Umehluko kwisemantiki

zahlula lwesemantiki - indlela oluphuhliswe kwengqondo American Charles Osgood ukulinganisa intsingiselo connotative amazwi, izinto, iingcinga, amaxabiso zenkcubeko. Lusetyenziswa ezahlukeneyo izifundo lwezenhlalo, nabo ukuthengisa, uphando, amava lomsebenzisi, unyango.

Kukho amaxabiso amabini kweeyunithi zeelwimi (amagama): denotative kunye connotative. Kwentsingiselo ecingelwayo nentsingiselo ecacileyo - a lungelelanisa ixabiso layo. Umqondo - intsingiselo lidiza. Ngokomzekelo, cinga nje elithi "ihlosi" okanye "ukhozi." Bamele izilwanyana, kodwa connotative intsingiselo yawo - amandla, namandla.

Ngo-1950 yokuqala, Charlz Osgud kunye noogxa bakhe basebenzise nethesarasi "yezifundo Roget kaThixo" ukuvelisa isikali vuvabyi, kuxhomekeke izichasi kwisemantiki: "okulungileyo-nokubi", "fast-slow", "acocekileyo-ezimdaka", "ezixabisekileyo-yanto "" nje-sikweni, "" soft-nzima "njalo njalo. Osgood wabiza isikali ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: umehluko lwesemantiki njengoko umahluko ngokusekelwe lulwahlulo ngobunzulu ukuqonda zesimo iintsingiselo zabantu connotative yamagama.

Iqela lophando unako ukusebenzisa amandla ngelixa ubuchwepheshe be-computer kunye nocazululo factor ukuhlola oluninzi data encediswa "abagwebi 'abaninzi (abantu abaqhelekileyo ukuba baveze isimo sabo), ngubani zivavanywe ngaphezu kwewaka izimvo esikalini ezininzi, umehluko kwisemantiki. Isiphumo yaba ukufunyanwa yendawo yesemantiki - kukho amathathu umlinganiselo esisiseko zengqondo, ngamnye kwindawo yazo zentlalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ulwimi okanye inkcubeko. imifuniselo ekugqibeleni abaphandi abaninzi ehlabathini lonke iye yaqinisekisa ukuba semthethweni isithuba yesemantiki nokunyaniseka kwakhe umnqamlezo-zenkcubeko.

zahlula umlinganiselo ngayo lwesemantiki abantu ukuba amazwi isivuseleli kunye neengqikelelo ngokwemigqaliselo okuza elithelekelelwayo ezikalini vuvabyi izichasi ezithile ngomlomo ekupheleni ngalinye lesikali.

Emva izifundo intsingiselo connotative yeengqiqo ezininzi, Charlz Osgud kunye noogxa bakhe ezichongiweyo kuqikelelwa basic Isikali esimanqaku asixhenxe anesithathu: "Uvavanyo", "amandla", "umsebenzi":

- Good _3 ___ __ 2 __: __ 1 __ __ __ 0: 1 ___ _-: __ __- 2: __- 3__Plohoy;

- Strong _3 ___ __ 2 __: __ 1 __ __ __ 0: 1 ___ _-: __ __- 2: __- 3__Slaby;

- Active _3 ___ __ 2 __: __ 1 __ __ __ 0: 1 _- ___: __ __- 2: __- 3__Passivny:

I "0" lithetha umlinganiselo cala, "1" - "omncinane", "2" - "ngokupheleleyo", "3" - "kakhulu".

Ngokuqhelekileyo, umntu uba nomdla ezinye iingqiqo, ezifana "Red China" uze umcele ukuba ukuvavanya kwi eziliqela esikalini. Kukuhlalutya umbutho lwezi zinto scales ngamnye zinokudityaniswa ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo.

indlela umahluko lwesemantiki isetyenziselwa ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi.

ngababini izichazi eguquguqukayo - ezilula, iindleko-olusebenzayo iindlela zokwenza kube lula ukufumana iinkcukacha ezithile, ngokusekelwe kulwazi ayinyani abantu intsingiselo connotative yamagama. Ezi imilinganiso emithathu, kubonakala ukuba ibe uhlobo 'iimpawu zentlalo nenkcubeko "zabantu.

Xa bengqondo, umehluko lwesemantiki isetyenziswa Unyango ukuzikhathalela uhanjiselo-ngenxa kwenkcazo "ozibona ngayo." Nezinye izicelo ze indlela umahluko yesemantiki - lwazi, uhlalutyo eendaba, uphando lwentlalo, ingakumbi ezo iimveliso, iinkampani, abantu, umfanekiso ekufuneka zihlalutywe.

Kuba zahlula lwesemantiki kufuna abaphenduli ethanda. Ngaphezu koko, Banengqiqo elungileyo yolwimi babe nako "baqonde" umahluko zakhe zintle. Ngokuqhelekileyo, akukho ezifanelekileyo abantwana, kodwa kukho akhulayo sabafundi indlela utitshala une umehluko yesemantiki. Isixhobo unika Iziphumo umdla kwindawo umda ophakathi Ezolimi kwengqondo.