Ezifunyaniswe ezintsha zesayensi! The Universe!

kwingqiqo yolwazi

Imvelaphi yonke kunye nehlabathi.

1. Universe Iqala

Le modeli wokuqala indalo ezakhiwa Einstein ngo-1917. UMdali theory kwezinto ngokubanzi ubambe ukuba indalo kufuneka ilungiswe, oko akufunekanga ukuba nokuguquguquka. Ngoko ke, lo imodeli yemathematika ka- Einstein uchaza wendalo emile, yaye, njengoko kuboniswe ngokuqwalasela ngeenkwenkwezi, kwaba eziphosakeleyo.

Hayi yonke umile kwakuthiwa kwangaphambili AA Ungumkhululwa. umsebenzi Friedman uye lubonise ukuba indalo kufuneka bathungelane ngokuhamba kwexesha kunye, ke ngoko, kwixesha elidlulileyo, indalo bekufanele ukuba kweziyobisi kunye ezixineneyo kakhulu kunye noxinzelelo. Ngoko ke, ukuba kukho nasiphi na isizathu sokuba wakwazi ukuhenda lo mba superdense kuqalisa ukwandisa. Yaba Inkolelo theoretical i iphela eqhumayo.

Ngo-1929. ngeenkwenkwezi American E. Hubble, isiphumo nimana ngeenkwenkwezi, elasekwa ubunyani ukwandiswa iphela, eyaqinisekisa ukuchaneka iziphetho Friedman.

Ekupheleni kuka-1940. physics - umhlaziyi George Gamow hypothesized wendalo eshushu, ngokusekelwe ingcamango "Big Bang", ezafumana ngoku ingqalelo kakhulu.

Ingcamango "Big Bang" ichaza ngokweenkcukacha oko utshintsho zenzeke iphela ukususela ekusekweni kwayo, kodwa azikwazi ukuchaza kwaqala njani konke, kwakunjalo ekuqalekeni, kwaye oko phambi kwasekuqalekeni, oko kukuthi, ngaphambi "the Big Bang". Kananjalo mna, bendingemphenduli imibuzo ezibonakalisa ngemvelaphi iphela.

ntoni ukuba "Big Bang" kwaye (njengoko umcimbi) umbandela uyayenza phi na iziyobisi?

Ukuba yonke yanda, ngoko apho ayanda?

Yini na, ukuba yonke yanda (phantse isantya ukukhanya), lexinene mbandela uhlala rhoqo?

Kutheni a wendalo yohlobo olunye kunye isotropic kangaka?

Ukuba ityala kwindalo 'big bang' awabangela ukuba i "big bang"?

Njengoko sibona, ingcamango "Big Bang" njengoko imfundiso wokuzalwa iphela, ubeka ezininzi miba ingasonjululwanga.

Kakade, waza wavakalisa amathandabuzo malunga nokwenzeka ngemvelaphi iphela ngenxa yokuba i "Big Bang", ibhekisela yokuba oku kuphela Inkolelo theoretical component. Xa ucinga ukuba ingcamango "Big Bang" kuba akukho cala nako ukuphendula le mibuzo ingasentla, leyo iza kucacisa imvelaphi iphela, ngokuqinisekileyo sithi ukuba indalo le "Big Bang" ezinokuthi zenzeke.

Kodwa ukuba i "Big Bang" akanguye unobangela iphela, yaye yonke into yokwenene, yintoni isizathu sokuba imvelaphi yendalo iphela?

Impendulo yalo mbuzo osinika astrophysical nenzululwazi kwi langoku inqanaba lophuhliso kwawo ethwele kunye nemithetho kunye nemithetho.

Xa wambuza ukuba zingaba kwindalo kulo kanye ekuqaleni, ie ngaphambi "the Big Bang", uyaphendula umthetho jikelele yolondolozo ye mba, nto leyo ithi: "Naphi akakwazi kuphuma nto kwaye kupheliswa ngaphandle, azafunyanelwa ndawo, oko unako ukuhamba kuphela ukusuka kwesinye isimo okanye isimo beya kwesinye uhlobo okanye imeko. Umba uncreatable kunye obungenakutshatyalaliswa, oko obungunaphakade kunye ongenasiphelo. "

Ngoko ke, phambi kokuba "Big Bang" kwindalo kwakukho lo mbandela. Umbuzo uyavuka, ukuba unokubakho uhlobo eziphathekayo yaye yintoni imeko?

