Iimpawu nemiqondiso kwentsholongwane Ebola. Kokusasazeka kwentsholongwane Ebola

Ebola intsholongwane bobabo iqela lemikhuhlane apho ekhoyo a iqapheleka ukopha syndrome. Namhlanje sesinye sezifo yingozi viral kuba has a izinga lokusweleka eliphezulu kakhulu. Kodwa ngaphandle koko, ugrogriso kukuba ngaye, kancinane uyaziwa. Ebola (iimpawu, unyango, ebangela, iimpawu zesi sifo) izifundo ezingafundwa kwinqanaba ngamazwe.

Imbali kunye nokwakheka kwaso kwentsholongwane Ebola

Kunayo yonke ntsholongwane Ebola ukho kule ndawo kwamahlathi ashinyeneyo, ukufuma apho phezulu. nakujoliso olutsha nokwanda ibekwe kuMbindi West Africa - e Sudan, Zaire, Gabon, Nigeria, Senegal, Cameroon, Kenya, Ethiopia, Central African Republic, eLiberia. Epidemic uqhushumbo Ebola kwenzeka apha ehlotyeni emthonjeni.

Sisifo esibangelwa yintsholongwane Ebola, yabhalwa kuqala kwindawo enye yaseZaire. Impawu Ebola intsholongwane phakathi abahlali balapha bekukho ngo-1976. Kwangaxeshanye, oko waphumelela kusahlulwa arhente causative le usulelo olutsha egazini omnye oswelekileyo. Ukususela ngo-1976 yaye de 1979 eyabhaliswayo yaze yachazwa amatyala amaninzi kwesi sifo e Zaire kunye Sudan. Kamva, ngo-1994-1995, intsholongwane emva kwakhona, kunye wave entsha yaqhambuka Zaire enye, bethabathe naye ubomi amakhulu abemi. esibulalayo esikuhlelayo ezosulelekileyo 53-88 ekhulwini amatyala.

Ngo-1996, icesina kwalutyhutyha kummandla Gabon. Kamva, ngokutsho yokuhluza emva yabemi kwamanye amazwe aseAfrika, kwafika nabaphandi ukuya kwisigqibo nkqu 1960 ukunwenwa kwentsholongwane Ebola kwenzeka e Nigeria, Ethiopia ne Senegal. Ukususela ngoDisemba 1994 ukuya kuJuni 1995, e Zaire, kukho ugqabuko olutsha Ebola. Isizathu sokuba oku ukusetyenziswa balapha ukuba ukutya inqondo nyani. Kwathi kanti, izilwanyana babethwele ntsholongwane. Xa zizonke, ngoxa abantu abagulayo malunga 250, 80 ekhulwini kubo bafa.

ubhubhane

Ekuqaleni, iimpawu Ebola yenzeka abasebenzi umqhaphu lokusila in Nzara. Anabela kwabanye abantu, kubandakanywa amalungu eentsapho zabo kunye nabantu ababenaye ukunxibelelana nabo. Kule meko efanayo, kodwa Maridi, kwakunye ukusasazeka kwezifo e Zaire kwenzeka ngqo phakathi kweendonga kwezibhedlele. Apha, benza njengoko ngumnxibelelanisi ngenxa yentsholongwane elisezantsi lolwazi ngelo xesha. Izigulane abathuthwa ngumkhuhlane engaziwa, ukhawuleze kwalutyhutyha abasebenzi, nto leyo ibidibene negazi kunye netuwa izigulane. Kananjalo kutshintshelwa kwamanye izigulane ngokusebenzisa izixhobo nokuqhathwa lungakhutshwanga iintsholongwane ngokwaneleyo.

Amalungu entsapho izigulane ziye zaba ukusasazeka yesibini kosulelo. Baya eshiya esibhedlele engazi ukuba ngokwabo sele baphathe yintsholongwane, uhlala abathwali kangangexesha elithile, wayaneka uHezekiya ngakumbi. Kuphela emva Kwazeka oko malunga ukosuleleka Ebola gciwane. Usulelo kaninzi kwenzeka nokuba ukuphathwa kwabantu sele efile, umzekelo, xa kukhahlelwa emngcwabeni.

