Gross - ntoni na? Ubunzima, umyinge, ingeniso, ibhalansi ifomula gross

Ukuba gross ukuthini? Iguqulwe ukusuka Italian - a amahlwempu, rough. Kuba yintoni injongo ayikho ncam nelimdaka lisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi bethu? Lisetyenziswa kwi accounting irhafu, iinkampani zezothutho kunye nokuthumela, lwamatyala inshorensi, nkqu iingqondo ilungileyo ebantwini, oosonzululwazi baye kule kota. ungakwazi ukudibanisa zonke ezi iindawo elithi mnye njani na inguqulelo limnandi kakhulu? Gross - ntoni na?

Kakhulu nje, uninzi ixabiso lowo igama elithi "kukutyeba," Kuthi ezahlukeneyo - oyinqambi. Oko kukuthi, abo benza accounting system, amanani okanye imisebenzi yenzululwazi, bethathela ingqalelo intsebenzo akhawunti, ebuhlungu ngenxa nantoni na ongcolileyo, iinkcukacha ezingachanekanga. Kubonakala ukuba abavela kukho ixabiso amazwi brutto, inokuba ngengqiqo yokomfuziselo, kodwa apho. Kukholelwa ukuba wamngenisa kuye kanye ngendlela uluhlu ngamazwe yabarhwebi Italian, ukwabelana ubunzima iintlobo ezimbini: kwaye ngaphandle nokupakishwa (gross kunye net). Ngoku ke intsimi Italian ayisetyenziswa brutto, kunye lordo.

isikolo

Ngokuba lixesha yokuqala sidibana eli gama apho. Sixelelwa malunga ubunzima esibi: ntoni le nto, oko kubandakanya nendlela yokubala. Ngenxa uphinda-odolo ngokuqhelekileyo evela esikolweni: ubunzima, okanye mandithi ubunzima, akukho ngaphezu udibaniso ubunzima iimpahla (net) kunye neepakethe (izikhongozeli). Oku kongezwe kwezi zalathisi zimbini generated kukutyeba. Imisebenzi elula babeza ukubala ngaphandle iimveliso nokupakishwa. Umzekelo, kubalulekile ukubala kilograms ezininzi njani zebhanana ebhokisini, ukuba kwayena elilodwa, ubunzima iyonke ezine. Kwisikolo aphakamileyo, siye sacelwa bangaphi servings kunokuqulunqwa ukususela nge-3 kg yeetapile, ukuba inxalenye -300 g, uze uhlambe i-30% ye-ubunzima obukhulu? Simple arithmetic ikhono lethu kwaye zikulungele ukuba imisebenzi ezinzulu kwaye uxanduva, apho siza ukufumana, bephuma iindonga zesikolo kunye eyunivesithi.

trade

Le yindawo apho ibinzana elithi "ubunzima obukhulu" lisetyenziswa ngesantya engakholelekiyo. Impahla kokufika iivenkile ukuthengisa, lazo lingeniswa kwisikhongozeli nokupakishwa. Oku kugcina ntetho, ukwenzela ukugcina lula. Kodwa ukuba athengise kuya kuba ngaphandle pallets kunye neebhokisi ngomthi! Yintoni ukwenza ntoni? Zonke elula banal. Ngomhla ukufika iimpahla ibekwe eliseleyo ubunzima esinzulu. Ukuthengisa iya kuba net (oku kukuthi intsingiselo esahlukileyo, lo antipode (okt ubunzima net)). Net ezimbi gross ubunzima taare zakuthi.

Ngendlela, rhoqo kakhulu ubunzima gross zibhalisiwe kwileyibhile imveliso kwi ngebande elinye kunye ubunzima net. Kodwa ngempahla inkukhu evenkileni epanini (a ibhaskiti iplastiki elincinane), siyazi indlela Umlinganiseli intaka encinane, nokuba ingakanani na ebhedini yakhe. abenzi abaninzi akukho ukusebenzisa igama elithi "kukutyeba," kwaye ubhale ngokwahlukeneyo ubunzima impahla ubunzima esinomthwalo / nokupakisha. Mhlawumbi, kuba kakhulu lula ukuba abathengi ngakumbi.

isayensi

Okulandelayo neshishini apho kusetyenziswa igama elithi, kungekho ngaphantsi kwe esikolweni okanye evenkileni, yinto umsebenzi yenzululwazi. indlela eziphilayo, oko reseach (amava - ngesiGrike), akukho nto kodwa yindlela yokubonisa imifuniselo practical usebenzisa iisimboli ezamkelwe jikelele. Ngoko ke lena ukuvula oosonzululwazi zabo zovavanyo, ezichaza oko ifunyenwe empirically.