Kwi umbuzo wokuqala iphendulwe nokwakheka amasuntswana asisiqalelo.

Kwindalo, njengoko uphando lubonakalise ukuba kukho kuphela emibini ngokupheleleyo izinzile, angapheliyo obungenakutshatyalaliswa, kunye iintlawulo malunga yaye ingqimba bonke amasuntswana nezakhiwo ebizwa - electron kunye positrons. Amasuntswana eseleyo okanye ubulungu (zombini Proton, neutron njl), Okanye ngaphandle (kwi ingqiqo ekhoyo) ubunzima lokuphumla (photon, neutrinos kunye nabanye.) Okanye sikhawuleze sadlula (ezifana muons, mesons al.).

Ngoko ke, phambi kokuba "big bang" kwindalo iphela apho nto eziquka iintlawulo malunga nezakhiwo - elektroni kunye positrons, ngamanye nje le ndaba, nguwuphi na ongaphunyelwayo aphume nto yaye akukho unyamalale ngokupheleleyo, kwaye wokupasa ukusuka kwenye imo okanye imeko ukuya kwenye indlela okanye imeko, eliseleyo angunaphakade ukungafi. Le mba we iphela, kwaye izinze ngokupheleleyo - electron kunye positrons.

Kuhleli ukuphendula lo mbuzo: "? Ziziphi imeko khona iintlawulo"

Njengoko sisazi, iintlawulo zombane (via umgca power) basebenzisane namanye, ngoxa sihamba rhoqo. Ngenxa yoko, Nature kwakufuneka ukunika imeko phantsi okungavela intshukumo ndingekhoyo ngokupheleleyo kunye nentsebenziswano kweentlawulo electric - electron kunye positrons. Nature usilungiselele, kwaye obizwa meko enjalo ingqinwa ngokudala lobushushu zero ingundoqo, ie, iimeko lobushushu ololo kumiselwa ubukho umba (isigxina) iphela.

Njengoko sibona lo mba equlathe izityholo nezakhiwo malunga, kwindalo iphela yaba kwimo yokuphumla ngokupheleleyo, ngamanye ngaphandle intshukumo kunye nothetha-thethwano.
Ukushwankathela uze uphendule lo mbuzo: "Yintoni kwindalo kwasekuqalekeni, oko kukuthi ukuba i "Big Bang"?

Ngoko ke, kwasekuqaleni wendalo iphela ebesoloko ekho mba, eliquka iintlawulo ezingafani zombane - elektroni kunye positrons, leyo (at zero ingundoqo) ngaphandle intshukumo kunye nothetha-thethwano. Le yonke lapho mbandela "wangumqulu oyincwadi 'ukuze imigca amandla phakathi izityholo akukho isithuba, akukho nto akukho isindululo kunye nonxibelelwano kunye, ngoko ke, akukho shift isiganeko xesha, yonke loo nto iphela ukuphumla okanye indalo sokuqala. Xa yonke loo nto eziquka izityholo ezingafani xona, ngoko ukuthetha, lixesha kunye nendawo.

strong> II. Particle ukubunjwa ekuqaleni ngokuzalwa indalo yangoku.

Isigaba sokuqala.

Ukuqala yonke ingachazwa isekwimo yokuphumla ngonaphakade ngaphandle kokuba kukho perturbation-bume yayo, umz. Xa uhlobo ukuhla ezixineneyo, uxinzelelo microvibrations okanye obushushu, njalo njalo Xa perturbation "waphila" umgca isigxina mbane kuya kubangela chain reaction yentsebenziswano ye electron kunye positrons oko kuya kukhokelela ekubeni banxulumane (njengoko iintlawulo malunga) kwaye ukuyilwa kwisuntswana yokuqala iphela - a photon.

Xa inguqu lomba bekwimo kasabatha kwimeko sesindululo nkqi nangokungqongqo umthetho ulondolozo World, oko kukuthi, kungakhathaliseki malini kwi enye karhulumente (state of bonke iphela), kwaye ke le nto ndatshintshelwa kwelinye ilizwe (imo sesindululo).

