Halogens - it ... zakhi halogen

Apha umfundi uza kufumana ulwazi halo, iinkalo eekhemikhali lwezakhi D. I. Mendeleeva. Umxholo nqaku liza kukuvumela ukuba baqhelane iimpawu zabo imichiza kwaye emzimbeni, ukuba indalo, iindlela isicelo kunye nabanye.

ulwazi jikelele

Halogens - zonke iziqalelo eekhemikhali lwezakhi ukuba abafundi kwiqela elinesixhenxe. Ngokutsho unendlela ekulinganisweni stroma zonke iziqalelo iqela yesixhenxe, le subgroups eziphambili.

Halogen - zizinto nako azithethelele phantse zonke izinto uhlobo elula ngaphandle isixa esithile semali nonmetals. Zonke ezi zinto oxidizers amandla, kuba phantsi kweemeko endalo, bakholisa ukuba uhlobo ugalelwe nezinye izinto. Isalathisi halogens reactivity liyancipha kunye nokwanda amanani lwabo olandelelwano.

Halogens ezilandelayo zezi: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, ayodini, astatine kunye tennesin esidalwe ngumntu.

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, onke halogens - into oxidizing ngempahla ezahluke ngokucacileyo kwelinye, ngaphandle bonke bephela non-iintsimbi. Sangaphandle inqanaba lamandla na electron ezisixhenxe. Intsebenziswano kunye nesinyithi ekhokelela kuseko yolwalamano ionic kunye neetyuwa. Phantse zonke halides ngaphandle fluoride, va nga ha kombisa ngokwalo njenge arhente ekunciphiseni, ngomlinganiselo oxidizing okwakhokelela kukwayo 7, kodwa ke oku kufuna ukuba usebenzisana iziqalelo ukuba iqondo elikhulu electronegativity.

iimpawu etymology

Ngowe-1841, isazi semichiza Swedish J. Berzelius ecetywayo ukuqaliswa halogen elithi, elibhekisela kubo ngelo xesha F, Br, I. Noko ke, de kube kuziswe kwekota ngokunxulumene iqela lonke lweziqalelo, ngo-1811, Scientist German kunye . Shveygger efanayo igama ekuthiwa chloro elide ngokwayo yaguqulelwa isuka kwisiGrike njenge "solerod".

isakhiwo Atomic kunye nezinga igcwala

Uqwalaselo lwe engaphandle electron iqokobhe halogen atom ngu: astatine - 6 ² 6P ⁵ iodo - 5 5p ^{2 5 2} 4p 4 bromo ⁵ chloro - 3 3p ^{5 2,} 2 fluoro ² 2p ^5.

Halogen - izinto ukuba zangaphandle electron uhlobo iqokobhe electron ezisixhenxe evumela ukuba "kwamandla" qhoboshela iqokobhe electron leyo ayanelanga ukuba epheleleyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le isidanga igcwala lubonakala njenge -1. Cl, Br, mna neAt zakudibana izakhi ukuba iqondo eliphezulu, baqale ukubonisa isidanga igcwala entle +1, +3, +5 no +7. Fluoride unezinga rhoqo oxidative -1.

ukwanda

Ngenxa amaqondo eliphezulu reactivity of halogens zidla ngohlobo iikhompawundi. Ukwanda kwi kolu qweqwe lomhlaba awusafuni ngokungqinelana ngokwanda kule oyi-atom ukusuka F ukuya I. Astatine ngamandlakazi yomhlaba konke kulinganiswa ziigrems tennessin esidalwe ngumntu.

