Icon "Uphulo lwe-Orthodoxy". Ukuphumelela kweOthodoxy: imbali yeeholide kubantwana

Kwiveki yokuqala yeLente, amaKristu emhlabeni jikelele abhiyozela uMthendeleko wama-Orthodoxy. I-Chin iyenziwa ngeCawa, kuzo zonke iicawa zikhona iinkonzo zikaThixo zenkcubeko.

Umthendeleko weNqoqo yoOthodoki

Kunyaka ngamnye ilizwi lomfundisi libizwa ngegama lomthendeleko weNqoqo ye-Orthodoxy, iMetrokola Kirill ngokuqhelekileyo yenza inkonzo kaThixo eMatristral Church yaseMoscow uMsindisi. Emva koko, ubungcwele bakhe uMzalathisi wenza umyalelo okhethekileyo, owawunikwa ngekhulu lama-11 nguMonk Fedosy waseKiev-Pechersky.

Kwiminyaka yesibhozo yesibini ye-AD, kuye kwenzeka isiganeko ukuba asibuyisele kuphela amakholwa ithuba lokuhlonela imifanekiso kunye nemifanekiso yabangcwele, kodwa kwakhona waba bubungqina bokubuyiselwa kobunye beCawa, kunye nokunqoba ukunyenga nokuphikiswa. Ethetha ngeholide ebizwa ngokuba "Uphulo lwe-Orthodoxy," intshumayelo yenzalamizi ibonisa kuthi sonke sithetha intsingiselo ebalulekileyo yesi siganeko.

Imbali yeeholide

Iimbali zeembali zibonisa ukuba iZibhalo ezisekelwe kwiZibhalo ezisekelwe kwiZibhalo zahlala zingumKristu ongenakunqandeki kude kube yiphondo lama-8 AD. Kodwa umbusi waseByzantine uLois III Isaurus wayevinjelwe ekuhlonela imifanekiso engcwele. Utshabalalise amawaka emifanekiso, imifanekiso, izifanekiselo zabangcwele kulo lonke ubukumkani. AmaKristu akholwayo okwenyaniso, oonondlo kunye nama-Orthodox aqhelekileyo babexhatshazwa kwaye bahlaselwa ngonya. Bavalelwe entolongweni, batyhutshiswa, baphathwa.

Icon - isithixo okanye umfanekiso ongcwele?

Umfanekiso obonisa ukuphumelela kwe-Orthodoxy - uphawu lweeholide - lukhulu kwaye luyinyaniso lokuba aluyi kushiya ukungabandakanyekanga nakwiindawo ezikude kunqulo kunye nabantu abangabandakanyiyo. Oku kusebenza kuyo yonke imifanekiso yecawa. Kunzima ukucinga ukuba kumaxesha amandulo umntu wayemele aphakamise isandla ukuze ahlaziye iimpawu. Mhlawumbi yingako imifanekiso engcwele inzulu kwaye ithintela iintliziyo zabantu kangangokuthi zivumeleke ngokugqithiseleyo konke ukutshatyalaliswa nokutshutshiswa?

Isizathu esibaluleke kakhulu sokwenqatshwa kweempawu kwakukukhanyela inkolelo yokuba uNyana kaThixo wathola uhlobo lomntu aze alondoloze ihlabathi lonke ekubhujisweni. Ukubonakala kukaYesu kubonakalisa umoya oyingcwele, uThixo wasondela kwaye wafikeleleka kubantu, kwaba lula ukuwubonisa nokuwufaka. UThixo waphulukana ne-aura yokungenakwenzeka kunye nokungabonakali kwemvelo kwaye, ngokucacileyo, wasondela kubantu kunabanye. Kodwa kwiZibhalo ezingcwele kwathiwa ukuba ukudalwa kwezithixo kuyisono, abaninzi abafundisi babemelene nemifanekiso yabangcwele. Abalandeli beli qhinga, abalawuli kunye nabalawuli, mhlawumbi, bemkele inkolelo yesono sokudalwa kwezithixo, banyanzelekile ukuba bakholelwe ukungabi mthethweni kweemifanekiso zecawa, kunye nabo abangazange balandele le miqathango, banqatshelwe ubomi.