Ngoku singakwazi ukuphendula loo mibuzo, leyo iza kucacisa imvelaphi indalo: ". Yayiyintoni ekuqaleni ngokuzalwa iphela zangoku apho yonke yanda"

Ukuqala kumanyano (ukudityaniswa) zeendleko malunga iphela yokuphumla kwisuntswana yokuqala - i photon yaye ekuqaleni ngokuzalwa iphela elandayo yangoku.

Ukuze lo mbuzo: "Uphi na ekwandiseni yonke ekhoyo?". Impendulo kuphela mnye: "Amazulu nomhlaba wangoku yanda ngenxa utshintsho lomba bekwimo kasabatha imo motion yayo, ukutsho oko, yonke yanda ngeendleko ukuphumla, okanye, ngokungathi kunjalo, indawo yonke woxolo. '

Le imvelaphi wendalo iphela wokwenene nezendalo.

Xa phambili, siye siphendule lo mbuzo: "Yintoni unobangela ngemvelaphi cosmic microwave yangasemva radiation (umoya)?"

I-radiation background kungenzeka ukuba ezinxulumene inguqu lomba (iintlawulo) ukusuka kwenye lizama karhulumente (lizama ubume yonke indalo) kwenye imo lizama (lizama karhulumente ukwandisa yonke), sihambisane kukwanda (ukusuka kwiqanda ingundoqo) lobushushu.

Le lizama karhulumente (ekuzalweni ukwandisa yonke) yenzeka, mhlawumbi kwi ~ zero 3K elililo kwaye ilandelwe angxamele ebambeleyo ekhankanyiweyo photon bume magnetic onesiphumo, ngamanye amazwi, lo mbandela, eliye ladluliselwa ukusuka kwesinye isimo ukuya kwesinye kurhulumente. Le ebheke ngohlobo amaza (ene-ubude ethile kunye rhoqo kuxhomekeke kwi lobushushu) simbona njengoko radiation relict kuvuselele.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba CMB ngokumangalisayo yohlobo olunye kunye isotropic - kufika kuthi ngokulinganayo kuwo onke amacala.
Kutheni?

Lo mbuzo uphendulwa yi inkqubo ngokuzalwa ngendlela yonke landayo.

Ekubeni inguqu ukusuka lizama karhulumente lomba iphela yokuphumla an wendalo lizama karhulumente ukwandisa kwenzeka ngapha komda ububanzi 'ballooning "ye ibhola kweemeko ezifanayo, ngokulandelelanayo, kuya kuba yohlobo olunye kunye isotropic imitha ngokwayo, apho rhoqo kwaye ngokufanayo lizele yonke elandayo. Njengoko ubona, cosmic microwave yangasemva imitha - yeyona radiation lizama ezinxulumene nokuzalwa indalo yethu.

Ngoku cinga umbuzo kutheni nawuphi na umcimbi sukube (phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo) imithamo elilinganayo ziqulathe inani elifanayo lweziqalelo zezakhiwo, enoba "ezincinane" electron, atom okanye kwimolekyuli "enkulu". Ukulungiselela le njongo, siya ukuchaza umthamo efanelekileyo nganye isakhi phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, 1m3 ngokwahlula inani amasuntswana eziqulathwe kuyo: V = 1m3 / 1025 = 2.686754 · 37,22 · 10-27m3. Ukwazi umthamo wakho nganye omnye isakhi, ukuchaza embindini kwisigaba yesenzo of lines lwamandla: R = 2.072 · 10-9 M.

Ngoko ke, noshowo element, nokuba liselikho "esincinci" okanye electron "big" molecule okufanayo isixa yayo okanye, ngokungathi kunjalo, "angasese impahla" isithuba, ulingana ne-37,22 · 10-27 m3 kunye sphere ka engaba R = 2 x 10-9 M.

oku kuqondwe njani?

Zonke izinto zezakhiwo iqanjwa inucleus kunye imigca amandla yentsebenziswano ejikeleze ngumongo. Radius kwisigaba lwelayini amandla kakhulu (yi-odolo ezininzi ubukhulu) ubungakanani ezinkulu kernel, ie, i kernel ingasingathwa yencopho embindini kwisigaba. Le isakhi umiselwa umgama wezintlu asendle ubungakanani sphere, nto yokwenza efanayo lonke irhasi kunye amasuntswana ngu 2 x 10-9 M ~. Yiloo nto, xa kukho imitha cc indawo iqulethe inani elifanayo lweziqalelo zezakhiwo, enoba "esincinci" okanye electron "khulu" molecule.

