Giotto Tower Florence

Enye edume lwalunjani Florence i Tower of Giotto. Iifoto nenqaba intsimbi ezihonjiswe postcards, iipowusta, t-shirt, neekomityi kunye nezinye ezizoba eveza kwisixeko samandulo Italian. Tower oye wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi Florence ephakathi. Zisuka nje, kwaba ukukhonza njengophawu nobukhulu, amandla omkhosi kunye nokuzimela mzi. Kweli nqaku siza ukuchaza ukwakhiwa intsimbi inqaba ematyaleni. Ukubona yenye yeendawo zokuqala kuluhlu lwe kufuneka abone e Florence. Abakhenkethi abaninzi andazi apho ungajonga kwenqaba yi Giotto. Okwangoku, oko nenqaba intsimbi le Cathedral ka Santa Maria del Fiore.

ixabiso Campanile for Florence

Ukuze siqonde indima nenqaba intsimbi ebomini aphakathi esixeko Italian, sifanele ukuba senze imbali encinane. Xa Ekuveleni XIII-XIV iinkulungwane eItali, kwakugquba sina iimfazwe zamakhaya phakathi Guelphs kunye gibbelinami. Eyokuqala wakhuthaza yokomelezwa loopopu, ngoxa olwesibini wakhuthaza impembelelo soMhlekazi. Guelph ahlula kwakhokelela ukubusa yamaRoma lalikhathazwe. House Tower gibbelinskih ukuzalwa zaye efihliweyo, abanini bazo ziqaliswa okanye ithunyelwe ekuthinjweni.

Ukuze ubonise phambi ukuyo ukuNcinwa catholicity yayo, urhulumente isixeko waqala ukwakha intsimbi inqaba enkulu icawa zwe. "Ukwayama" Tower of Pisa - oku ngomnye wabo. Florence, leyo kudala ekhuphisana Siena kwi inkalo phulo siya kuba ngaphezulu, yaye wayefuna zonke iindleko ukuze yakha phezulu intsimbi tower Cathedral wakhe. Kwaye kukho inqaba Giotto. Esi sixeko yagqiba ukuba ahlawule ixabiso aphakame kwaye abaqeshwe ukwakhiwa kakhulu nendlela kunye, ngokufanelekileyo, inkosi eninzi. Olu xwebhu ke ithi: "Eli phulo kukuzukisa umzi, kwaye oku kungenziwa kuphela xa loo msebenzi uya sikhokelwe inkosi amanqugwala ... Kwihlabathi ukuba ukufumana umntu abanetalente ngaphezu sale Giotto Bondone."

Ukwakhiwa ende

Ngokutsho izimiso Cathedral zobugcisa Gothic Italian, igumbi yobhaptizo (baptistry) kunye intsimbi Tower (Campanile) ezazifanele ukuba eyahlukileyo enye kwenye. Kuphela iminyaka emibini emva kokuqala kokwakhiwa Cathedral ka Santa Maria del Fiore, ngowe-1298, oko wemba umngxuma ukuba isiseko yenqaba leyo inde. Ekuqaleni, lo belfry ukwakha kunye nebhunga agunyazisa wezakhiwo Arnolfo di Cambio. Noko ke, ngo-1302 waza wafa, kunye nokwakhiwa nenqaba intsimbi wayeka nge-emashumi mathathu. NgoJulayi 9, 1334 ubhishophu yesixeko endakubekela ilitye lokuqala nokusingcwalisa indawo apho Inqaba ukuvuka. Giotto waqalisa, xa isixeko wammisa umvuzo wonyaka abalikhulu florins zegolide - isixa esikhulu ngelo xesha. Nkosi, ngubani Ngelo xesha wayeneminyaka engama-67 ubudala, umantyi wanikela kusefashonini "isiJamani" indlela. Kwakhona kwazithathela ingqalelo kwimpumelelo womzobi isonto ngu Arnolfo di Cambio ukuba Campanile ngokuvisisana kwisakhiwo polychrome ecaweni. Giotto wasebenzisa yokuzenza ebizwa "chiaroscuro", ukwenza nasenqabeni kubonakala ngathi vali. Neyazo eyenzelwe ngemizobo nezacholo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-imbali. Kodwa nezemarmore ukuphumeza isicwangciso wakhe akazange abe nexesha. Wafa 1337, xa Giotto inqaba e Florence yakhiwa nje phambi kokuba wenze lokuqala.

Kuyaqhubeka ukwakhiwa

Kubonakala, ungakhathazeki kuba umzi, le ilahleko akazange eze. Ukuzoba inkosi amanqugwala, zonke izibalo kunye nomzobo "amabali" zemabhile, leyo yena wayezimisele ukubeka phezu kweendonga, sele ngokukhuselekileyo zigcinwa umantyi. Kodwa ke consuls bagqiba kumema ukuba ukuqhubeka ukwakhiwa ubuncinane wezakhiwo baziincamisa - Andrea pisano. Le zokwakha wizard adumileyo portal ngasezantsi lokubhaptiza. Wayesebenza phezu kwenqaba intsimbi de 1343 yaye zilawulwa ukwakha zilandelayo, wenze yesibini. Kodwa Giotto Tower kweli nqanaba ihonjiswe biforami eliphezulu. Nangona ezinye inkosi ilandelwa ngokuthe ngqo le imizobo ekhohlo yi Giotto.