Ukwenza iimpawu

Ekudalweni kweempawu kwakukho isithethe. Xa i-monastery yase-Iberia yamiselwa eValdai, kwagqitywa ukuba yenze uludwe lwecawa elitsha kwiIcon ye-Iberia yeMama kaThixo. Uluhlu lwacwangciswa ngokucophelela, kunye nokugcinwa kwetheknoloji ekhethekileyo. Ubuzalwana bomninimzi kwimithandazo wayinisela amanzi, wathambisa ibhodi ye-cypress ukuba ibhale umfanekiso. Ukuqhubela phambili la manzi adibaniswe kunye neepende, i-sograph yaqala ukupenda umfanekiso, ihamba kunye nokubhala kunye nokuzila ukutya.

Indlela ye-iconoclasm

Konke oku kwakukhumbuza isithethe sokukhonza izithixo. Ngako oko, abaninzi abantu becawa bafika kwicala le-iconoclasts. UMlawuli waseTheophilus, i-iconoclasm, owawulawula uBukumkani baseByzantium kude kube ngu-842, kwakungenjalo. Kwaye umfazi wakhe, uMfokazi uTheodore wayengumKristu oyinyaniso.

Iholide yokuqala ye-Triumph of Orthodoxy

Kukho ingqungquthela eyayiye, ngomnyaka weshumi elinesibini wokulawula, umbusi wagula kakhulu kwaye, eqonda izono zakhe, waphenduka ekubhubhiseni imifanekiso engcwele. Umlingane onomthandazo wabeka kuye umfanekiso wesiphithiphithi, ebanga apho, umbusi wayeziva engcono.

Nangona kunjalo, lesi sifo asizange siphendule, kwaye emva kokufa kukaMbusi uThifhilus, umfazi wakhe, owayekhonza njenge-regent phantsi koMlawuli oyiNtloko uMichael III, wamisela ukutshutshiswa kwamaKristu kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kweemifanekiso. Inkosikazikazi yalela umphathi-mkhulu waseConstantinople uMethodius malunga nokubamba iBhunga, kwaye ngeCawa yokuqala yeLente, ngo-Matshi 11, 843, bonke ababhishophu bamaOthodoki babethwa kwinkonzo engcwele kuThixo ethempelini likaSt. Sophia. Amalungu eBhunga abhale ubuxoki kunye nomlawuli wexesha elide, kodwa emva kwexesha lakhe igama alikho kwiluhlu.

Bonke abafundisi kunye nabaqhelekileyo, abaholwa ngu-ukumkanikazi, bathabathela ezitratweni zaseConstantinople ezinezithonjana ezandleni zabo. Emva kokuba i-moleben, i-procession yayibanjelwe eConstantinople, kwaye abathembekileyo babuyisela iimpawu ezigcinwe kwiindawo zabo kwiitempile.

Ngokomgca, ngexesha le-moleben uFeodora wambonga uThixo ngokuxolela umyeni wakhe, uMbusi uThoophilus, owakhuthaza ukutshatyalaliswa kweempawu, wabonwa ngabakhulekeli beempawu kwaye wabatshabalalisa. Esi siganeko kwakuqala ukukhunjulwa kwe-Orthodoxy yonyaka, eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwikhalenda ye-Orthodox ezinsukwini zethu.

