I-ntle karhulumente - ntoni na?

Kobuntu uzama ukuphucula. Kuba okokuqala loo nto nje social karhulumente (urhulumente ntle), kucingwe Lorenz von Stein phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-19. Emva koko kwakucingwa ukuba ingcamango lizwe loo nto kufuneka ibuyiselwe ku ukulingana kunye nenkululeko. Ukongeza, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukukhulisa abakumgangatho ophantsi elingananzwanga oluntu ukuya kwinqanaba yesityebi nenamandla. Oku ndaqonda kungaba ngurhulumente, nto leyo eza kuqinisekisa ukuba kwenziwa inkqubela yezentlalo nezoqoqosho yabemi baso xa bebonke.

design Concept

Imfundiso karhulumente ntle ubonelela ukuphunyezwa iimpawu ezifana inxaxheba kwabantu, ijolise ekusombululeni iingxaki zentlalo, uqoqosho engumxube njalo, leyo bunokubonwa uninzi amazwe eziphuhliswe ngokoqoqosho. Ngoko ke ngoku uzakumelwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ngobuwena yayo, iimpawu ezibonakalayo kunye ngokucwangcisiweyo eluviweni. Uyakwazi ukufunda kubo theory ekuhlaleni. Ukongeza, lo mbono uye kweenkolelo ngeenkolelo ngendlela ukuphucula imeko.

Xa uyila uhlobo karhulumente nkqubo loluntu yakhelwe ijikeleze imigaqo ethile ezinento ngokusondeleyo. Ezi inyanda kwamaqela asekuhlaleni, uhlobo ngoncedo karhulumente umda utshintsho lonikezelo zemarike uyilandela.

Sebeza nokugqama

Ingcamango kwemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ntle kunye nentlalo-ntle yaba ngokubanzi emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. A isici esasenza eli xesha ke kukho yintshukumo yabasebenzi enamandla, bavotela bani iqela lasekhohlo oluzimkayo, ngoko ngokufuthi yoyisa Democrats Social. Ngelo xesha kwaba lula ukuphumeza le nkqubo, phantsi okwadala iimeko ukwanda kwezoqoqosho kwaye andise impumelelo yawo, nolulinganayo kakhulu nokusasazwa ukuchuma iziphumo, ngoko, urhulumente ntle kunye naba njengokuba sibabona namhlanje. Emva kokuba nomphumela omuhle labemi amazwe kunye eziliqela zangaphakathi, nokuzinziswa leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni kwisiphumo oyifunayo.

theory

imfundiso Keynesian-nkqubo yezoqoqosho ingqalelo urhulumente ntle njenge somfanekiso eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi kweli lizwe. Ngenxa isimilo nemiba ngemiba yezemfundo, ulwaneliseko ngaxeshanye imiba ezininzi eziphikisanayo kunye nezicwangciso, umbutho zinje nomtsalane uluhlu olubanzi imikhosi ezahlukeneyo.

Umdla kule meko ke nembono yelizwe ntle, wavakalisa K. nye. Yintoni na kuziveza? Wayekholelwa ukuba ngumongo karhulumente ntle kwamiswa indibanisela kwimiphumo loluhlu olubanzi imiba, ubume apho yahluka kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Abanjalo reformism zentlalo ngokwedemografi, socialism zamaKristu, imibutho emikhulu mveliso, kwakunye phambi ama bakhanyiselwa kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho. Konke oku kuye abachaphazelekayo ukuba kuye kwaqatshelwa kwaye liphumeze isikim ebanzi inshorensi enyanzelekileyo, ukucwangcisa izinga imivuzo ephantsi, lamkele umthetho yokhuseleko yabasebenzi, liphuhlise inkqubo yemfundo kunye nezempilo. Ukongezelela, abantu ukubala urhulumente umba lokufumana izindlu (apha libhekisela kuphela ukuba ukufumaneka uncedo, kunokuba indawo free). Kwakhona, iimanyano awongwa njengabameli lwezopolitiko nolwezoqoqosho esemthethweni zabasebenzi.

Ukuqala yeentlekele

theory nabameli ntle karhulumente ngelithi ukuba ekugqibeleni bakwazi ukucombulula iingxaki ezininzi kwixesha elizayo, le modeli kuya kuthintela iingxaki ngaphakathi elizweni. Kodwa kwakungekho lula kakhulu. Ngasekupheleni-imi- 70 kweziqinisekiso zentlalo ezibalulekileyo, Intswelangqesho iphezulu kwaye kukho nabantu abagugayo siqale ukubeka uxinzelelo kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali karhulumente. Kodwa kuphela ekuqaleni. P. Rosanvallon (umphengululi French) wabonisa ukuba le nkqubo iye zafumana ubunzima ezintathu kuphela kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini;

1. Economic.
2. Eceleni.
3. Bulumko.

Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi.