Isifo wokugqibela

Epidemic iminyaka engamashumi kuvela athile kwaye lungehla kwakhona, bethabathe nabo inani elikhulu amaxhoba. Le ntsholongwane Ebola uyakwazi ukwenzakalisa ukuba amawaka abantu kumbindi Afrika. Ukuba bhubhane kunyaka ophelileyo bachaphazeleka na indawo namanani kangaka, kukuqhambuka zakutshanje ngehlobo lika-2014 bethabathe nabo ezingaphezu kwama-900 nobomi babantu 1,700 sifo. Kakade ke, ukuba uthathe ingqalelo yokuba uluntu ehlabathini lonke, eli nani ayikhangeleki yeyoyikekayo. Kodwa kuluntu ezincinane needolophana Afrika isibetho ngokwenene. Phezu kwayo yonke imigudu booogqirha eNigeria ukuba singaqulatha ukunwenwa kwentsholongwane, iimeko ezintsha kunye ezintsha zosulelo Kwazeka oko kubo phantse yonke imihla, yaye yindawo elikuyo liye lakhula laya Côte d'Ivoire Sierra Leone.

imithombo zosulelo

Umthombo losulelo hlobo akukaqondwa kakuhle nanamhlanje. Kukho ukuqashisela ukuba emalisebenze ichibi kweempuku. Zenethiwekhi nabo iinkawu. Kwihlabathi izilwanyana abathwali Ebola yintsholongwane zithathwa namalulwane. Baya kucanda kulo kwabanye abemi izilwanyana - njengeula kunye obeku-. Ngaphesheya kummandla Central Afrika ngokurhweba bushmeat esebenzayo, leyo, Kakade, ayilwamkeli naluphi na uhlolo yococeko sendyikitya iimpawu Ebola. Ngenxa yoko, omnye isiqu enye, nto leyo inethwekhi wayo, isekude enye kwesifo.

Ukuba ngaba umntu wosulelwe yintsholongwane, kuba yingozi kwabanye kwakunye ukunwenwa kwentsholongwane Ebola akakhawulezi kakhulu. Le ndlela eyaziwayo xa uhamba ukusuka komnye umntu ukuya phezulu ezisibhozo ezilandelelanayo. Kodwa abantu abosulelwe kuqala, bakholisa ukuba afe. Okulandelayo chain lifinyele ukufa. Le ntsholongwane unakho ephilayo lube amalungu eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo kunye namalaphu. Its ibonakele igazi emva kweentsuku 7-10 emva kokosuleleka. Kwakhona, ubukho yayo kubalwa ngale netuwa umzimba womntu - umchamo, yencindi ngeempumlo, amadlozi.

transmission indlela

Ukususela ekuqaleni sifo kamsinya nje imiqondiso yokuqala kwentsholongwane Ebola, nangenxa iiveki ezintathu isigulana kuyingozi kwabanye. transmission fever ukusuka enye ukuya kwenye kwenzeka ngeendlela ezininzi. Ngoko ke, abaninzi babhala amatyala osulelo ngokudibana ngegazi umguli ngesondo. Nokuba ngokusebenzisa izinto eziqhelekileyo ekhaya, neempahla, ucoceko lobuqu basengozini enkulu kakhulu yokuba usulelo.

Kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi, oku kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa ukudibana ngqo nabantu ezosulelekileyo. contact emfutshane kunye nomntu ogulayo kukhokelela usulelo ngo-23 ekhulwini amatyala. Xa transmission unxibelelwano olusondeleyo kunye oluqhubekayo kunye iimpawu Ebola yosulelo ntsholongwane waphawula angaphezu kwama-80 ekhulwini. Le ntsholongwane engena umzimba, ukufumana isifo kunye nesikhumba somntu. Ngokutsho ngokuqwalasela, lo ukungcoliswa amachaphaza lungenzeki, ukususela non-contact ukuba kwigumbi efanayo kunye izigulane zange kungakhokelela ukudluliselwa kwentsholongwane esempilweni. Nangona le ngqwalasela, indlela ngqo yokosulela ayaziwa, kwakunye nazo zonke iimpawu eziphambili intsholongwane ye-Ebola.

iqela ubungozi

negazi elosulelekileyo yeyona iyingozi, kuba abasebenzi bezonyango lisoloko emngciphekweni omkhulu ngexesha unyango kunye nokhathalelo. Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuba adibane ngokwasemzimbeni abosulelekileyo kunye nezinto zabo nokomzimba.

Njengoko le ntsholongwane iinkawu igqithiselwe, abantu benza okubamba zabo zothutho, ingakumbi kwixesha yesifo, nabo ziphantsi kwesoyikiso abantu sifo. Kukho amatyala Ebola kwentsholongwane kumaziko ophando, apho basebenza kunye iimfene eluhlaza.

Ngenxa izinga eliphezulu zentsholongwane ayanda, ngokunjalo iindlela transfer lwento ingozi enkulu zemfuduko yamanye amazwe e-Afrika, kwakunye nombutho we izilwanyana ukuze abathwali sifo.

Ebola

I-arhente causative le sifo intsholongwane uhlobo Filovirus, lalo usapho Filoviridae. Lo genome RNA yintsholongwane, ethi namhla iqulathe Ngeentlobo ezintlanu ezahlukeneyo kubume antigenic - Sudan, Zaire, Renston, Tai Forest and Bundibugyo. ukuzala lwayo lwenzeka kwiindawo nkovu kunye udakada. Emva koko, iiseli ezonakeleyo ngamalungu angaphakathi yintsholongwane ngokwawo, kunye asabela samathambo kuyo. Ixesha elisuke le ntsholongwane zi.

Ekuqaleni kwesi sifo uphawuleka microcirculation nkene rheology igazi, kappilyarotoksikozom, ukopha syndrome kunye DIC. Iinguqu yezifo kuvandlakanywa enyama yangaphakathi, necrosis ephambili izicwili. iimpawu zesifo virus Ebola unokuba zombini hepatitis, i-pancreatitis, inyumoniya, orchitis kunye nezinye izifo. immune kuyehla, apho lezibulala kule ntsholongwane emzimbeni kuqala ukuvela becala emva bachache ngokupheleleyo.

Ebola: imiqondiso sifo

Ziziphi iimpawu eziphambili neempawu osulelo ne -Ebola? Ithuba elisuke bulukwe kakhulu awo kunye nazimpawu. Kukho amatyala ukusuka kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ukuya kwiiveki 2-3. isiphelo sayo iza xa iqala isifo esikhulu. Oku kungqinwa ukunyuka okukhulu lobushushu emzimbeni ukuya kumanqanaba 38-39, intloko ebuhlungu, isicaphucaphu, umkhuhlane, arthralgia kunye myalgia. Ngemihla okuqala Imiqondiso neempawu zesifo Ebola ukuze sifane angina, ngexesha apho tonsils asha kwaye kukho yimvakalelo lump kabuhlungu emqaleni.

Ngophuhliso fever ezi mpawu ezidityaniswe ukugabha eqhubekayo, urhudo, ukuba umlinganiswa ukopha, iintlungu esiswini. Kungekudala kukhulise syndrome ukopha apho ihamba legazi cutaneous, ukopha ngaphakathi amalungu, ukugabha igazi. Kulo mzekelo, ngokufuthi kukho amatyala ukuziphatha ndlongondlongo kunye excitability egqithiseleyo izigulana agcinwe ixesha elide emva achache. Kwakhona, phakathi kwezi meko kwiintsuku 4-6 emva kokuqala iimpawu sifo kwenzeka exanthema, nto leyo eye umlinganiswa idreyini.