Injongo yeholide

Kodwa ukunqoba kweOrthodoxy akuzange kwenzeke ngokukhawuleza, imbali yomthendeleko, nangona yaqala ngekhulu lesibhozo, kodwa inkqubo yokutshutshiswa kwamaKristu yaqhubeka yada yafika phakathi kwekhulu le-IX. Kwaye kuphela abakhonkco bezithonjana bakhululwa kwiintolongo, babuyela kwiidishubo zabo, kwaye abo bahlala kwi-iconoclastic umsebenzi banikezelwa ukuba bamkele unqulo-icon, okanye bayeke ukukhonza ecaweni.

Umhla apho ukunyulwa kwe-Orthodoxy kugujwa khona, umatshiweyo nje kuphela ngokusinceda kwecawa phezu kweziphakamiso zeempawu. Ukunqoba kwakuthetha ukuba ibandla lobuKristu ithuba lokungena ekungeneni kwenyameko yabantu ngokunyanisekileyo, kucima iingcinga zabo, banike ithuba lokuba baqale indlela. Icawa yagubha ukunqoba kuzo zonke iindawo, iiphene kunye nokungavumelani.

I-rite of Orthodoxy yasungulwa, inkonzo ekhethekileyo, ngexesha apho imimiselo yazo zonke iiBhunga lee-Ecumenical ichazwa ngayo , abakhonzi be-icon bayabusiswa, bahlonela abalawuli abafa, ootatrikari abonakalisiweyo, kwaye iimibhalo ezithethwa emva kweemfundiso zama-Orthodox zaqala ukufakwa.

Isikhundla sokuphazamiseka

Ukuphumelela kwe-Orthodoxy kubonakaliswe ngonqulo, olubandakanya inxalenye ekhethekileyo-isigaba sokungaxilisi, oko kukuthi, uluhlu lwezenzo ezikhokelela ekuxothweni kwecawa. Ngaloo ndlela, icawa ilumkisa onke amakholwa ukuba akuvumelekanga ukuthatha isenzo, kwaye abo benza izono ezinjalo bavakaliswa.

Ekuqaleni, kwakukho kuphela ukuphazamiseka okungama-20 kwintlanganiso yama-Orthodoxy, kwaye uludwe lwabantu abaphantsi kwe-anathema lwalufikelela kuma-4,000 abantu. Ngezihlandlo ezahlukileyo, i-Archimandrite Yuryev ye-monsiysi yaseCassian, uStean Razin, uGrigory Otrepiev, u- Archpriest Avvakum, u- Emelyan Pugachev, umbhali uLeon Tolstoy, umonki uFilaret, uGleb Pavlovich Yakunin babandakanywa uluhlu kwixesha elifaniyo.

Imbali yekhomishini yokuxhatshazwa

Umkhosi wamaOthodoxi wenziwa phambi kweempawu zoMsindisi noMama kaThixo kwi-kedare. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XVIII, ngo-1767, kwenziwa utshintsho kwi-Orthodoxy. I-Metropolitan yaseNovgorod neSt. Petersburg, uGabriel wenza utshintsho, wasusa amaninzi amaninzi. Emva kweminyaka eyi-100, isigaba sancishiswa. Kuze kube ngo-1917, bekukho 12 ukuphazamiseka, oko kukuthi, izilumkiso malunga noko umntu angasuswa kuyo, kwaye onke amagama avela kuye ayengabandakanywa. Ngowe-1971, i-anathema yaphakanyiswa kwi-Old Believers kwaye yabuyiselwa esifubeni secawa.

Abefundisi becawa bagxininisa ukuba ukunika i-anathema akusisiqalekiso. Umntu oguqukileyo unokubuyela enkonzweni, kwaye uya kwamkelwa ukuba kukho ubungqina obanele bokunyaniseka kwakhe. I-Anathema inokurhoxiswa emva koko.

Okwangoku, ukuphazamiseka akuqhelekanga kubandakanywa kwinkqubo yoLwaphulo lwe-Orthodoxy, bekho kuphela kwiinkonzo zebhishophu.

