxamisekileyo-nkqubo yokonga amandla ezifuywayo, ezoshishino, izithuthi kunye namanye amacandelo ezoqoqosho. Thathela ingqalelo yonke imiba amandla kunye aphila iingxaki abantu baye baqala ukuphuhlisa nokuphumeza ubugcisa ukunciphisa ezithile ngamandla eneji GDP kula mazwe, yaye ukuba bayakhe isakhiwo yoqoqosho iyonke yoqoqosho yehlabathi.

Impumelelo kunye nokusilela

Impumelelo kakhulu ubonakala entsimini ogcino lwamandla sele iphunyelelwe kumazwe aphuhlileyo ngokwezoqoqosho Zasebhofolo. Kwiminyaka eli-15 yokuqala bakwazi ukunciphisa amandla amandla GDP zayo 1/3, kuye kwabangela ukwehla yesabelo yabo ukusetyenziswa kwamandla yehlabathi ukusuka kuma-60 ukuya kuma-48 ekhulwini. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le ntsingiselo iye yaqhubeka, kunye nokukhula GDP kwi West ngaphambi imiqulu ezikhulayo amafutha.

kubi ngokuphawulekayo kuMbindi Mpuma Yurophu, China kunye namazwe ico. Amandla Amandla uqoqosho kunciphisa ngokucothayo kakhulu. Ke iinkokheli le antireytinga zoqoqosho asakhasayo amazwe. amafutha umzekelo, ikakhulu kumazwe aseAfrika kunye Asia ilahleko ezinxulumene (igesi yendalo kunye namafutha) bavela 80 ukuya kwi-100 ekhulwini.

Eyinene Amathemba

iingxaki Amandla kunye neendlela zokusombulula namhlanje inkxalabo ihlabathi. Ukuphucula imeko yangoku laqalisa ezintsha ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa kunye nobuchwepheshe. Ukulungiselela injongo ogcino lwamandla lugqibelele izixhobo mveliso kamasipala, zavelisa iimoto ezininzi amafutha-ngobuchule, njalo njalo. D.

Phakathi amanyathelo ephambili kuqoqosho ziquka utshintsho chu isakhiwo nokusetyenziswa kwegesi, amalahle neoli ngenjongo ukwandisa isabelo kwezibonelelo ezizezinye ombane.

Ukusombulula ngempumelelo iingxaki amandla uluntu kuyimfuneko ukuba anikele ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kuphuhliso nokuphunyezwa kwe iiteknoloji ezintsha ziyafumaneka langoku ibakala revolution yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe.

amandla enyukliya

Enye yezona ndlela nathembisayo entsimini wamandla amandla enyukliya. Kwamanye amazwe aphuhlileyo sele ayibeka isizukulwana esitsha kubenzi zenyukliya. izazinzulu Nuclear nangoku ngenkuthalo kuxoxwe zamandla isihloko abasebenza luvo kuzila, njengokuba kanye bekufanele ukuba libe wave entsha kwaye isebenza ngakumbi samandla enyukliya. Noko ke, uphuhliso lwabo luye lwayekiswa, kodwa ngoku lo mba uphinde mlonyeni.

Ukusetyenziswa Abavelisi MHD

ukuguqulwa ngqo ubushushu ibe umbane ngaphandle boilers zomphunga turbines kuvumela generator magnetohydrodynamic. Uphuhliso oku ethembisayo kwaqala ngasekuqaleni-imi- 70 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Ngowe-1971 e Moscow wenziwa wokuqala start-up ye pilot MHD amandla 25,000 kW.