ekuxilongweni

Ekubeni kwakungekho zimpawu zonyango ezifana intsholongwane Ebola, ngelixa wayekhula ngokukhawuleza, uxilongo umahluko yi xaka. Laboratory kuyenzeka ukuxilonga yi PCR, ELISA, kunye nobuchule immunofluorescence. isifundo kakhulu lweemvavanyo eziqhutyiweyo ze-serological. konke oku Kodwa ifumaneka kuphela kwiilebhu enzulu izixhobo ezilungileyo anti-mbuso. Kakade ke, entsimini ukwenza oku akwenzeki. Ngaphandle izixhobo eziyimfuneko kunye nabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo, ilabhoratri uxilongo kuyehla kube esebenzisa iinkqubo enzyme immunoassay zokuva ezisegazini kunye antibodies zentsholongwane Ebola.

esibulalayo

Eyona nobangela wokufa ngexesha edanyazayo ukopha nangecesina, ukunxila, kwaye umothuko okubangelwa la. Inani elikhulu labantu abafa kwenzeka kwiveki yesibini ka yokugula. Xa isikhumba, ukopha vula ngeendlebe, amehlo, umlomo, amalungu zangaphakathi baqala eselwayo, umgquba efanele okubi - ukufa. Ebola ubulala ngokukhawuleza, kodwa kabuhlungu. Ukuba isigulana unalo ithuba kakulu, kwisigaba etsolo ingathatha ukuya kwiiveki 2-3 kunye ukululama ukuya kwiinyanga 2-3. Amaxhoba of Ebola kweli xesha ubunzima ukusuka ngokukhawuleza ukwehla kobunzima, ukudla, ilahleko iinwele, kunye nokuphazamiseka engqondweni.

Ngenxa yokufana iimpawu zokuqala Ebola kunye nenani nezinye izifo basoloko nisaqala abanentsholongwane ukuba ene kwaye wamane. Oku walahlekelwa ixesha, ngenxa yoko, ezibulalayo. Ngoko ke, oogqirha zisoloko ukwimeko yokulungela. Iintsuku zokuqala kakhulu kakhulu, bona ukusinda isigulane kuxhomekeke kunokuba ekubeni umzimba bekuya kuba nako ukuphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza antibodies aya kunceda ukubuyisela kuyo. Ukuba oku akwenzeki kwiintsuku 7-10, umntu esifa.

unyango

Ingozi Ebola kukuba nangoku ayikho i lunyango olusebenzayo yona. Unyango wenziwa kuphela kwiiwadi ezosulelayo ezikhethekileyo apho izigulane sele Amazing. Sebenzisa iindlela unyango kwangumqondiso kunye neziganeko pathogenetic. Kodwa ke, njengokuba kusenziwa imiboniso, kwiimeko ezininzi, ezi ndlela zonyango musa nemiphumo emikhulu kunye nokungaphumeleli kwawo. iziphumo ezincumisayo ibonisa ukusetyenziswa yokuchachela plasma. therapy kobude kuba unyango lwe-Ebola ukuba namhlanje ayikho.

Kwimeko ngokubonakala ukopha Ebola isigulane yabekwa ngokukhawuleza kwindawo emileyo ibhokisi-hlobo apho waphawula iimeko engqongqo nesempilweni. Isicatshulwa kwenzeka emva kwakhona, kodwa zingadlulanga iintsuku ezili-21 emva kokuqala kunjalo zale sifo. Oku kwenzeka xa imeko yomguli ubuyela eqhelekileyo, kunye nezifundo virological lubonise iziphumo ezibi. Yonke esisetyenziswa isigulane kwaye yintoni na yahlangana, kukho iintsholongwane kakuhle amanqindi, apho igcinwe. Chamber of izigulane ifakelwe nenkqubo ekhethekileyo zeemoto, ebonelela kuphela indlela enye-flow lomoya ngaphakathi ibhokisi.