Ngoku siyazi ukuba zonke izinto igesi ngokwesiqhelo abe umthamo 37,22 · 10-27 m3 kunye embindini kwisigaba elingana ~ 2 · 10-9 m; kwakunye athom - material yamasuntswana ubuncinane ukuba elifanayo loxinano nomongo ngokwayo, ngoko, esazi lexinene umba (ixabiso apho zifumaneka nakweyiphi textbook physics) kwaye ukubala ubunzima-atom, kunokwenzeka, usebenzisa ifomula of lexinene ρ = m / V ukubala umthamo oyi-atom nganye.

Ngenxa yoko, hydrogen H2 ukuxinana 0,0899 kg / m3, ubunzima athom ezimbini hydrogen m = 2mp + 2me = 3.347 · 10-27kg, ngoko V = m / ρ = 37,23 · 10-27m3 kunye R = 2.071 · 10 -9m. Oksijini: mninzi O2 = 1,428 kg / m 3, m = 53,5744 · 10-27kg, ngoko V = 37,55 · 10-27m3 kunye R = 2.077 · 10-9 M.

Njengoko ubona ukuba yonke impahla igesi phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo athabathe phantse imali efanayo yaye phantse embindini efanayo. Isiphelo ukuba atom yee isiqalelo kwemichiza na urhulumente sukube (phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo), masibe umthamo we ~ 37 · 10-27m3 kunye embindini kwisigaba, ilingana no-2 · 10-9 M ~. umthamo kunye radius banjalo zonke iigesi egalelwe, into enokwenza ngamnye ukwenza izibalo ezifanelekileyo.

Ngoko kusengqiqweni ukucinga ukuba umthamo we-atom ibe ncinane kakhulu izinto ulwelo. Ngakumbi igesi, ngamanye amazwi, imigca Matter amandla Atom unxibelelwano kufuneka umqulu zibencinane kwaye kungoko ezixineneyo ephakamileyo.

Thina ukuchaza umthamo kunye owela ngaphakathi kwama-i-athom (molekyuli) ulwelo izinto, bromine, mercury kunye namanzi.

Bromine Br2: ρ = 3100 kg / m 3, m = 133,94 · 10-27kg, ngoko V = m / ρ = 0,0432 · 10-27m3 kunye R = 0,2177 · 10-9 M ..

Mercury HG: ρ = 13.500 kg / m 3, m = 336.544 · 10-27 kg, ngoko V = 0,0249 · 10-27m3 kunye R = 0,1812 · 10-9 M.

H20 Water: ρ = 1000 kg / m 3, m = 30,1343 · 10-27 kg, ngoko V = 0,03013 · 10-27 m3 kunye R = 0,1931 · 10-9 M.

Njengoko sibona, umthamo into engamanzi kunye radius mncinci kakhulu kunalowo into sukube. Kule imigca lulwelo intsimi umcimbi kweziyobisi kwi-atom (molecule) 'ukwazi' ukuba ulwelo yayo 'ingqondo', ngamanye ukuba mninzi enkulu.

Ngoku cinga oko kuya kwenzeka kunye isakhiwo kweentlobo esisi phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo ukusuka eziqhelekileyo ngamanye ukusuka 101325 Pa = PN kunye Tn = 273,16 K.

Phantsi kwemithetho obizwa igesi-c Ungasebenzisa equation Vh = V · F · Ts / T · Fh ukufumana imali ukutshintsha yelungu kwesakhiwo, ngokuxhomekeke lobushushu kunye noxinzelelo.

Izibalo zibonisa ukuba lobushushu ukwandisa isixa isakhi siyandiswa, kwaye unciphisa kunye nokunciphisa lobushushu. Xa uxinzelelo - volume isakhi uyancipha kunye nokwandiswa kunye nokuhla, ezifana njengebhaloni stratospheric unyuka usiya stratosphere.