ukusetyenziswa ngqo lo gama kuqoqosho, apho ixabiso theoretical component 'lungisa' ukuba yinyani (empirical). Xa chemistry, ifomula gross nto kodwa indlela yokubonisa ulwazi kubungakanani molekyuli, kunokuba noshowo okanye ulwandiso. Nokwakheka eli binzana isetyenziswa xa kuziwa uvavanyo oluchazwe apha ngentla, kodwa kuqinisekiswa yi inani elaneleyo iingxoxo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, aba reseach (formula reseach) 'sizuze "isiseko ubungqina kwaye endaweni ifomula ngqo.

lokuthumela

Iinqanawa kunye Shipping - yintoni na le uqhagamshelo? Kucacile ukuba, xa kufikwa babenikela izikhongozeli (ukupakisha), kunye nqanawa ntoni ngayo? Kusetyenziso International Maritime kule kota ebonisa ubhaliso yeetoni. inqanawa iya kubalwa tonnes yokubhalisa. Kule meko ke asithethi thina malunga ubunzima / ubunzima, kwaye umthamo. Esi salathisi sisingise ukuba xa bethetha imali iyonke ye sithuba isitya yonke. Eso ton irejista gross ilingana ukuya 2,83 cubic metres. m (100 cu. lb).

zezakhiwo aqeshiwe

Le yenye candelo apho kufanelekileyo, ibinzana elithi "gross". Kule meko, kuba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: nemivuzo iyonke ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweendawo eziqeshisayo iintlawulo eluncedo. Yiloo nto ke, umbuzo umgangatho wabuza ngumqashi ngumnini (sihlawule ukukhanya / igesi / amanzi?) Ngamana isandi lula (kule mvumelwano iqulethe isixamali?). Ngamafuphi kwaye kanje, akunjalo na?

I-inshorensi

Kukho omnye ingqiqo, oluthi luqokelelane ukusuka brutto ilizwi. Amaninzi, ibinzana onjalo isetyenziswa ziinkampani ezinga-inshorensi xa kubalwa izavenge ze-inshorensi. Unikela iipremiyamu gross umntu inshorensi phantsi isivumelwano. Esi sixa ke rate gross. Yena, ke, iquka umnatha-rate kunye umthwalo. Izinga iifom net isiseko ezingundoqo ziya kwenziwa apho isiganeko imali inshorensi. Umthwalo, nayo, iquka iindleko ezongezelelweyo, leyo zinyanzelekile ukuba ahlawule kwinkampani ye-inshorensi. Lwaba ethetha, le mali abasebenzi, izakhiwo, imisebenzi yezolawulo, kwaye, kakade, ingeniso. Ngenxa summation ye inkampani yeinshorensi banal ibala isixa iintlawulo kwiimvumelwano inshorensi kwimizi kunye namashishini.

Cars and gross

Yintoni na, xa sithetha iimoto? Kucacile, ngokwemigaqo ubunzima emotweni kunye nangaphandle komthwalo, kwaye ukuba ngokomlinganiselo isixa ukutsalwa kwerhafu, ke ngoko? Isibakala sokuba ubukhulu injini, okanye mandithi amandla ayo, kuxhuzulwa irhafu. Ukuba uphakamile lo kukoriwe, oluphezulu umrhumo lezithuthi ngezantsi. Wonke uyazi!

Kuba baninzi, la mazwi zisenokubonakala Akumangalisi, kodwa kukho ityala, njengoko lwesigama nangakumbi njalo. Nangona kubulungisa ndimele ndithi ukuba eli gama phantse waphila luncedo kwayo kwilizwe lethu. Isibakala sokuba abanye abenzi ucacise amandla injini kwi ezimbi. Oko kukuthi, wasiwa njengeyunithi njengesiseko yokusebenza ukwindlela yokuma, bangabi luxanduva izixhobo ubunzima owongezelelweyo ngohlobo yomvelisi okanye impompo njengesipholisi. Enyanisweni, imoto Ungasa usebenzisa amandla angaphantsi ngama-20-30 ekhulwini. Isiphumo kratya endilisekileyo, njalo njalo irhafu yothutho omkhulu. Ukuphelisa le hlobo ezingachanekanga, ubuchule, apho abasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo kufuneka wenziwe zingqina ukuba amandla eboniswe wonyaka, kunokuba net, njengoko kuyimfuneko ngokomthetho.

