Iimpawu ngesakhiwo umsebenzi engcanjini cap kwizityalo

Zonke izidalwa eziphilayo na onezinto ayo ubomi obuqhelekileyo, inceda ukukhusela ngokuchasene ezahlukeneyo zizinto ezimbi, ezintshabeni kunye nesiphelo kunye nobunzima zezulu. Izityalo akukho ngaphandle. Umzekelo, ulele, ukuze bazikhusele ngamandla ukuhamba kwamanzi kunye nesantya, rhizoids eengcali - iikomityi sokufunxa ukuba qhoboshela zeendawana yaye zihlala zisendaweni.

Kodwa izityalo eziphezulu lunga iingcambu iimilo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobude. Noko ke, uzenza umzimba komhlaba nayo kufuneka ukhuselwe, ngokuba umhlaba - hard yokuhlala ngokwaneleyo. Ngokwenza njalo, kuyanceda iingcambu ikepusi, obonakalisa izinto izakhiwo sijonga kweli nqaku.

Iimpawu ngesakhiwo izityalo

Ukususela kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi, wonke umntwana uyayazi iimpawu ezingundoqo umzimba isixhobo izityalo ngaphezulu. Kakade ke, isiqulatho ngaphakathi kuhlala unexplored kwabaninzi, ngaphandle kwabo bantu abanomdla ngokukhethekileyo. Noko ke, abasemagunyeni yangaphandle wazi yonke into. Zezi:

• Ukubaleka zifakwe umphandle: isiqu, igqabi, intyatyambo (angiosperms);
• isabelo komhlaba iingcambu kwakhiwa.

Ngoko ke, akukho nto okungaqhelekanga ayiyi kuba nagama apha. Umahluko kuphela phakathi onke amalungu - yindlela yokuzala, kwaye ngokufanelekileyo, isakhiwo amalungu okuzala. Xa gymnosperms yi esigingqini kunye iimbewu angiosperms - intyatyambo kunye enyama yangaphakathi yokuzala, xa ibihlungu - ama kunye sikuyo.

Noko ke, ngokufanayo kuwo onke amaqela designated negunya kwiingcambu zezityalo. Ziyingxenye yayo enkulu komhlaba, baqhube iindidi imisebenzi ebalulekileyo.

1. Banjengeziko ankile, fixes ingcambu yezityalo emhlabeni.
2. Inceda ukuba owanyayo ubambe umzimba ngamanzi kunye nezithako lichithakale.
3. Kwiintlobo ezininzi, ibe yindawo ukuqokelelana izondlo ezongezelelweyo.
4. Inika onke amalungu geotropism HIV (indima ekhethekileyo oku nje incam yaloo ingcambu).
5. Kwezinye iintlobo ukuba ukhonza umzimba eyongezelelweyo ukufunxeka ioksijini emoyeni okanye emanzini.

Kucacile ukuba lo mzimba kubaluleke kakhulu. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba asisuki ngenxa ukufakelwa umonakalo inkqubo njengengcambu womelele ngokwaneleyo, uya kufa okanye wagula kakhulu yaye ithatha ixesha. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba iingcambu nezityalo wachacha, kwakunye nazo zonke ezinye amalungu, kodwa izilonda omkhulu iqale kufa.

Plant Ingcambu: Iindidi

Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-organ phantsi komhlaba kufuneka iimpawu lwesakhiwo kunye nophuhliso ezivumela ukuba sibe singapheli kwaye ukumelana umonakalo. Indima ebalulekileyo kule yingcambu isiciko. Noko ke, ngaphambi kokuba ukuphatha umzimba ngaphakathi, sichaza ukuba yintoni na ngaphandle.

Zonke iintlobo iingcambu zingahlulwa ngokweendidi ezintathu.

1. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - umnqonqo Central, oqala ukukhula kuqala.
2. iingcambu lateral - isebe evela kwi engundoqo kunye nokungena ebomini.
3. Ezikhaphayo - Uboya ezininzi ukwakha esikhondweni, apho unokuba ezahlukahlukeneyo ngobukhulu ukusuka ezingcakacileyo kwaye phantse imperceptible kwi ngokulondoloza isigebenga columnar.

Bobabini, zikunikeza imisebenzi uphumezo yonke isityalo vysheoboznachennyh.

iintlobo ezingcanjini

iintlobo iingcambu - olo tshintsho kunye neempawu zazo engaqhelekanga ukuba kwenzeka izityalo kwindalo. Bona kwabunjwa ngenjongo lithathelwe kwemiqathango ethile olukhulayo, okanye aphumelele kukhuphiswano ummandla kunye nesondlo bezimbiwa, amanzi. ezinye ezininzi eziqhelekileyo iindidi zingahlukaniswa.