Ngexesha unyango wasebenzisa kuphela izixhobo ezilahlwayo, apho batshatyalaliswa emva kokusetyenziswa. Abasebenzi lonyango kwi iisuti anti-isibetho yokhuselo, kwakunye nezalamane abakukhathaleleyo abagulayo. iimvavanyo Igazi netuwa Ebola sifo, kwakunye wonke umsebenzi elebhu lwenziwa ngononophelo unako kunye nqanaba liphezulu inzalo.

ukuvimbela

Abantu ababenaye obekudibene nezigulana kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba sele bosulelekile, wazibeka iibhokisi ngemihla ukuya ku-21 ukuze ahlolwe. Ngelo ubuncinane ithuba izigulane sifo wasola ezilawulwa immunoglobulin ukuba yenzelwe hyperimmune serum amahashe. Eli chiza iyasebenza iintsuku 7-10.

Kananjalo kubalulekile ukuba, nkqu uvavanyo lwegazi ecocekileyo, intsholongwane Ebola basengaba emzimbeni ixesha elide, ukuya kwiinyanga ezintathu. Umzekelo, ngobisi lwebele ngayo amabhinqa kunye amadlozi babantu. Kuba ukumelana nesi sifo, kucetyiswa ukuba uyeke ukuncancisa-ibele, ukuze ukosulela umntwana, kwaye xa ulalana ezikhuselweyo. Emva nokuphola Ebola emzimbeni ukuvelisa sifo kakhulu kunene. Re-HIV kunqabile kakhulu kwaye akukho ukufikelela-5 ekhulwini.

Lawula ukusasazeka ukopha lwenziwa kwinqanaba ngamazwe. Xa olu hlobo izifo ziquka Ebola, yeMarburg kunye Lassa. Ngoko ke, onke amazwe banyanzelekile ukuba ingxelo ngokukhawuleza ubunzima, nkqu iimeko ezimbalwa kwikomkhulu engundoqo ye-WHO, ukuqala kwangoko amanyathelo othintelo nokuthintela izifo. izifundo ezibalulekileyo Ebola wanikwa ithuba lokuba basebenze isitofu sokugonya nxamnye nayo, kwakunye nokhuseleko lwamachiza umbala. Kwakhona rhoqo abemi abaninzi siphaphile ikhutshwa phandle ngoko Ebola. Oonobangela, iimpawu, ukuba yokuphepha, ukuba benze ntoni xa losulelo, wonke umntu kufuneka azi namhlanje. Ukuthintela usulelo yintsholongwane kunye ukusasazeka kwayo akukhuthazwa ukuba abakhenkethi ukuba kutyelela Afrika, apho wabhala ifleshi.

uphuhliso kweziyobisi

Ekubeni le ntsholongwane laza zibangele kwavela kwiidolophana Afrika yaye kungekudala libunile, uphuhliso lugonyo kulo iinkampani ezixuba amayeza abangekho banomdla ngenxa non-inzuzo linge. Kodwa oorhulumente abaninzi nokuvavanya ubunzulu kwentsholongwane kuba uzisole utyalo-mali elenza-dollar kuphando yayo. imifuniselo kwaqhutywa nkawu wabonisa iziphumo ezilungileyo emva kokuba isicelo ugonyo kuphuhliswa. Bavimba ntsholongwane, yaye bakwazi ukunyanga obeku- eziliqela. Kodwa umdla esezantsi kwishishini loxubo-mayeza nangoku sisithintelo yokubhuqiswa iindlela zemveliso yintsholongwane Ebola.

Phambi kuphuhliso ugonyo kwizigulane ntlungu anikwe kunye nemithi ukumisa ngumkhuhlane encinane, ugcine amajoni omzimba kwaye iyaluthintela uphuhliso iingxaki. Kwakhona wasebenzisa iziselo unyango lokudambisa electrolytes. Serum safunda indlela ukuphalaza igazi lezilwanyana. Bathi yintsholongwane yaye elinde imveliso omzimba. Le ndlela kukhokelele kuphuculo izigulane. Kodwa ilayisensi lugonyo Ebola ntsholongwane up ayisekho ngoku.