Ngokusekelwe kungentla, ngokunxulumene nemithetho igesi obizwa, kufuneka kubekho umthetho wendalo: "Umba kwindalo iphela khona kungekho isithuba, njengokuba awukwazi ukubakhona kungekho nto isithuba. Umba kunye nendawo sibanye. "

Ngoku khangela ngathi yaphuma kwinto yokuba kusekwe kwamasuntswana zaseprayimari. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ukuyilwa amasuntswana yokuqala - photon kwakubangelwa yokudibanisa chain reaction (kuyondelelaniswe) iintlawuliso malungana yonke initial - electron kunye positrons. Isithuba yazala i ukwandisa yonke ziluhlaza ubushushu ambient, oko kukhokelele kuyondelelaniswe kwentlawulo liye lantinga laya ~ 1010K

Inkcazelo emfutshane ye photon.

Ukwazi ukuba adla nayiphi na igesi, kuquka igesi photon (ngoLwesithathu), eyayikuyo lomqulu olulinganayo 0,02241383m3 / Mol kwaye iqulathe 6,0221367 × 1023 isakhiwo ukuchaza umthamo ekuhlala kuzo photon elinye.

Vγ = 0.02241383 / 1023 = 6.0221367 · 37,22 · 10-27m3 lwesigaba kunye radius R = 2 x 10-9 M.

photon ngobuninzi lilingane ubunzima electron ezimbini single mγ = 2 · zeBha- = 6,073 · 10-31kg. imigca Photon na intsebenziswano electromagnetic.

Ukwazi umthamo yile photon ubunzima baso, amisele lexinene bume photonic, ukugcwalisa imihla yonke elandayo.
ργ = m / v = 6.073 · 10-31 / 37,22 · 10-27 = 1,63 · 10-5kg / m3.
Oku asibhozo amawaka amaxesha elula ngaphezu bume moya Yomhlaba.
Photon mninzi medium kungabalelwa yehayidrojini mninzi, esazi ukuba Proton onzima amaxesha 1836 ngaphezu triplet elektroniki okanye inzima amaxesha 5508 ngaphandle imeyile electron olunye, ngoko

ργ = ρH2 / 5508 = 0,0899 / 5508 = 1,63 = · 10-5 kg / m3.

owabumba photon eboniswe Scheme 1. (Zonke iziphaluka ngokuqhelekileyo ukusekwa).

scheme 1

http://s014.radikal.ru/i329/1207/51/c47cf9c5c46d.png

Ngexesha ukuyilwa ziluhlaza, ubushushu uvuka, kunye kwiqela yenzekile ngambini kuzo electron kunye positrons ukwenza neutrino.

Neutrino - ilungu kunye entsimini evaliweyo ngokupheleleyo imigca basebenzisane, nto leyo eye siziindleko cala kunye nobunzima ulingana electron ezine single.
owabumba neutrino eboniswe Scheme 2.

scheme 2

  http://s44.radikal.ru/i104/1207/3f/ba837a73da7d.png

Ngokwanda ngakumbi lobushushu malunga 1011 K, iimeko ukuze kwakhiwe lomba kweentlawulo esahlukileyo, amasuntswana nzima okumisele electron kwaye i ezintathu.

E t - ilungu kuyilwa ngokuhlanganisa (ukuhlanganisa ulwazi) kunye positrons ezimbini electron ukuba imigca amandla (negative) endle zombane (+ 1-1-1) = - 1 kunye intsebenziswano otsalayo esinobunzima elingana ubunzima elektroni single ezintathu (m = 9 , 1093897 · 10-31kg). Libhekisela electronic isimboli triplet e-Δ. e triplet owabumba siboniswa Scheme 3.

scheme 3

   http://s51.radikal.ru/i132/1207/fb/ed79c230a07b.png

I triplet - ilungu, kwakheka ngokuhlanganisa (ukuhlanganisa ulwazi) electron-mbini i, leyo umgca amandla (positive) zombane (+ 1 + 1-1) = + 1, yaye intsebenziswano otsalayo esinobunzima elingana ubunzima triplet elektroniki.

I triplet luchazwa ngegama e + Δ.

Imfundo i triplet eboniswe Scheme 4.

scheme 4  

http://s014.radikal.ru/i327/1207/3c/f3bb0d0dc924.png

Electron kwaye i walibumba ezintathu (ngenxa nangokobuncinane inkqubo) kukuthi kakhulu incinane photon malunga nama-105 amasuntswana nganye cubic metre bendawo.