iholo

Imivuzo kunye gross. Yintoni na? Uphi na uqhagamshelo? Yinto elula kakhulu. Amaxesha amaninzi, abaqeshi abanqwenela ukutsala abasebenzi oluvakalisa ngenxa yabo kumsebenzi ngaphandle irhafu kwentlawulo. Employee, Kakade ke, wavuya, kodwa kuza kwabe, xa zonke iwela ndawo. "Kwelinye icala," ekhutshiweyo imali engaphantsi lee tshembisiweke. Oko kukuthi, kulo mzekelo, intlawulo ngomsebenzi - umnatha, yaye isixa-mali oxelwe umqeshi ekuqaleni, - umvuzo gross.

balance

Hi ndlela leyi, inkampani, eli gama lisetyenziswa ngaphezulu kunakuqala brutto rhoqo. Esinye sezizathu ngoko nangoko ukuba isicelo - wadala uxwebhu zemali (balance kwenkcitho kunye nengeniso), nto leyo evumela ukuba uhlanganise ulwazi oluchanekileyo, ukuze ubone ngokupheleleyo yonke umfanekiso into eyenzekayo kule nkampani, ukunciphisa iindleko, kwandiswe inzuzo. imali eseleyo Gross kugqalwa 'emdaka "kuba iqulethe amanqaku elibonisa kukuwohloka iinyembezi, nokwehla kweendawo zothutho njalo njalo. D. ubukhulu becala, olu hlobo intsalela zisetyenziselwa umsebenzi yenzululwazi okanye manani. Ukuziqhelisa ngemihla, ekudaleni ulungelelwano net.

Ukuze ube nobulungisa ukuthi balance sheet epheleleyo ibhanki yakhe, xa kuthelekiswa nentsalela lombutho eqhelekileyo, wadala ngokwahlukileyo kancinci. It has ukusebenza efanayo njengoko ingxelo accounting, kodwa ke inani lamangeno ingaphantsi (esikalini kungekaxhuzulwa rhafu nazintlawulo counterweight ukuba esabangela ukuba umbutho eqhelekileyo okanye lweshishini), kodwa 'umfanekiso' ntoni ebonisa banzi kudala, ngoko ukuthetha, Balance Sheet.

inzuzo

kwengeniso Gross - akukho nto kodwa inzuzo lilonke kwimveliso (lweshishini), ngoko ukuba ukuthetha, esinzulu. Akumthathi ingqalelo izinto ezifana irhafu kunye nemivuzo, zokuthotywa izithuthi. Kwanazo zonke zonke iiwadi yaye imali engenayo. I yenzuzo yenkampani ibonakala imali net, emisela kakuhle inzuzo net.

labantu

accounting Statistical lwenziwa yi yokubala ratio iyonke. Eli gama ukubonisa amanani ngqo, kodwa, ndoxelelwa ngubani ukuthetha, wakha izicwangciso nolulahlekisayo. Umlinganiselo ibalwa yi wokubala, kodwa umphumo kwenza kucace kangakanani intomba- kuzala amantombazana (amantombazana nje, abafana), nto leyo kwixesha elizayo kuya kuba oomama nokuvelisa uzale abantwana babo. La manani phantsi kweemeko kakhulu, bonisa ukutshintshwa elisondeleyo labemi, bengathabathanga kwi ukusweleka akhawunti. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ubalo lwenziwa ngeendlela ezimbini: izinga epheleleyo yokuzala kunye nomlinganiselo wenzala-gross.

PS

Ukusuka kungasentla kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba ilizwi kweli phawu xa uqala, intsingiselo, enyanisweni, kusenokuba eshwankathelwe kakhulu ngakumbi, ezisetyenziswa kwi-accounting kunye nerhafu, iinkampani zezothutho kunye nokuthumela, lwamatyala inshorensi, yaye okubaluleke kakhulu, kufanele .

Makhe ukuphinda kwakhona kangako lonke ixabiso lilonke kwekota, njengoko le mveliso kunye nolwalathiso eli gama lisetyenziswa kuyo, yaye oku kwenziwa emhlabeni wonke:

1. Ubunzima iimpahla ezingaphakathi kwisikhongozeli.
2. isitsha yeetoni.
3. amashishini ingeniso Gross, iibhanki, iinkampani ze-inshorensi njalo njalo. D.
4. Intsalela lombutho (irekhodi jikelele).
5. Iindleko ezipheleleyo ipremiyamu.
6. Umthamo we-injini yemoto.
7. Nomvuzo.
8. data theoretical component kwi iisimboli ezamkelwe jikelele.
9. ZeRente kwezakhiwo.
10. Accounting ukuba izinga sokuzalwa.
11. Science and nemfundo.