Ngowe-1347 yena itshayelwe yonke iYurophu "ukufa emnyama." Ukususela isibetho wafa kunye Andrea pisano. Umakhi wesithathu, Francesco Talenti, yagqitywa ukwakhiwa kwenqaba yentsimbi. Yena waphila nayo, ngokutsho icebo Giotto, iintlobo ezintathu nezemarmore, kodwa wenza utshintsho zabo idrafti yokuqala. Sekunjalo, ukususela ekuqaleni kokwakhiwa kwinkulungwane kwikota edlulileyo, kunye nesimbo yaseJamani waphuma fashion. Njengoko wayezelwe imitha-122 intsimbi Tower kwafuneka ukuba atshate kubude intente sikwere "ziikubhite 50". Ngowe-1359 Talenti ngabom bamshiya lo mbono. I umzobo lokuqala, ngoku zigcinwe Museum of Siena, kwaye iphulo kufutshane Florence Cathedral zahlukile kakhulu. Kodwa ke, nangona labazobi ezimbini ezilandelelanayo ubazisele eninzi izimvo zabo indalo le ndalo emangalisayo zobugcisa, nenqaba intsimbi nangoku linegama elithi "Tower of Giotto."

Uphi na lo Campanile

Ukuphakama zokwakha meters 84 kunzima ukuphoswa. yonke inezakhiwo akhiwe kwi Cathedral Square e Florence. Oku ibandla Santa Maria del Fiore (in translation - "Lady Lwethu Flowers") yaye-free emi intsimbi tower kunye lokubhaptiza of San Giovanni. Xa zibheke portal iphambili Cathedral, kwiNqaba Giotto kukuba kwicala lasekunene kuyo.

umhombiso yangaphandle

Ubuhle lwenqaba intsimbi ndingobethayo. Nangona monumentality kunye nokuphakama, kubonakala ngathi izacholo ngaphezu isakhiwo. Inqaba kuba eziphambili, enomoya. division liqulathwe-ngokwalo kunye neefestile aphezulu Gothic kwenza kube Idizayini. Tower of Giotto ujongene iintlobo ezintathu marble: iqhwa-emhlophe Carrara, eluhlaza Prato kunye Siena ngombala obomvu. Ekungeneni zwe kombhinqo iikholam ezijijekileyo. ifaka UMosaic usebenza abazalwana Cosmati nowokuchwayita iindonga ezimhlophe eluhlaza.

Imifanekiso kunye bechitha-imikrolo

Kungenxa yale yomhombiso kunye odumileyo Tower of Giotto. Uphi na iiphaneli wizard? Giotto oshiye ngasemva ziliqela izinto. Mhlawumbi ezinye iipanele amacandelo lokuqala nolwesibini ngabo lo mgawuli okanye abafundi besikolo sakhe. Ekuqaleni, amacala ezintathu Giotto inqaba ihonjiswe kunye BAS-imikrolo. Kamva, ezinye iiphaneli wadala inkosi Luca della Robbia. Le kwenqanaba yesithathu belfry leyo ezihonjiswe eqingqiweyo elinesithandathu. ubuqambi Original Donatello wafudukela myuziyam, yaye umoya, ilanga kunye nemvula Iikopi. Abanye emarmore emhlophe "imbali" zibangelwa Andrea pisano.

umbono

Bashiye ingcinga yokuqala, Talenti, umakhi yokugqibela inqaba intsimbi, Asizanga sive ukuba linikezela inkonzo enkulu zizukulwana ezininzi zabakhenkethi. Ngenxa yotshintsho kwiprojekthi Giotto inqaba e Florence akasafuni phantse mane eemitha, kodwa ezikhuphile iqonga ukubukela. Ngoku, waphula amanyathelo 414, ungabona panorama esixeko samandulo, ukuba siqwalasele ngokweenkcukacha lwesakhiwo umsebenzi Brunelleschi. Le ezingaphakathi lonke ngaphakathi kwinqaba ziguyiwe linani elikhulu iifestile ngokucotha ndiyoyisile iqonga, uyakwazi ukonwabela ukukhanya, ngentsontelo yemisonto uhombiso intsimbi inqaba.

A entry single kwi Campanile ixabisa euro 6. Kakhulu inzuzo ngakumbi ukuthenga itikiti edityanisiweyo 10 Ewe, kuquka utyelelo inqaba, Dome, i lokubhaptiza of San Giovanni, lo crypt ka Saint Reparata kunye olondolozo zembali.