Elektroni kunye positrons ezintathu bagqiba inyathelo lokuqala zokubumba amasuntswana uphambili iintlawulo malunga eseleyo iphela.

Isigaba sesibini.

Elektroni kunye positrons ezintathu njengoko amasuntswana ukuba izityholo esahlukileyo, yamajoni "ubuthathaka" intsebenziswano yombane kwasekwa iiyunithi triplet cala eboniswe Scheme 5.
Thina libhekisela triplet cala uphawu link e ° Δ

scheme 5
http://s010.radikal.ru/i311/1207/43/810215f1b493.png

Ukwenziwa kwiiyunithi electron-i triplet (kwi indlela yokuqaphela) ikhutshwa phandle kubushushu malunga 1012 K, leyo wadala iimeko ukuyilwa amandla ukudibana "strong" ngemagnethi (ezibandakanya neutrinos njengoko amasuntswana Umatshini) triplet neutrino chain eboniswe Scheme 6.

scheme 6

http://s019.radikal.ru/i638/1207/34/04c0ec000233.png

Isibakala sokuba neutrino siyabophelela, ekuyekisweni amandla nokungafunekiyo, amasuntswana kunokuba (ngandlel 'ithile) ukufumana mzekelo ulandelayo: Ukuba phakathi izibonda olunye umazibuthe obekwe cala (njenge neutrinos) agcinwa magnetized imbasa intsimbi, iintlawulo malungana (kwakunye negama elifanayo) kwipali umazibuthe uya umdla.

Ukususela komdibaniso intlawulo triplet beeyunithi lokumpompoza kwi kagesi photon esiphakathi ukwenza ikhonkco triplet-neutrino, nto leyo ihamba kwimeko-bume zibuthe, uya kungajikeleza setyhula amathuba "twist" (umaleko ngu umaleko) kwindawo yamasuntswana spherically-ungqukuva ufana uwele ziwe ukulenza .

Ngoko nangoko kuphakamisa lo mbuzo: "? A yamasuntswana" "yintoni ubukhulu kunye nobunzima uya Ukuze" kukhule

Njengoko "yokukhula" ye amasuntswana njengoko sibonile, ubaleka kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu, yaye ke ngoko ukwanda isantya bentshukumo, ngokuba yamasuntswana nganye, kwaye kukho ubushushu threshold ethile yokuzalwa kunye lasungulwa.

Ngenxa yoko, amasuntswana asakhulayo ukusuka intlawulo triplet ukugqiba ukukhula kunye nokwanda kobunzima phezu ekufikeleleni ngesantya zokugqibela elingana isantya ekukhanyeni, yaye ngenxa yoko iqondo lobushushu threshold ubuninzi elingana malunga 1013 K.

Le yamasuntswana sokugcina neutron.

neutron Education (Proton) unokuthi, ukuba ezinye isidanga xa kuthelekiswa ukuyilwa iimolekyuli DNA (RNA)-athom of imichiza. Neutron, njengokuba sibona, siya kwenziwa ukususela amasuntswana okuqala ndaba - ezintathu electron kwaye i plus neutrinos, simanyene kwi "molecule" neutron.

Ngokusekelwe kule nkcazelo ingasentla, oko kuthathwa ukuba iphela akukho ezinye wabumba kwisuntswana kokuqala - eneji abaninzi kwamandla amanyathelo kunye amaqondo obushushu aya kuba mkhulu kulwenziwo neutron. Bonke kakhulu - okanye umbutho amasuntswana okanye "ngamaqhekeza 'wentshabalalo okunene kubo, okanye izinto ezithile, eliquka atom imichiza.

Isibakala sokuba neutron i isuntswana eliquka ovela ku-i triplet ezingekabhatalelwa kunye neutrinos ozinzisiweyo neutron ukusabela Proton ukubola. Makhe sibone indlela inkqubo neutron kwamazinyo.

