Gold imigodi eRashiya: neempawu, imbali umdla facts

imigodi Gold ku Russia - neshishini ebalulekileyo, leyo kudala abondliwa. Kwenzeka ngamaxesha tsarist, kwimigodi zitshatyalalisiwe ngexesha Revolution kunye War Civil. ixesha eSoviet nabo bazisa shishino lokudubula. Mhlawumbi uqoqosho omtsha iza kuba nako ukufezekisa inkqubo yemveliso.

Ilivo malunga lokufumanisa

Imbali nokombiwa kwegolide eRashiya, ngokutsho nenguqulelo esemthethweni, yaqala ngenkulungwane ye-18. Kukholelwa ukuba ukuphehlelelwa wakhonza lilitye encinane, nto leyo ifumaneka endhawini ya le Yekaterinburg uqhekeko. Ngesizathu esithile, yena ingxelo zophando lwakhe kulawulo kwisityalo Ekaterinburg. ukufuna kwakhe Waya ke, bafumana oluninzi ngamatye. Kamva 'Original "yeyam yegolide ibisekwe phezu kwisiza ezafunyanwa.

Inyaniso yokuba nokombiwa kwegolide eRashiya abe lishishini elikhulu-isikali, ekuthethwe ngayo kwinkulungwane yesihlanu. Oku waxelelwa mbali abaninzi abaye batyelela uluhlu entabeni mimandla Urals kwaye sigcine bomthonyama isixa esikhulu izinto izacholo kunye nendlu eyenziwe ngentsimbi anqabileyo.

Isiseko kwabelwene ngazo nondlunkulu zolu shishino bababeke Pet Veliky ngo-1719. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, iRashiya ube yinkokeli kuphuhliso kunye nemveliso yegolide. Emva iinguqulelo S. Yu. Vitte kunye nokungeniswa "umgangatho igolide" eRashiya waqalisa zetyeleba iingqekembe zegolide, nasemigodini zibe ziyafumaneka ukulungiselela uphuhliso kwiinkampani zangaphandle kunye abarhwebi zabucala.

emva kwempi

Emva kokuba revolution lwemveliso zegolide 1917 eRashiya wafakwa lisendleleni iminyaka ezayo. Urhulumente zange ahlawule ixesha elide nayiphi na ingqalelo kolu shishino, bengathembeli kuphuhliso iidiphozithi ezaziwayo kunye wokuhlola ezintsha, kwaye nokuhluthwa yegolide kunye neemveliso zayo phakathi kwabantu. IKomiti on amatye anqabileyo lasekwa ngo-1918, kodwa ukuba ukuze ingqalelo ezimayini azicaci ngoko nangoko.

indawo ephambili ye nokombiwa kwegolide eRashiya akhiwe Urals, eSiberia, apho urhulumente omtsha akukho wahle. Wayesebenza imigodi kunye imigodi badlula kwi "emhlophe", emva koko "red". Abachasi izixhobo kutshatyalaliswa, kwana imigodi lachithakala Artel. Ngexesha leMfazwe Civil, icandelo liye cishe batshatyalaliswe. Nkqu kweMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala nokombiwa kwegolide eRashiya lihlile. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1918 eli lizwe bafumana bebonke 30 ngenkcenkce, kwaye ngo-1913 inani zafikelela phantse 64 eetoni ngonyaka ngamnye. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, imveliso lehlile ngokugaguqukiyo. Ngowe-1920, iitoni 2.8 zaveliswa, yaye ngowe-1921 waphumelela ekufumaneni evela basemgodini iitoni 2.5 kuphela metal anqabileyo.

Ukuhla lokuloba

Kweli thuba ukususela ngo-1918 ukuya 1922 Kumbindi wezezimbiwa urhulumente waseSoviet yamukele 15 iitoni zegolide, kwangaxesha nye, abemi iitoni 15.7 zegolide kunye namanqaku zathathwa. Ngokutsho data ongekho mthethweni, inani "wanikezela ngokuzithandela" yayinkulu kakhulu njengoko uqikelelo yi kumazwe eBaltic, kwangaxesha nye, emazweni malunga 500 iitoni ngentsimbi. Ngo-1921, urhulumente iphila utshintsho emali, ngokusekelwe ifomula: "umgangatho igolide", ie imali kuphinda akhutshwe liSebe koovimba ngegolide.

