I-Italian-siseko: imbali kunye jikelele neempawu

siseko Italy ngayo wavunywa ngo 1947. Kakade ke, ekubeni itshintshiwe ngokuyinxenye - malunga neshumi elinesihlanu izilungiso ziye zaziswa kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Kunjalo, amalungiselelo jikelele kuhlala injalo. Njengoko i-siseko ngoku, le nkqubo ibandakanya iinxalenye ezimbini kunye nemigaqo esisiseko elinambini.

UMgaqo-Italian: izibakala zembali

Yinto akukho mfihlakalo ukuba lizwe yabhengezwa yiRhiphabhlikhi ngenkulungwane yokugqibela, kodwa ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko e-Italy iye yaguquka ukutyhubela iinkulungwane mininzi idlulileyo. Yonke le nto yaqala kunye zokwamkelwa ebizwa ngokuba "status Albertine" ngo-1848 kwi-kummandla zobukumkani ESardinia. Sele 1870, emva kokuba hanya ngokupheleleyo onke amazwe Italian, "Isimo" liye laba siseko wokuqala weli lizwe.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, kwakusekho khona lobukhosi siseko. Nangona kunjalo, uMgaqo-siseko wokuqala eItali, waza waqalisa ezinye ulwalathiso lwentando yesininzi zophuhliso zeli lizwe. Ukusombuluka uhlobo urhulumente yaphazamiseka ngo-1922, xa ilizwe yaziswa yi kolawulo zwilakhe yileyo, xa intloko urhulumente wema Benito uMussolini.

Sele ngoDisemba 1925, umthetho omtsha, elathi laseka ulawulo lweqela elinye eli lizwe, i imibala (inkokheli yeqela i) kuphela imela isebe yesigqeba karhulumente. Ngowe-1943, Italy, nto leyo ixhaswa Japan kunye iJamani woyiswa kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Kuye kube yimfuneko ukuba kubulawe wolawulo zwilakhe.

Ngowe-1946 kwabanjwa zimvo. iziphumo zibonakalise umnqweno ukuphelisa abemi totalitarianism, ngoko lwaqokelelwa iNdibano neqela, apho kwagqitywa ukubhengeza i-lizwe republic, neyenzeke June 18, 1946.

UMgaqo-siseko omtsha Italy ngo-1947 eyamkelwa yiNdibano yivoti yesininzi. Eneneni, wangena kwiintsuku ezine kamva - January 1, 1948, kwaye nangona ukususela iCharter unenzondelelo utshintsho, iinkalo eziqhelekileyo ziyafana.

UMgaqo-siseko Italian: isishwankathelo jikelele

Eneneni, olu xwebhu politico-yomthetho iqulathe uluhlu lwemithetho, kuquka sikhokelo yezentlalo esemthethweni, imigaqo yomthetho kunye nenkqubo bulumko. Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, i-siseko Italian yenziwa iindawo ezininzi:

• icandelo isingeniso "siseko", equlethe amanqaku 12;
• inxalenye engundoqo "Amalungelo Imisebenzi aBemi";
• inxalenye engundoqo "isixhobo weRiphabliki";
• imimiselo exeshana lokugqibela.

Ngokutsho kolu xwebhu, onke amandla wahlulwe amasebe amathathu umgangatho:

• igunya lowiso kunqulwe amalungu ePalamente, kwakunye amabhunga zommandla, kodwa kuphela ngaphakathi kwimida nobuchule babo;
• Amandla yenkundla lithweswe kwiNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko kunye leenkundla;
• Amandla executive - kuba lilungelo leZiko eliQinisekisa Mongameli kunye nabaPhathiswa.

Hi ndlela leyi, uMgaqo-siseko Italian kwaye ichaza ulwalamano olukhethekileyo Catholic Church, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba lo imi apho Vatican State. Ngowe-1929 phakathi Italy kunye Vatican IsiVumelwano satyikitywa kunye nesivumelwano (yinxalenye waseLateran izivumelwano): njengoko kubo iVatican unelungelo kulongamo buso. Ukongeza, ubuKatolika labekwa njengonqulo yemveli Italy. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ukongeza koku, i-siseko Italian ezahlula icawa evela kurhulumente kwaye lungqinelana nale migaqo ukulingana zonke iinkolo.