Okokuqala, masikhumbule ukuba ikhonkco triplet imixokelelwane neutrino neutron yokugcina kwaye njengoko kubonisiwe Schemes 6 no 7 amasuntswana cala e ° Δ (cm. Scheme 5), neutrinos.

scheme 7

http://s08.radikal.ru/i181/1207/ba/05ba150d3865.png

Scheme 7 ibonisa kumjikelo wokugqibela triplet neutrino neutron chain (ukuya yokubola yayo). 1- layers triplet neutrino; 2- iiyunithi triplet cala - e ° Δ; 3 Umatshini-neutrino - υ;

kwaye, - line yoxhomekeko "ubuthathaka" sombane uqhagamshelwano electron kwaye i ezintathu kudibaniso cala kwikhonkco.

neutron ibola ukuba Proton ngendlela ukunqanda ingozi amasuntswana kwayijikeleza medium, e t, kunye neutrinos
n → P + e-Δ + υ, njengoko kuboniswe ngokwalo kwi Scheme 8.

scheme 8

http://i069.radikal.ru/1207/d9/7206eb5d64b5.png

Scheme 8 ubonisa kuwohloka neutron.

1 - bakha Proton P-2 - t e e yatshabalala izikhundla cala; 3 - Umatshini neutrino υ; kunye - komgca wentelekelelo "ubuthathaka" uqhagamshelwano lombane electron kwaye i triplet kule link.

Njengoko ubona, okuseleyo ikhonkco - i triplet kwaye imisela isigxina ezakhayo Proton. Ngoku uphi na ukubola Proton.

Xa baboniswa amasuntswana esinika amandla phezu Proton, Proton neutron disintegrates zibe N1, i t + Δ e neutrino υ.

P →-N1 + e + Δ + υ, njengoko kuboniswe ngokwalo kwi Scheme 9.

Umfanekiso 9

http://s50.radikal.ru/i130/1207/27/d66b958d56c3.png

Scheme 9 ubonisa ukubola Proton.
1 - i t e + Δ; 2 - neutrino υ; 3 - layers triplet neutrino; 4 - neutron, owalathwe N1 uphawu neutron kulula kwi ubunzima triplet aqhelekileyo kunye neutrinos, kunye umbusi neutrinos, nje ubunzima triplet.

I-atom inguqulelo ye Proton ibe neutron kongezwe triplet elektroniki neutrinos.

Ngoku ke ngokuqinisekileyo zithi ukuba ukuzalwa iphela ekhoyo amasuntswana ezithathu zaseprayimari izinzile ziye zidalwe: i photon, neutron kunye neutrino. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kusekutsha 1940. G.Gamov yemvelo esisebenza phezu ingcamango khozimologi.Sonke of "Big Bang", kulindeleke ukuba indalo kwasekuqaleni baba iqulunqwe nto kodwa neutron ezibangelwa ukuwa, kwafuneka ukuba ibe protons, electron kunye antineutrinos.

Ukwazi ubunzima iziyobisi, ivolyum isithuba wendalo yaye ingqimba neutron, sinako ukubona inani neutron kwakhiwa, leyo ~ 102 ilungu noshowo ngemeta, kuba amaxesha 1020 ngaphantsi kwe yaba ziluhlaza kwakhiwa. Ubunzima neutron eliphuma (ngesiseko) ubunzima into ekuyo yonke ngokulinganayo 1052..1053 ~ kg (iminyele, iinkwenkwezi, izijikelezi, kunye nabanye.).

Oku kuchaza inani neutron nokuba lobushushu eliphezulu ekudaleni neutron 1013 K, iqondo lobushushu iphela medium wahlala phantse ziyafana ukuyilwa kwento photon 1010 K.

Ngoku siyazi ukuba, ekuqalekeni kwakukho ukuyilwa neutron.

Nucleation yaqala neutron ukunxulumana electron kwaye i ezintathu mikhosi "ubuthathaka" intsebenziswano yombane ngeeyunithi triplet cala (bona. Umfanekiso 6). (Apha, i intsebenziswano umbane "ubuthathaka" ifaniswa intsebenziswano "onamandla" magnetic). Emva koko, iiyunithi triplet amandla intsebenziswano "strong 'ngemagnethi (kunye Umatshini neutrino), simanyene triplet neutrino kwitsheyini apho (kwindawo yonke magnetic) kunye neutron kwasekwa (bona. Scheme 7).