Ngo-1922 kwaye kwacaca ukuba zonke iidipozithi eyaziwa sele bazisebenzise bazigqiba iinkcukacha ezininzi geologorazvedok ilahlekile, zobuntlola amatsha akwenziwanga. Ingxelo ye Enyanisweni kwenzeka ngo-1924. Ekukhanyeni ukuphunyezwa amanyathelo ukubuyisela ulawulo karhulumente phezu imveliso, "Glavzoloto" lwanikwa amandla, izakhono, iimali credit kuphela. Ngowe-1925, isiCwangciso zabuya, eyona nto ibalulekileyo imveliso liye ekukhuthazeni amanyeneyo ukusebenz phambili uphuhliso amaziko karhulumente ukuba abucala.

ixesha pre-imfazwe

Ngowe-1927, "Glavzoloto" yajika "Soyuzzoloto" wenza amalungiselelo ngokusekwa inkonzo ukuhlola kunye nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi abatsha. Lo mqathango kuqala ukuvuselela imveliso yaba ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo ngezimali kunye nokukhuthaza labucala ithemba igolide kunye neenkampani ezincinane imigodi yegolide. Ngowe-1923, uphuhliso zegolide elisengqayini esemlanjeni Aldan (Yakutia) laphehlelelwa. Kuthiwa igolide kuqokelelwa ngesandla. Le kwegolide ephambili mmandla lwaqhutywa yi trust "Aldanzoloto".

Iminyaka emibini (1927-1928) nezokukhupha amatye anqabileyo linyuke nge-61%. Ngowe-1929, ngaphezu kwama-25 iitoni zegolide ecocekileyo zaye geni lizwe, uninzi uluntu wazisa intlangano. Emva ukunyuka okubonakalayo umthamo legolide waba minyaka 1936 no-1937 kwaye yaba iitoni ezingama-130, iRashiya wathabatha indawo yesibini kwimveliso igolide ehlabathini simo.

Ngu ekuqaleni belilinye ishishini imfazwe ekhutshwe yi wokulondoloza imali karhulumente malunga neetoni 174 ka intsimbi anqabileyo ngonyaka. Uninzi nako kwaba ukuthengwa kwezixhobo ze shishino, ukubonelela ngezoshishino kunye nokuzimela eSoviet Union.

ixesha Imfazwe kunye minyaka yasemva kwemfazwe

Gold imigodi eRashiya bekusoloko icandelo data okuyimfihlo. Ngexesha lemfazwe, inqanaba ukufihla wavuswa, yintoni intsebenzo kushishino ngelo xesha, xa uluntu ukwaziswa. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba inqanaba yentengiso zegolide ligqithe isantya kwimveliso. State yavusa zonke ifama (ubukhulu becala private). Abasebenzi lalibonelelwa ngokutya kunye ibhaso. Nangona ubungqongqo meko lwaqhutywa ukwakhiwa eyinkunzi, izibonelelo lemveliso ezihlaziyiweyo. Kuba uboleke-yengqeshiso nokusiwa eSoviet Union ihlawulwe malunga 1.5 lamawaka iitoni zegolide.

Kweli xesha kwemfazwe esingxamisekileyo kudingeka ukuze uqoqosho, ayakhe imizi ukunika abantu ithuba lokuba ukuhlala phantsi emva kwentlekele buhlungu. Imbali nokombiwa kwegolide eRashiya eli xesha, abeBala kunye imibala emnyama - ishishini wabanika phantsi kweliso "Glavspetstsvetmet", ethetha ukuba Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Ngexesha elifutshane enkampini yaququzelelwa, apho amabanjwa ababekhonza izivakalisi kuphuhliso wegolide. Inkqubo esebenza malunga 30 ITL, ngokukodwa kuphuhliso iidipozithi metal anqabileyo. Le igolide irekhodi imveliso inyathelo wenza eziphakamileyo ngeendleko ezincinci zemali, oko bonke kuhlawulelwa liSebe amawaka amabanjwa. Ngo-1950, iitoni ezingama-100 ngentsimbi zaveliswa kweli lizwe. Le oovimba igolide USSR waba unyaka yerekhodi ngo-2049 yaye zaba ukuya kwiitoni 1953. Eli nani awuthunyelwanga ngaphaya okwangoku.