ezifa-

Ekupheleni kwale 70s kwabonakala ukuba kungekudala ebomini yoluntu iya kulawula nepaki. kwakhona abasebenzisi bakhuselwe iingozi ezinkulu ubomi kunye neemfuno. Kodwa ukusukela ekuqalekeni 90 yaqalisa obonakalayo (isihlobo) ukunyuka ngqesho neentlobo ezintsha nobuhlwempu. Babonisa ukuba izindululo ezenziwe ngaphambili nolulahlekisayo. Ekubeni urhulumente ntle zafumana ubunzima wayo wokuqala kwezoqoqosho. lingena imibono efanayo 80th. Emva koko wabeka wathandabuza ukusebenza iindlela ezisetyenziswa ngoncedo ngurhulumente kwicandelo lezoqoqosho kubomi (xa oku kwenziwa ngeenjongo zokusombulula iingxaki zentlalo). Ingakumbi ugxeke bureaucratization ye izixhobo karhulumente, kwakunye nohlobo okuvala izigqibo ezithathiweyo. Oku kwabangela isiphithiphithi ephambili. Oku kwabangela ukuba lunengxaki semthethweni. bonke Yahlala ingasonjululwanga. Kwi-90 emva kwexesha kwakukho ingxaki-bulumko. Ngaphandle konke oku kungentla, lo mbuzo azibeke phantsi Umba wamalungelo zentlalo kunye nemigaqo yoluntu oluluqilima. Kodwa ke sengqiqo kunye nexabiso ngokusekelwe kwimodeli esetyenzisiweyo.

iqhele

Makhe otoydom ukusuka inqaku engundoqo umxholo kunye nokunika ingqalelo zabo ezifana ziganeko zembali njengoko urhulumente ntle wasezulwini. concept phantsi kwathathelwa ngaphambili esekwe kwi-1920. Ngoxa "izulu" imvelaphi yayo ngenkulungwane ye-19.

Ngexesha "umlaliso" kwiimfazwe Chinese bafuna ukuhlala ngokwimiselo lonikezelo olinganayo yaye ayikho phantsi kweempembelelo bahlaseli (lowo engundoqo ekubeni uBukhosi British). Kuqala esebenza ngempumelelo. , Yeha, yaphukile kodwa intshukumo, yaye baba ekugqibeleni oko, thina ijaji kuphela.

yokwalathisa

Ikakhulu kwi ukukhulelwa ngayo ukoyisa iingxaki zentlalo, xa ngoncedo kurhulumente iimeko zokuphila nokunyamezeleka ngokupheleleyo kuwo onke amacandelo oluntu. Ukulungiselela le njongo, inkqubo uncedo loluntu ukwenzela abo ingeniso iphantsi yaye ulihlwempu, amanyathelo ejolise ekunciphiseni intswela njalo njalo. Okt ekucombululeni iingxaki ukuba emarike bebodwa ngeke ukwenza ngaphandle. Ukuze othile, ukuba amkele inkqubo isebenza kwi USSR.

Ngenxa kule kananjalo ngokubonakalayo wasebenzisa igama elithi "likarhulumente ntle". Phantsi kwalo, ngengqiqo liwela ngaphakathi naliphi na ilizwe, kuba kukho abantu kuyo yonke indawo, kodwa apha libhekisela ngendlela eyahlukileyo kancinane. Ngoko wabiza imeko yentlalo ethi ulondolozo bonke abemi umthamo othile iinzuzo zentlalo: ilungelo lokufumana imfundo, bafumane imivuzo abanokuphila yiyo, ukhathalelo lwempilo njalo njalo.

A lizwe ngoncedo irhafu ufuna ukwenza imali ethile phakathi kwezityebi namahlwempu. Izama ukuqinisekisa umgangatho ophantsi waphila ephucukile. Isikhubekiso ephambili ukuba abaxhasi kolu luvo iingxaki zoqoqosho. Kodwa kukholelwa ukuba ekuhambeni kwexesha iza isigqibo. Abantu kwixesha elizayo akuyi kufuneka ukuba zizame emsebenzini, njengoko ziya kuqiniswe ngokupheleleyo. Ukuthanda imali ozakuthathwa kwaye kufuneka - imeko ebuhlungu.

ukungeniswa

Amanyathelo okuqala kwicala karhulumente ntle, eyathatha ixesha elide (hayi njengoko Chinese - kwiminyaka embalwa), kwenziwa 80s ngenkulungwane ye-19 eJamani. Njengoko umqalisi ezinjalo ezenziwa nguRhulumente Otto von Bismarck. Kuye alayiphumeza inkqubo kweziqinisekiso zentlalo, eziquka nokungasebenzi, i-inshorensi yempilo okanye ingozi nabadala-inkamnkam. Kodwa ke yaziswa hayi kakhulu yokunyamekela abemi abaqhelekileyo njengoko ukuphuphumala ifuthe ngokuya Socialist Party eJamani. Lo mzekelo bathelela, kunye namava wayiqokelela baqala ukusebenzisa nezinye oorhulumente ezininzi.

Ingakumbi embulele kulo mzekelo kunjalo yaseSweden. Eli lizwe phantse kupheliswa indlala, nangona kukho phakathi irhafu ephezulu. izenzo oluqhubekayo bafumene igama "nkqubo asekelwe eluntwini." Ukwandisa ububanzi isantya ukuphunyezwa kwale nkqubo iye yaba nefuthe kakhulu ubukho eSoviet Union. Ukuze bakwazi ukukhuphisana kwaye unikwe neziziisekondari ephakamileyo wemfundo yasimahla, kukhathalelo lwempilo njalo njalo.

isiphelo

Urhulumente ntle luhlobo okulingana ideology yali kwicala kweminquba melo-longxowankulu. Nangona linani leempumelelo, abahlalutyi abaninzi musa uyazidlalela ngenxa yeengxaki ezikhoyo. Njengoko a point of reference udla ngokubizwa yokuba inqubo enjalo ibandakanya ukuguqulwa ingozi eluntwini losetyenziso, nto leyo iba inani emibi.