Iimpawu chemical aldehydes: indlela isipili yesilivere

Aldehydes ukuba ahlobene olusebenzayo hydrocarbon, apho isakhiwo kukho iqela CO (group carbonyl). Kuba aldehydes elula ngokwemveli engenamsebenzi agcinwe amagama (zembali), ekuveliseni ukusuka igama asidi carboxylic, eziguqulelwe kwi aldehydes yi igcwala. Ukuba sithethe IUPAC nokuhlelwa, isiseko ngokuthatha chain elide equlathe iqela aldehyde le. Ukuqalisa ukubala chain ezizizembiwa eveliswa ukusuka carbon atom iqela carbonyl i (CO), nto leyo ngokwayo ufumana inombolo isihloko 1. kwikhonkco engundoqo ezizizembiwa wongezwa ekupheleni 'al ". Ekubeni aldegidogruppa zibekwe ekupheleni chain, lelo nani 1, adla ukubhala. Isomerism isomerism le khompawundi ngoku ngenxa amathambo hydrocarbon.

Le aldehydes sifumaneka ngeendlela ezininzi: inkqubo Oxo, alkynes ukuxovwa, igcwala kunye dehydrogenation ye -alkoholi. Ukulungiswa aldehydes ukusuka alkoholi lokuqala ifuna iimeko ezizodwa, ekubeni kwe oganikhi khompawundi lula oxidized ukuya carboxylic acid. Aldehydes nayo kuhlanganiswa yi dehydrating i alkoholi engqinelanayo phambi zezobhedu. Enye Iindlela mveliso enkulu ukuvelisa aldehydes zisabela le njini Oxo, olusekelwe phezu indlela i alkene, C0 kunye H2 phambi ehlanganisa eziqulathe Co, kubushushu degrees 200 kunye noxinzelelo ka 20 MPA. Le yokusabela imali kwi engamanzi okanye kwisigaba igesi ngokwale nkqubo: zeng = CH2 + C0 + H2 - RCH2CH2C0H + zeng (CH) 3C0H. Aldehydes nga eziqulunqwe hydrocarbon haydrolisis digalogenoproizvodnyh. Ngexesha indawo ye atom halogen phezu amaqela OH eziphakathi ukhandwa ekuthiwa heme-diol, nto leyo iyahlozinga kwaye iguqulelwa kwi ezimbaxa carboxylic kunye kubulawe H20.

Ipropati lwemichiza aldehydes - impendulo esemgangathweni zesilivere. Ngexesha igcwala le aldehydes eziguqulelwe kwi carboxylic acid (umz, S5N11SON + O - S5N11SOON). Kuyo nayiphi na incwadi abazinikeleyo ungafumana ulwazi malunga isipili reaction isilivere isetyenziselwa ukuchongwa aldehydes. Eli qela oganikhi khompawundi zinakho oxidized kuphela yintshukumo arhente oxidizing ezikhethekileyo, kodwa nje ngexesha yokugcina phantsi kwempembelelo umoya ioksijini. Esasenza apho aldehydes oxidised ukuba carboxylic acid bavunyelwe ukuphuhlisa reactions ezisemgangathweni (isilivere isipili reaction) ukuya kwezi-oganikhi khompawundi, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokucacileyo ukuchonga ubukho aldehyde kumxube elinikiweyo.

Xa itshiswe ngeqondo neqhinga ammoniacal oxide zesilivere aldehyde iasidi oxidized. Xa oku lincitshiswe isilivere sisinyithi kwaye efakwe kwi kweendonga ityhubhu njengoko umaleko emnyama kunye isilungiseleli seglosi uphawu - mirror reaction yesilivere. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kukho izinto ezininzi akadibananga aldehydes, kodwa nazo ziyakwazi bengena basabela ngasentla. Ukwenzela ukuba kube nokuqatshelwa ezi zihlanganisi esetyenziswayo yenye indlela esemgangathweni ukuze aldehydes - ubhedu mirror reaction. Xa indlela aldehydes kunye Fehling reagent ukuba umbala oluhlaza (isisombululo zolwelo of hayidroksayidi cupric, i ityuwa tartrate kwealkali acid) ngobhedu divalent kuyehla monovalent. Utsho uwa kwenze kubomvu-mdaka oxide cuprous.

Ngoko ke, ithwalwa njani indlela isipili zesilivere? Kubonakala ngathi akukho nto obulula bazifudumeze ngokwaneleyo ngembiza isisombululo ammoniacal of yesilivere nayiphi na aldehydes (umz, isisombululo iswekile okanye formaldehyde) kodwa le ndlela akusoloko akathweswa sithsaba uloyiso. Ngamanye amaxesha sibona ukuyilwa ukunqunyanyiswa abamnyama esilivere isisombululo, endaweni isipili ukutyabeka kwi ezindongeni zokubhala. Yintoni na le sizathu siphambili sokuba yokungaphumeleli? Kuba 100% japan kuyimfuneko ukubambelela iimeko awasabela ngayo, nokulungiselela ngenyameko eglasini.