Ebudeni bolawulo N. S. Hruscheva waphawulwa ngenxa izimanga ezininzi. Ukuze uluntu lwehlabathi eyona ibaluleke ngakumbi kuzo yaba esebenzayo, amngqonga bethengisa igolide kwiimarike zehlabathi. West ingqalelo Akunakuba igolide enkulu kulo kwimakethi ndlongo elinoxolo Russian. Inxalenye engundoqo eyayichithwa ukuthenga ukutya. Ukungenelela inkulu igolide Russian yenzeka ngowe-1963, xa wachitha iitoni ukuthenga ingqolowa 800 ngentsimbi.

namhlanje

Ngexesha lokulawula nokombiwa kwegolide L. I. Brezhneva eRashiya na ukuba angezi kudla xesha lifanelekileyo, ishishini alukhange lufumane ngqwalaselo ngenxa. Inani elikhulu loovimba zesinyithi elixabisekileyo yachithwa kwiimarike zangaphandle ukuthenga ukutya, inqanaba kwimveliso gqolo bawa. Ngowe-1988, le ndlela ehlaziyiweyo kushishino sokubonelela kwaba ihlelwe, yaye inqanaba nemveliso eqala ukwenyuka. Ngowe-1990 iphumelele inqanaba isiqina - iitoni 300.

Ithuba hlengiso sele isiphithiphithi lonke uqoqosho, kuquka icandelo le imigodi yegolide. Metal Sales kwiimarike zangaphandle likhula drop sizukulwana elibukhali. Eyona obalulekileyo yaba 1998, imveliso yaba kwiitoni 115 kuphela. Ngenxa ungenelelo ngoncedo ngurhulumente imeko lokuloba baqala level off, kodwa inkqubo emanyeneyo nangoku iye yaphuhliswa. Gold wenkqubo yinxenye ebalulekileyo zemali GDP, kodwa umgaqo-nkqubo oqhelekileyo kodwa. Ekuqaleni 21 kwinkulungwane th eRashiya kukho phantse ama-6-amawaka emasimini.

Oyifake inkulu zegolide Russia

In yanamhlanje ranking world of zolondolozo zegolide izibilini Russian Federation emi kwindawo yesine. Le ndawo inkulu nokombiwa kwegolide Russian bebekelwa eSiberia nakwiMpuma Ekude. uphuhliso ngokunzulu nokuveliswa intsimbi anqabileyo zisekiwe kwimigodi eziliqela, ukusuka apho zivuselela zolondolozo zegolide.

Ummandla apho uphuhliso imigodi yenziwa:

• Iyavuma Territory.
• kummandla Amur.
• kummandla Magadan.
• Krasnoyarsk Territory.
• The Republic of Sakha.
• Chukotka Ukuzilawula District.
• kummandla Sverdlovsk.
• Buriatia et al.

Ebalulekileyo iqhekeza mass of igolide livela kwimigodi amakhulu:

• Solovyov.
• Dambuki.
• Ksenevskogo.
• Besekhaya.
• Nevyanovskogo.
• Gradsky.
• Conder.
• Udereyskogo.

kwegolide Private eRashiya

Gold imigodi eRashiya abantu wavalwa ukususela 1954. ixesha Stalin bakaThixo ochumileyo basemgodini. Ummiselo uRhulumente ukuba ezi zibonelelo ezongezelelweyo, iibhonasi, unikwe ilungelo lokusebenzisa iindawo igolide yawo kwangena. Ukukhuthaza umsebenzi asasazwa ezindlini, iihambo ukuya kuphumla emakhaya njalo njalo .. Kweli xesha pre-imfazwe, imvume zolotobychu zafika kukho umntu omdala, lowo akabanga lezomthetho.