Izinto eziluncedo eziphambili MHD Abavelisi zezi:

• ukusebenza eliphezulu;
• ukhathalelo lwendalo (akukho ezikhutshwayo eziyingozi emoyeni);
• isiqalo nangoko.

cryogenic kwiinqwelo-generator

Umgaqo esebenza ngayo le generator cryogenic lilele isibakala sokuba plane lupholisiwe yi helium ulwelo, apho isiphumo ifunyenwe esebenzayo. Izinto eziluncedo echaza lo matshini ziquka ukusebenza phezulu, ubunzima ephantsi imilinganiselo.

umatshini Ukulinga-mveliso ye cryogenic kwiinqwelo-generator wadalwa ngexesha eSoviet, kwaye ngoku izinto ezinjalo kuqhubeka eJapan, eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe aphuhlileyo.

hydrogen

Ukusebenzisa hydrogen njenge amafutha na amathuba amakhulu. Ngokutsho iingcali ezininzi, oku kuza kunceda ukusombulula iingxaki ezinkulu yoluntu lobal - eneji kunye nezinto ekrwada ngxaki. Okokuqala, le hydrogen i amandla nobuncwane bendalo abasebenzi kwicandelo lobunjineli. Lokuqala imoto kwi hydrogen wadalwa yinkampani Japanese "Mazda" kwi 90 ekuqaleni ', i-injini entsha ziyilelwe kuye. Le experiment kwaba kakhulu nempumelelo, engqina isakhono kwale ndlela.

generator electrochemical

Le seli amafutha, apho kwakhona ukusebenza hydrogen. Zamafutha idlule inwebu polymeric kunye arhente ezikhethekileyo - kuvala. Ngenxa yoko sokungamelani imichiza mpilo, hydrogen ngokwayo iguqulelwa emanzini, ikhuphe amandla ekhemikhali ngu yokutsha, nto leyo aguqulwa abe umbane.

Iinjini ngeeseli zamafutha kwahluka ukusebenza kakhulu phezulu (70%), nto leyo kabini ixesha elide ngaphezu izityalo bamandla aqhelekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, ukusebenza cwaka ukungafuni ukuyilungisa.

Kutshanje, iiseli amafutha abe umda emxinwa isicelo, umzekelo nophando. Kodwa ngoku umsebenzi ukuphunyezwa umbane electrochemical athathe kuqhutywa kumazwe aphuhlileyo kakhulu kwezoqoqosho, ngolokuqala yona Japan. Zizonke umthamo kwezi yunithi ehlabathini kulinganiswa kwizigidi kWh. Ngokomzekelo, eNew York neTokyo sele ngamandla kwizinto ezifana automaker isiJamani "Daimler-Benz 'ukuba ngowokuqala ukwenza prototype ukusebenza emotweni kunye injini olusebenza ngokwale mgaqo.

Ilawulwa fusion nuclear

Amashumi eminyaka, olwenziwa kwinkalo yophando amandla nokumanyana. Xa undoqo amandla enyukliya zisabela ngokucandeka yenyukliya kunye fusion yenyukliya isekelwe kwinkqubo ngasemva - layila izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo hydrogen (deuterium, eziFihliweyo) lweposi. Inkqubo deuterium yenyukliya umlilo 1 kg ubungakanani lwamandla kwakhululwa idlula million 10 ukuba ifunyenwe kwi emalahleni. Isiphumo emangalisa ngokwenene! Kungenxa yoko le nto amandla fusion njengenye yeendawo nathembisayo ekulungiseni ukunqongophala amandla jikelele.

uqikelelo

Namhlanje, kukho ngezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo ukwenzela uphuhliso meko kwicandelo amandla wonke kwixesha elizayo. Ngokutsho abathile kubo, ngo 2060 ukusetyenziswa zehlabathi yeoli ukwanda elingana iitoni ezingama-20 billion. Kulo mzekelo, ngokubhekiselele losetyenziso ngoku, amazwe asaphuhlayo, ndiyafumana, kuphuhliswa.

Phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-21 kufuneka ziyakwehlisa ngokubonakalayo umlinganiselo wamandla efosili, kodwa kuya kwandisa isabelo angahlaziyekiyo, ingakumbi umoya, ilanga, Ingquzu yeSanti kunye imithombo yamandla kolwandle.