Umfanekiso weeholide enkulu

I-icon ethi "Uthando lwe-Orthodoxy" yabhalwa kwiNkulungwane ye-15 eConstantinople (namhlanje ngumzi wase-Istanbul). Imvelaphi yomfanekiso oyingcwele kwiBritish Museum yaseLondon.

Inkcazo ye icon "Uthando lwe-Orthodoxy"

Njengomqondiso wobunzulu, ubunzima kunye ne-heterogeneity yelo holide njengeNqoqo ye-Orthodoxy, uphawu oluzinikezele kuye alubonakalisi martyr omnye kodwa lunamalungu amabini. Phezulu kwendlela yokwakhiwa yi- icon kaMama kaThixo, i- Odigitria (Isikhokelo), umfanekiso ozithandayo wamaGrike. Unina kaThixo ubhekisela kwindodana yakhe, uYesu, ohlala ekhondweni lakhe, kwaye umfanekiso wakhe udabukile, njengoko sele esazi oko kuza kulindeleka kwixesha elizayo. Kukholelwa ukuba i-Odigitria yasekuqaleni yayibhalwe ngokusuka kwi-Saint Luke. Kwiminyaka emininzi, imifanekiso yezithombe zatshatyalaliswa, kwaye uphawu "Uphulo lwe-Orthodoxy" luphawu kwi icon, kugxininisa ukuba imifanekiso ayifumanekanga, ukuba ayikwazi ukubhala kwaye akukho mntu uya kubakholisa.

Ngaphezulu, umculi wachaza uMpress Theodore nendodana yakhe uMikhail. Kwimiqolo engezantsi, uphawu "Uphulo lwe-Orthodoxy lubonisa abantu ababethelwa ukholo ekufeni." Ukunene kwetrone kumelele uMetro Methodius, kunye noMonk Theodore Umfundi, kunye noTheophanes ongcwele weSigrifeste kaSigrian noStephen onguNew, umonki, ngomfanekiso kaYesu Kristu. UMbhishophu Theophylact u-Confestile, bazalwana, u-Theodore noTheophanes ababhaliweyo (uMlawuli waseTheophilus wayala ebusweni babantakwabo ukuba bathathe iindinyana njengomqondiso wokungathobeli kwawo i-iconoclasm.) Ngasekunxele kweTrone, uMartyr uTheodosius fikeleriwa kaKristu. Ngokutsho amanqaku ngembali, wavuma ukufa, singavumeli ijoni alahlekelwe umfanekiso kuMsindisi kunye emasangweni kaConstantinople.

I-icon ethi "Uphulo lwe-Orthodoxy", isithunzi kunye neyokuqala, idlulisela ubunye kunye nokubambisana kwamadoda aboniswe kwinqanawa. Enyanisweni, bonke baneenwele, kwaye banxibe ngendlela efanayo. Ukuqwalasela lo bunikazi, ngokucacileyo umculi wayefuna ukugxininisa ukuba inani labakhonkco-icon likhulu kakhulu, abantu abaninzi basaludityaniswa nokholo olungcwele nolulungekileyo.

Injongo ebanzi ye icon

Ukuba ukhangele ngokukhawuleza, i-icon ethi "Uphulo lwe-Orthodoxy", ekubonweni kokuqala, inokungacaciswanga. Ingcaciso enomdla kukuba i-icon yecenitri yeXV yekhulu yayibonisa abantu ababehlala kwikhulu lesithoba. Kutheni bebekhunjulwa emva kwexesha? Inyaniso kukuba ekhulwini le-15 lemida umda we-Byzantine uBukhosi wancinci kakhulu. Ubukhosi babuhlwempuzekile, bunyamezelwa yiintshaba zeentshaba, kubandakanywa namaSulumane, ayenobungqina obukrakra yiphina imifanekiso yabantu njengemifanekiso engcwele. I-Byzantines yayingenakukhetha kodwa ukucela uncedo ekunikezeni izixhobo kunye nezixhobo kubamelwane baseYurophu, ngakumbi iFransi, ukuzikhusela kumaSulumane. Kodwa icala laseFransi lalahla.