Halides zifumaneka kwindalo ngokufuthi iikhompawundi ze halides, kunye iodine nako ngohlobo potassium okanye sodium Iodate. Ngenxa ukunyibilika kwayo emanzini langoku emanzini olwandle kunye brines of imvelaphi yendalo. I-F - ngokonga ezimele halogen yaye ngokufuthi ngakumbi efumaneka nasemaweni uhlobo ngentlenga, kwaye umthombo wayo ophambili - a fluoride calcium.

iimpawu quality Physical

Halogens kunye nabanye yahluke kakhulu, kwaye ke kufuneka iimpawu ezibonakalayo ilandelayo:

1. Fluorine (F2) - igesi ye umbala umbala otyheli, ibe livumba ezibukhali ukubacaphukisa, kwaye phantsi ucinezelo kwiimeko lobushushu yesiqhelo. Ingongoma yokunyibilika ngu -220 ° C kunye abilayo -188 ° C.
2. Chlorine (Cl ₂₎ yigesi hayi ngezinto kwiqondo lobushushu okukufutshane, naxa phantsi koxinzelelo, abe, ivumba ubhobhoyi ezinevumba kunye umbala omthubi noluhlaza. Yokunyibilika iqala ngo -101 ° C uphekele kwi 34 ° C.
3. Bromine (Br _2), - ulwelo eguqukayo kwaye inzima nge eyahlukileyo umbala omdaka-brown kunye ivumba elibukhali enukayo. Linyibilike ku -7 ° C nezilonda kwi 58 ° C.
4. Iodine _(I-2) - i-arhente uhlobo esiluqilima inombala omnyama engwevu, kwaye iimpawu ebuntsimbi ayenechaphothi, ivumba kakhulu elibukhali. inkqubo yokunyibilika iqala xa 113,5 ° C nezilonda kwi 184.885 ° C.
5. halo Onge - yi astatine _(At-2), nto leyo into eqinileyo kwaye umbala oluhlaza-black kunye ayenechaphothi sisinyithi. Ingongoma yokunyibilika ingqamana malunga 244 ° C, ukubilisa luqala emva kokuba 309 ° C.

Le khemikhali uhlobo halogens

Halogen - iziqalelo umsebenzi oxidative eliphezulu kakhulu leyo kuhlisa kwi ulwalathiso F ku At. Fluorine, njengoko omele kakhulu ebonakalayo halogens, kungaba asabela zonke iintlobo zesinyithi, ngaphandle ngaphandle naluphi ezaziwayo. Uninzi Abameli iintsimbi abangena umoya fluorine baye umlilo okhawulezileyo, ngaloo ndlela ikhuphe ubushushu ngesixa-mali esikhulu.

Ngaphandle nezikhundla fluorine ukufudumeza oku kusabela a lot of non-zesinyithi, ezifana H2, C, P, S, Si. Le ndlela yokusabela kule meko exothermic kwaye ikhatshwe yi-dubulo. Shushu, F kukhokelela oxidize le halogen eseleyo, kwaye udibana ukuba imitha, i element uyakwazi yaye usabela kunye neegesi enzima uhlobo egalelwe.

Xa ukuthetha esimbaxa uhlobo iikhompawundi, fluorine i ezingenamandla kakhulu reaction, umz, oxidizing amanzi, oko kunokubangela i dubulo.

Le yovukelo nayo chloro, ingakumbi kurhulumente mahala. inqanaba umsebenzi ngaphantsi kwe fluorine, kodwa iyakwazi azithethelele phantse zonke izinto ezilula, kodwa initrogen, ioksijini, kunye neegesi amanene abasabela ngayo. Zihlanganise hydrogen, ngokushushubeza le chloro okanye ukukhanya okufanelekileyo kudala burnoprotekayuschuyu basabela kuhambisane dubulo.

Ukongeza ukusabela kufakwe Cl kungaba asabela a lot of ezintsonkothileyo-yohlobo izinto. Uyakwazi ukuba bathabath 'Br yaye mna ubushushu yikhompawundi eyilwe ngabo kunye yesinyithi okanye hydrogen, kwaye kwakhona kusabela ngayo izinto obrak.

Bromo afana esebenzayo ngaphantsi chlorine okanye fluorine, kodwa ibonisa kakhulu ngokucacileyo ngokwayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba uninzi bromine Br lisetyenziswa engamanzi, ngenxa yokuba kule meko ngesidanga ingqalelo ekuqaleni nakwezinye iimeko ngokulinganayo ngaphezulu kwe Cl. Luphawu ezisetyenziswa chemistry, ingakumbi organic. It songanyibilikisswa H ₂ O usabela ngokuyinxenye nayo.