1. Roots-izixhaso - amagatya elandisiweyo ukususela isiqu kunye ngokuzimeleyo ezisisigxina emhlabeni. Senziwe ukuze yokuqinisa isithsaba enkulu emthini. Ezinjalo izityalo ngokuba umthi banyan.
2. Roots-okusawula - ukukhonza yokuqinisa izityalo phezu a zeendawana. Umzekelo, ivy, iidiliya zasendle, iimbotyi, iertyisi kunye nabanye.
3. Lana - luqhele zezityalo izitshabalalisi semiparasites ukungena umkhosi olubangelwa injongo ukudinwa kwezondlo zakhe. elinye igama labo - haustoria. Umzekelo: okuhombisa lathraea, dodder kunye nabanye.
4. Ukuphefumla iingcambu. Oku iingcambu lateral, ezo ngenxa ukufunxeka oksijini iimeko ezikhulayo isityalo ukufuma kwemfuneko. Umzekelo: sayo, Salix fragilis, ipayini.
5. iingcambu ezikhaphayo, leyo enze umsebenzi olongezelelweyo iplanethi komisa emoyeni - Air. Umzekelo: orchid kunye nezinye epiphytes.
6. Amatswele - kokwanda iingcambu phantsi komhlaba osecaleni ezikhaphayo ngenjongo yokugcina carbohydrate ezimbaxa kunye nezinye kusitsha. amazambane UMZEKELO.
7. Roots - ilungu komhlaba ezenziwa imithana ingcambu engundoqo igcinwe izondlo. Imizekelo: iminqathe, radish, beetroot kunye nabanye.

Ngenxa yoko, siye sahlolisisa iingcambu kwizityalo ukuze sibonwe ngeliso lenyama, ukuba ukukhulula oko ukusuka emhlabeni.

ingcambu Inkqubo izityalo

Zonke Iintlobo kubonisa kwiingcambu zezityalo ngamnye ukwakha inkqubo yonke. Ibizwa ngokuba ingcambu kwaye kweentlobo ezimbini.

1. Ezinezikhondo - libizwa osecaleni ezikhaphayo abangakubonanga into ephambili.
2. Intonga - taproot engundoqo kucaciswe, kwaye osecaleni ezikhaphayo buthathaka.

Ezi ntlobo lweenkqubo ingcambu ziqhelekile zonke angiosperms izihluma.

Iimpawu ngesakhiwo kweengcambu zesityalo (itheyibhile)

Ngoku khangela ngaphakathi isityalo ukuba ukufikelela sihlolisise ingcambu le chap, iimpawu zolwakhiwo ezinceda ukuze wonke umzimba. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle ukusuka phezulu ingcambu, kukho ezinye iindawo kuyo. Ukujonga zonke iimpawu noshowo ingcambu yezityalo, netafile Kulula kakhulu.

Ngenxa yoko, siye safumanisa ukuba ukukhula kweengcambu zesityalo kunye Calyptra iqala kwaye kukho icandelo uthinte zaseprayimari. Ngoku sihlolisise isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi kanye phezulu inxalenye komhlaba ezi zidalwa ezimangalisayo.

Umphezulu nengcambu

Kukho amagama eziliqela ezibhekisela kulo yinxalenye yomzimba ngokufihlakeleyo. Ngoko ke, izithetha-ntonye zilandelayo:

• Calyptra, ukusuka Lat. calyptra;
• root cap;
• root tip;
• kaliptrogen;
• root tip.

Kodwa ke nantoni na igama, umsebenzi cap ingcambu yezityalo kuhlala ingaguqukanga. Ngokubanzi, eli candelo ukuma anquma kancinane kwincam yomqolo phantsi komhlaba. In neemicroscope oko kubonwa ikepusi sifakwe ukusuka phezulu ukuya ukukhusela ancedisana exhamle ubuncwane ye kweengqakumbana zomhlaba. Ubukhulu Calyptra encinane njengoko 0.2 mm. Kuphela izakhiwo yale mihla efana, ezifana iingcambu ukuphefumla, ifikelela ngemilimitha ezimbalwa.

Imbonakalo uzimisele kwaye ngowona msebenzi ungundoqo ingcambu ikepusi - Kakade, kukukhusela nxamnye umonakalo. Noko ke, asinguye kuphela.

Zeziphi iiseli ingcambu ye cap?

cap ingcambu iiseli kweentlobo ezimbini. Inxalenye yokuqala - ongaphandle. Ba lume, etsala nokukhula ukuyilwa, ngokusondeleyo sifakwe omnye komnye. Ngenxa yoko, izithuba intercellular azinako bengekho. Ubomi ezi seli xesha lide kakhulu kwaye ziintsuku nje-4 ukuya ku-9. Ngeli xesha ke kufuneka babe nexesha ukukhula uwahlule.

Ngako oko, iinkqubo mitosis kwi ingcambu kwincam abantu rhoqo. Origin of iiseli Calyptra yesiqhelo - yi-meristem apical, ibekwe ngasentla ngqo ityala ezimile. ezindongeni ezi zakhiwo ezingcakacileyo neodrevesnevshie ngokwaneleyo.

Ngexesha ubomi iiseli exfoliated, otmiraya, umxube ekwanti of polysaccharides - yencindi yomlomo. Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi engcanjini cap kukuqinisekisa ukuba ukutyabeka yokuzikhusela kwiinwebu umzimba phantsi komhlaba ihamba inkqubo yokupasa onokhuselo phakathi kweengqakumbana zomhlaba.