Inani mgodini abasebenza zibangele okanye entsebenziswano abucala, yafikelela kubantu 120 amawaka. metal geni wathabatha izinto ezobuchwepheshe ezininzi. Ngenxa yemigudu abarhwebi zabucala avulwa kwaye mayixhotyiswe umkhosi izigcayiseli ezintsha, ke kamva bafika phantsi kolawulo lwamaziko karhulumente. Ebudeni bexesha kwamashishini abucala (1932-1941 GG.), Inani yegolide geni liye landa ngokuphindwe kahlanu.

ngegolide Russian

Ngokutsho ihlabathi iziphumo ka 2016 Russia ibilele kwindawo yesithathu ekuvelisweni zegolide izimbiwa wafudukela kwindawo yesibini kwimveliso yonke metal anqabileyo. Ngokutsho S. Kaszuby (USihlalo Russian Union of Gold), kwaye kulindeleke ukuba iqondo kwimveliso-2016 iza kuba malunga 297 neetoni, ukunyuka okungephi kwimveliso icetyelwe ukuba 2017.

iiprojekthi abaphumeleleyo ngo-2016 yaba uphuhliso Pavlik imali kummandla Magadan kunye ena Violet. ulwazi oluchanekileyo malunga neziphumo ka-2016 sele okwangoku esidlangalaleni. Yintoni na le mali lulonke eRashiya nokombiwa kwegolide - ayaziwa.

Ngokutsho data ezisemthethweni, ngo-2015 nokombiwa kwegolide Russian kunyaka yaba iitoni 294,3 ngentsimbi okuye ukusebenza kwithuba elingaphambili nge-2%. Ngowe-2016 Dmitriy Medvedev sisayinwe izilungiso umthetho "Kwi ongaphantsi", nto leyo evumela abantu ukuba bazibandakanye ekulobeni kwimigodi yegolide.

Izilungiso umthetho: nobubi

Ukususela ngo-2017 ukuba nokombiwa kwegolide zabucala eRashiya. Umthetho ubonelela kokuqeshisa kwiminyaka emihlanu, 15 eehektare, apho, ngokutsho iingcali, iqulathe ukuya buziikhilogram 10 ngegolide. Xa uphuhliso Inani lezithintelo:

• Dig kuba kuphela kwendlela phezulu igolide ngayo.
• Akwenzeki ukuba baqhube imisebenzi uqhushumbiso.
• Ubunzulu esisefowunini umbe - iimitha ezi-5.

Ground xa bekusungulwa iprojekthi elingwayo ekhethiweyo ummandla Magadan apho ekuthini 200 sites balungele nophuhliso lwabucala. Urhulumente linyathelo ingqalelo njengeprojekthi lwentlalo. Inani labantu kwimimandla esemantla Usengxakini. Abaninzi abanalo ithuba lokufumana umsebenzi ofanelekileyo, ubuhlambe negolide kukade icangcisiwe ngendlela esilwazingalo baphile. Ishishini mthethweni ichuma, yaye ngoku, emva zokwamkelwa izilungiso, abaninzi baza kuba nethuba lokuba ukusebenza kwintsimi esemthethweni, kwaye urhulumente uya kufumana umvuzo ezongezelelweyo.

Kukho uloyiko ukuba kwakuza kubakho ulwaphulo-mthetho olugqugqisileyo kunye nokubiwa ezenzeka kummandla Magadan kwi 90, xa umthetho wasekuhlaleni kwimigodi zegolide wabucala yamkelwa. Ngokuchasene ukwamkelwa nezilungiso zikhuthazwe i-FSB kunye Ministry of Justice. Abaninzi bavakalisa uluvo lokuba bucala akayi ukusombulula ingxaki ngqesho. Amacebiso aye enziwa ukuze uvule ezimbalwa yamakhulu yamasimi engumkhenkce, nto leyo eya kwenza kube lula ukuqesha amawaka abantu kwaye ufumane ukuthontelana kwabantu kuMmandla Magadan.