Ekubeni engabonakali ngaphandle kokukhuselwa kunye neendlela, i-Byzantines yanquma ukubhala uphawu njengelithuba labo lokugqibela, ukubhekisela kokugqibela kwithuba apho ubukumkani bucebile kwaye bunamandla. Umfanekiso weso sihlandlo wawungumzamo wokuzibonakalisa wena kwaye ukholelwa ukuba amandla olawulo awazange awamise. Kwaye ke umculi wachaza abantu bexesha elidlulileyo, inkulungwane yesithoba, ebonisa ubungqina obukhulu. Abantu baseByzantine, njengabo bonke amaKristu okholo bokwenyaniso, bakholelwa ukuba umfanekiso ongcwele uya kubanceda baphile baze baphinde baphinde baphumelele.

Ngelishwa, oku akuzange kuncede, ubukhosi obukhulu buwa, kodwa umoya oqinileyo wabantu abakholelwa ngokwenene ubungcwele bukaThixo waphulwa, ukuba wayeza kusindisa abantwana bakhe ababezinikezele kuye eminzini yomphefumlo wakhe.

Yintoni onokuyithetha kubantwana ngeeholide?

Eyokuqala, iiveki ezinqamlekileyo zeLente ziphelile ngeeholide "I-Triumph of Orthodoxy." Ukushumayela komfundisi, umthandazo kunye nokholo olunyanisekileyo kuya kunceda ukugcina yonke indawo. Ukuba ukuzila kubonwa ngabazalwana bamaOthodoki kuwo onke amathoni, emva kokuyeka ukuzikhusela ngokukhawuleza kuza nomvakalelo wokukhanya nokuvuyela ngomendo owenziweyo. Ngaloo ndlela indoda ayizange iphumelele, kodwa yaba ngcono, eyadlula. Ngokukodwa ukuba akayekanga nje ekudleni, kodwa akazange akone, aphephe ukungquzulana kunye nokuxabana nabanye abantu, abantu basekuhlaleni, bazalise iintliziyo zabo ngokunyamekela nothando.

Ewe, ukuba Uphulo lwe-Orthodoxy kubantwana luya kubaluleka njengeholide njengabantu abadala. Ngaphambili, izikolo ezifundiswa zifundo apho abantwana bafunda khona i-label etiquette, bafunda iZibhalo Ezingcwele. Namhlanje oku akunjalo, kodwa kufuneka baqonde iingongoma eziphambili, ubuncinane ekuphuhliseni jikelele. Ukuba intsingiselo yombono othi "ukunqoba kwe-Orthodoxy" ichanekile ngokufanelekileyo kwisizukulwana sikhulayo samanje, imbali yeeholide yabantwana iya kuba mnandi kakhulu kwaye iyanchukumisa iintliziyo zabo, inene, ukuba bayakholelwa ngokunyanisekileyo kuThixo ukusuka kwiminyaka emncinci kwaye abazihluleli kwicawa. Emva koko, kuqala ngawo wonke umntu entliziyweni yakhe.

Iholide, ebonisa ukunqoba kwe-Orthodoxy kubantwana nakwabantu abadala, kufuneka kuqala iqale emphefumlweni womntu ngamnye njengomthandazo onyanisekileyo nangomdla kunye nokuzila ukudla. Ukuba umntu ulandela umendo wenkolelo, umphefumlo wakhe uzele ulonwabo, uthando, umqondo wokuba yinto enyanisekileyo neyunaphakade. Singaxelela ukuba ngamnye wethu unokubhiyozela iholide yethu yoLwaphulo lwe-Orthodoxi ngaphezu kweyodwa ngonyaka, kodwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo xa sikhetha indlela efanelekileyo, ecocekileyo yothando nothando.