Ngenxa yencindi Calyptra, isakhiwo esiqinileyo zodongwe ibambelela kwalapho lula isilayidi yayo phantsi. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuphela iiseli leyo akhiwa Case iqulathe.

Kukho iiseli ukuba Calyptra abunjwe kumbindi bakhe - Columella. Iinkozo Le starch, okanye amyloplasts. ekuqaleni yokuba zivela plastids ezingenazi ngokuba yiklorofili. Oko kukuthi, ekuqaleni bezibandakanya eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo bafunda ukuphila ngokuncedisana izidalwa eziququzelelwe kakhulu kancane yaba zilahleka ngenxa iiseli zazo zangaphakathi zesakhiwo.

Amyloplasts - iiseli engapheliyo ngaphakathi ezinkulu le polysaccharide starch okuziinkozo. Ngaphandle kokuba elirhangqiweyo, ezikufutshane omnye komnye ukuze ezinabantu nesakhiwo Calyptra kuxoxwe ngasentla.

Bayifaka omnye umsebenzi iingcambu ikepusi, nithi ngezantsi. Qaphela kwakhona ukuba istatshi amyloplasts ayanceda kukho umthombo wamandla kwisityalo, ukuba kuyimfuneko iimeko zokusingqongileyo.

cap umsebenzi ingcambu yezityalo

Omnye wabo, engundoqo, sele zichongiwe. We ukuphinda kwakhona kwaye dibanisa nalawo abangekenzi okhankanywe.

imisebenzi cap iingcambu kwizityalo:

1. Umaleko engaphandle weeseli Calyptra polysaccharide ukhupha yencindi, nelisebenza ukuba ziqhube ukukhuthazwa iingcambu ezendeleyo emhlabeni.
2. I-Case uxakaxa enye iqulathe yenza isityalo ukuze kukoma.
3. iiseli Columella (central Calyptra) ziquka iinkozo starch ukuba georetseptsii ngaloo statoliths kwaye enza umsebenzi oya kuba ingcambu. Ngenxa yoku kusoloko geotropism positive.

Amalinge lubonise ukuba ukuba ususe izityalo Calyptra, ukukhula kwayo ubude uphelile. Nangona kunjalo, oko akuthethi kufa, yaye ngokubonakalayo iza kuphuhlisa iingcambu osecaleni ezikhaphayo, kwandiswe umhlaba capture uluhlu ububanzi. Le propati kusetyenziswa begadi nakwizityalo ekhulayo.

Kucacile ukuba lo msebenzi cap ingcambu yezityalo kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngapha koko, kwicala ngalinye okanye emva pridatochny Calyptra une phezu kwalo. Kungenjalo Case isityalo iqulathe ekususeni evela yezihlunu emqolo engundoqo Ndinge ndaphelayo. Kukho ukuxolelwa. Ezi ntlobo zezityalo ogama iingcambu aba akanalo ngokupheleleyo kwizakhiwo. Imizekelo: nezompleyini amanzi, duckweed, vodokras. Kucacile ukuba ngokusisiseko ke abameli zezilo zamanzi.

amyloplasts umsebenzi

Sele wathi ukuba kukho umsebenzi ingcambu ikepusi ezinxulumene amyloplasts. Bandisa iinkozo starch kwaye uguqulwe statolith lokwenene. Yinto ifana into efanayo statocysts (otoliths) endlebeni engaphakathi ezincancisayo. Zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ingqiqo eseleyo.

Le deal kunye statolith efanayo amyloplasts. Enkosi kubo, isityalo "uziva" indawo radius koMhlaba, kwaye lukhula ngendlela kuye, olulawulwa amandla womxhuzulane. Olu phawu lamiswa yi Thomas Knight ngo-1806, nto leyo yabamba uthotho lweemvavanyo lwembewu. Kwakhona, le meko kuthiwa geotropism kwezityalo.

geotropism

Geotropism, okanye gravitropism, nezaziwa njengoko bebubalaselisa izityalo kunye nezahlulo zabo zikhule kuphela kwicala radius komhlaba. Oku kuthetha ukuba, ukuba, umzekelo, ukunika imbewu isiqhuma kwi zikarhulumente eziqhelekileyo, uze uvule imbiza ngecala layo, ngoko emva kwexesha ingcambu kwincam kwakhona lwenza yokugoba siqalisa phantsi ukubonakalisa isimo esitsha.

Yintoni intsingiselo yengcambu cap kule meko? It amyloplasts Calyptra ukuvumela emilayo geotropism entle, ukuba usoloko ezikhula phantsi. Ngoxa neziqu, phezu koko, a geotropism ezimbi, ekubeni ukukhula kwabo abathwele phezulu.

Yiyo le nto zonke izityalo ukubandezeleka kwimozulu kunye bawa olubangelwa emhlabeni emva iziganeko zendalo (izaqhwithi, isichotho, imvula, umoya), bayakwazi ukubuyisela kwimeko yangaphambili kwakhona kwixesha elifutshane.