Halogen-iodo element yenza into elula _I-2 kwaye banako kuphendula H ₂ Owu, songanyibilikisswa izisombululo iodide, ukwakha anions ezintsonkothileyo. Uninzi halogen I eyahlukileyo ukuba akukho usabela uninzi abameli non-zesinyithi kancinci idityaniswe isinyithi, kule meko ke kuyimfuneko ukuba shushu. Ekubeni hydrogen Iba neziphumo baboniswa kuphela bubushushu obukhulu, kwaye ukusabela endothermic.

Rare halogen astatine (E) ebonisa reactivities of ayodini ngaphantsi, kodwa unako idibene nesinyithi. Ngenxa dissociation kwenzeka zombini anions kunye ukuse-.

izicelo

iikhompawundi Halogen ezisetyenziswa yi umntu ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo. cryolite Natural (Na ₃ AlF ₆₎ isetyenziselwa ukulungiselela Al. Bromine kunye iodine izinto ezilula ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa amayeza kunye neenkampani imichiza. Xa imveliso iinxalenye iimoto badla ukusebenzisa halogen. Izibane - le yenye yezo ndawo. ukhethe ngokomgangatho izinto kolu umatshini kubaluleke gqitha, njengoko izibane zikhanya wendlela ebusuku, yaye indlela lokufumana wena kunye nabanye abaqhubi. Enye ezingcono edityanisiweyo ukudala izibane xenon ingqalelo. Halogen kunjalo ngaphantsi kancinane kumgangatho ukuya igesi egalelwe.

halo Good - na fluorine, isongezo, ezisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa toothpastes. Kuyanceda ukuba ukunqanda iziganeko zezifo amazinyo - yidityaniso.

Loo nto-halogen ezifana ichlorine (Cl), ifumana isicelo yayo kumalungiselelo HCl, idla ngokusetyenziswa Yindibanisela organic izinto ezifana neplastiki, irabha, imicu zokwenziwa, idayi, kunye izinyibilikisi kunye ezifana. D. Kananjalo ke khompawundi iklorin zisetyenziswa agents mhlophe izinto iflakisi umqhaphu, iphepha, kwaye njengendlela yokulawula amagciwane amanzi okusela.

Isilumkiso! Toxic!

Ngenxa reactivity ophezulu kakhulu halogens walibiza ityhefu. Oku kakhulu ngokucacileyo ukukwazi ukuba bajoyine indlela ichazwe fluorine. Halogens babe iipropati olomeleleyo phambili esingise ekwaziyo yokwenza ijwabu intsebenziswano.

Fluoride ngababini ulwelo igqalwa enye iifom kakhulu yingozi of halogen yingozi kwabanye eziphilayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba kubhaliwe kakuhle ziqondeka ivumba kwaye uzive kuphela ekufikeleleni phezulu lamanani.

UPawulos

Njengoko ubona, halogens yinxalenye ebalulekileyo kakhulu etafileni ngamaxesha athile, kuba iimpawu ezininzi nezahlukileyo kwiimpawu ngokwasemzimbeni imichiza, isakhiwo atom, ngesidanga igcwala kunye nesakhono idibene nesinyithi and non-zesinyithi. Ishishini isebenzisa iindidi ngendlela, ukusukela ongeziweyo kwiimveliso yococeko buqu kwaye awugqibe izinto Yindibanisela chemistry organic okanye bleaches. Nangona isibakala sokuba enye yeendlela eziphambili ukugcina nokudala ukukhanya isibane imoto xenon, halogen, kodwa ke akukho kunguhata kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwaye zinezibonelelo zayo.

Ngoku uyazi into halo. Uyazi nayo nayiphi na imibuzo malunga ezi izinto ngokuba akusekho ingumqobo.