I-neutron kuphumela (photon ngokuba bume yonke kubushushu ka-1010 K) ubethwa amasuntswana eyaneleyo photon ezingenamandla. Energy amandla isenzo amasuntswana photonic (kubushushu elinikiweyo) kwakonele ukuba ndimaphule electron-i link neutron imikhosi enxulumene "ubuthathaka" intsebenziswano zombane phezu ezibandaknywayo ukwenza Proton moya "amaqhekeza" - triplet ngekhompyutha kunye neutrinos, njengoko kubonisiwe scheme 8.

Njengoko lobushushu okukufutshane lihla ziluhlaza medium amandla inyathelo uba ayanelanga ukuba ukungena kwicandelo iinxalenye neutron zalo kunye nenkqubo ukuguqulwa neutron kwi Proton iphela.

Isibakala sokuba iiyunithi neutron wabumba ukusuka triplet neutrino chain kuqinisekisiwe nangenxa ukulingana kunye ubunzima neutron esinobunzima yokuchitheka iindawo, ngamanye amazwi neutron ngobuninzi lilingane ubunzima amasuntswana kwaphulwa - Proton triplet electron kunye neutrino.

m (n) = m (p) + m (e-Δ) + m (υ), apho
m (e-Δ) - ubunzima triplet electron (bona yeshadi-3.), lingana ubunzima electron ezintathu eyodwa;
m (υ) - ubunzima neutrino (bona yeshadi-2.), lingana ubunzima elektroni abane abangatshatanga, ngoko mn = 1,6727 · 10-27 + 0,00213 · 10-27, apho phantse kulingana nobunzima neutron (phakathi wekhadi).

Makhe sibone ukuba kwenzeka ntoni elandelayo, xa ukubola neutron?

Neutrinos, njengokuba yamasuntswana cala into yemisebe emajukujukwini. triplet Electronic njengoko i yamasuntswana kagesi phantsi kweempembelelo imikhosi umoya le Proton, iya kutshintsha indlela yayo yesetyhula esijikeleziswa ezijikeleze Proton, ngaloo ndlela bakha atom hydrogen. Umxholo hydrogen (i inguqu neutron ibe Proton) kwintekelelo yokuba izazinzulu ekuqaleni indalo ~ 93%.

Ngexesha lokusekwa neutron kunye Proton lisigqibile isigaba sesibini kwisuntswana ephambili iphela waza waqalisa kwinqanaba elilandelayo - ekukuyo ukuyilwa iminyele kunye mongo imichiza.
Ukuze ayilungise isishwankathelo iziphumo.

Njengoko kubonakala, kwindalo iphela ekuqaleni umba yayikhona izityholo esahlukileyo - electron kunye positrons.

Lo mba asivelanga aphume nto, abe engalubambi unyamalale ngokupheleleyo, udlula kuphela ukusuka kwenye imo (ime ngxi) ukuya kwenye imo (urhulumente sesindululo).

Imeko kwenye umba motion sikhatshwe ukuyilwa kwisuntswana lokuqala - i photon. imfundo photon kwaye ekuqaleni ukuzala yonke landayo.

Isithuba ukwandisa yonke ngokufanayo (ngokufanayo kwaye isotropically) azalisa Wawuzalisa umcimbi magnetic (photon medium).

Ngoku siyazi ukuba ukwandiswa iphela kungenxa utshintsho lomba bekwimo kasabatha imo motion yayo, ukutsho oko, Yonke yanda ngeendleko yonke iphela, okanye, ngokungathi kunjalo, indawo yonke yoxolo.

I-magnetic bume, nazwe yokugqibela inxalenye Yonke - neutron. Xa kuwohloka neutron kunye Proton kuyilwa, ngokulandelelana, i-atom into yokuqala - hydrogen.

Hydrogen, njengoko kuqulethe yamasuntswana kakuhle wamwisela - Proton kwaye kakubi wamwisela amasuntswana - elektroni, lihamba kwindawo magnetic ngayo indalo (ngaphantsi inyathelo amandla nemagnethi) ezijikeleze kuyilwa (setyhula) "lutyhido 'kwento apho kwasekwa (kwaye kwasekwa) iminyele, iinkwenkwezi, izijikelezi yaye, ngokunjalo, lonke ihlabathi jikelele.

Le imvelaphi iphela yaye ihlabathi yendalo enengqondo.