Gini index

Enye yeengxaki ezinkulu kakhulu kumazwe asakhasayo ukuba ukungalingani kwemivuzo. Okuya uba mkhulu umsantsa Isikali yayo, abantu abaninzi kweli lizwe eqala ukuziva sikweni. Ukunqongophala kwemali kukhokelela ukuba yinkxalabo kuba ngosuku olulandelayo, oko kunokukhokelela kugqithise ezahlukeneyo.

Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, abezoqoqosho baye bafumana indlela umlinganiselo ingqiqo yobulungisa ngokunxulumene nokwabiwa kwengeniso ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo manani. I-Gini index nje enye kwezi zalathisi. Esi salathisi Wabonakala kwezoqoqosho 1912 ngenxa inguqu Italian kunye manani Korrado Dzhini.

I-Gini ivumela ukubalwa ukungalingani kwengeniso kweli lizwe. Amaxabiso ayo kuluhlu 0 ukuya 1. encinane ixabiso uba Gini index, kokukhona ngokufanayo kusiwa ngemali karhulumente. Kwelinye icala, ukuba esi salathisi lidla kumanyano, uninzi ingeniso buzinze ezandleni yinxalenye encinane yabemi.

I-Gini. yokubala

Ukubalwa kwizalathisi yakho usebenzisa i Lorenz igophe umzobo. Ukuchaza indawo lingqongwe i Lorenz igophe kunye nomgca babalasele A, kwaye ariya ngezantsi njengoko B. Ngoko Gini index ulingana QUOTIENT efunyenwe ngokwahlula A (A + B). Ekubeni A + B = 0.5, ngoko isibonisi yethu kubalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: D = 2 * A = 1-2 * B. Ukuba sizityand 'umlinganiselo njengomsebenzi le Lorentz Y = L (X), efumaneka kuzo le ixabiso B usebenzisa ebalulekile.

Imeko jikelele ehlabathini imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

I-Gini index kula mazwe ukuba efakwe awodwa European, ezifana eSlovenia, Denmark, Norway, eSweden, Czech Republic, na isukela 0.2 ukuya 0.3. Oku akuthethi ukuba imivuzo yabo bonke abemi kula mazwe zibe kumgangatho ofanayo, kodwa kunoko yokuba ubutyebi kazwelonke ngokulungelelana ezisasaziweyo. Kwilizwe ngalinye kukho ngaphezulu asezantsi nalawo aphakathi elime yoluntu, nto leyo kufuneka iifom zabo ezithile kwempahla kunye nengeniso, kodwa kukho ihlwempu ngokucacileyo kwaye kuk esisityebi.

Ngaloo namazwe uqoqosho ziphuhliswa kakuhle, ezifana Japan, UK, eJamani, eSpeyin, France kunye Portugal, ebe yi-avareji malunga 0,35. Eyona mithombo iphambili ekufumaneni zezona amashishini kunye nemibutho esebenza ngayo iibhanki kunye necandelo mveliso. amaqela amabini zingahlukaniswa kuluntu: etyebileyo kwaye lowo akulungeleyo zizothuso kwezoqoqosho kunye ziingxaki zemali.

Amazwe apho ebe aphakamileyo (ukusuka 0,45 ukuya 0,55 kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ancamisayo 0.6), kubandakanywa eRashiya, i-USA, eVenezuela, Brazil, Guatemala, Namibia, El Salvador, Bolivia, Haiti kunye neZimbabwe. Kusenokubonakala ngathi la mazwe emikhulu efana i US neRashiya ukuba kuluhlu efanayo kunye namazwe aseAfrika kunye Latin American? Kungenzeka, impendulo ifumaneka ukungalingani iindlela zokuphelisa karhulumente ngamnye eyenza indlela yayo kwaye ufumane iziphumo ezifanelekileyo.

Njengoko enye yeendlela zokuphucula ukufana lonikezelo yengeniso kucingelwa ukuba ukubonelela ngenkxaso karhulumente kwiinkqubo zemfundo, ukhuseleko lwentlalo kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuba abantu nemivuzo ephantsi ukuze ufumane imfundo, ukuze kulondolozwe impilo ube nentembelo ngakumbi ngekamva labo.

Indlela elandelayo nokulwa ukungalingani kuthetha utshintsho kwinkqubo urhafiso abemi, ingakumbi, ukuqaliswa irhafu yengeniso progressive. Flat izinga urhafiso lemivuzo ephantsi labemi belizwe, leyo, umzekelo, ikhona eRashiya, kukhokelela kukuba amahlwempu esiba abathwaxwa yintlupheko kunye nezityebi kuqhubeka ukwandisa ubutyebi bakhe.

Kakade ke, ungasebenzisa indlela zidityanisiwe, Noko ke, kukuthi, iindlela ezintsha ngokupheleleyo ezahlukeneyo ukuphucula nokwabiwa iingeniso kuqoqosho lwehlabathi nangoku ayaziwa.