Eyona engundoqo amanqanaba loqoqosho zophuhliso, izihloko kunye neendlela. Economics Modern

ubomi kumphakathi zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Ukuze ukufunda amacandelo ahlukeneyo abantu bayo ubukho uye wadala iintlobo lwamacandelo zenzululwazi. Enye yazo theory kwezoqoqosho. ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kufuneka isifundo kwale nzululwazi ukuqala kwimbali imvelaphi yayo kunye nophuhliso. Oku kuza kuvumela ulwazi olungcono ingqeqesho nzima.

Ukumiselwa yoqoqosho

Kukho utoliko ezahlukahlukeneyo olu qeqesho ezininzi kwaye capacious, nganye ichanekile. Kwelinye icala, uqoqosho - lo msebenzi yezoqoqosho. On the enye - wesizwe okanye indlu. I ingxoxo ukuya zezoqoqosho zoshishino, ushishino, okanye lonke elo lizwe. Kodwa ukuba kunjalo, le mfundiso isiseko naluphi na uluntu.

Le yimeko inkqubo yobomi-inkxaso, zokusombulula ingxaki kuphela yemveliso, kodwa ukuba ukwabiwa ngakumbi kunye nokusetyenziswa ezahlukeneyo impahla. Sinokutsho ukuba uqoqosho iye yavela nendoda. Namhlanje, lisaqhubeka khona ukuze kuxhamle bonke abantu.

Economics

Elivela kuzo naziphi na iinkalo amalinge zangaphambili abantu ukusombulula imiba ethile enxulumene ekubonelelweni yobomi babo. Economy kunye nenzululwazi lwezoqoqosho wabonakala ngenxa yesi sizathu. Kuthiwa Ekuthwaseni ulwazi kubantu ingqeqesho wandivelisa nkqu kuluntu likumgangatho ophantsi, xa inxalenye ethile nganye imveliso kufunxwa ifunyenwe ngamnye amalungu alo.

inzululwazi Economic ufunda imithetho ukunceda urhulumente, inkampani okanye umntu ukusombulula iingxaki zalo zoqoqosho. Kungenxa yoko le nto ulwazi olu qeqesho kubalulekile kuphuhliso naluphi na uluntu.

izigaba ukubunjwa

Economics kunye nenzululwazi kwezoqoqosho waqhubeka nokuguquguquka naloo ndoda. Imithetho kunye nemigaqo yale uqeqesho zirekhodwe okokuqala Amaxwebhu akhutshwe amazwe East Ancient. Yaba ikhowudi lomthetho waseBhabheli, lowo wamthabatha emva BC 8 ekhulwini. e. imithetho ubuntu Economic ibhalwe eBhayibhileni. Basonta we2 1 nkulungwane BC.

Kukholelwa ukuba ezi zigaba eziphambili kuphuhliso lenzululwazi loqoqosho usenalo imvelaphi yayo eluntwini yamandulo. Ukuvela olu qeqesho ezinxulumene neRoma yamandulo kunye Greece, imisebenzi zobulumko. Ekuqaleni, bona ingqalelo kuphela imisebenzi yokukhokela indlu kunye nekhaya.

Kananjalo Kukholelwa ukuba zigaba eziphambili inzululwazi yezoqoqosho njengoko isiyalo ezimeleyo kwenzeka kuphela kwiinkulungwane 16-17. Oku kwenzeka ngexesha ukuvela inkqubo yobungxowankulu. Yaba e laqala eli xesha ukuphuhlisa unxibelelwano phakathi kwishishini naphakathi iintsapho baqalisa ukwenza kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe nezesizwe. Urhulumente uya waqalisa ukunikela ingqalelo ubomi bezoqoqosho yoluntu. Konke oku isizathu sokuba ukusasazwa ngokubanzi ingqeqesho kwi imveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwempahla ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Izigaba ezingundoqo zophuhliso zibandakanya ezoqoqosho kunye ukuvela yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko. Lo gama entsha yokuqala ukuvela ngenkulungwane ye-17. emva kokuba incwadi Antuana De Montchretien - yezoqoqosho ukusuka eFransi. Yabasebenzi, leyo kuthiwa "ama kwi kuQoqosho zezopolitiko", liphuhlise ingcamango imfuneko ulawulo olungqongqo urhulumente imarike ekhoyo. ayisa kuqwalaselwa apho kukho ulawulo yekhaya. umnotho waqala ukumela inzululwazi imithetho lokusekwa kwiimalike zikazwelonke. Ngamanye amazwi, ingqeqesho iye yandiswa kakhulu imihlaba uphando yayo. Ezi zigaba eziphambili kuphuhliso lenzululwazi loqoqosho (ngokufutshane).

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le ngcamango zokuvelisa kunye nokusasazwa ezahlukahlukeneyo iimpahla kwilizwe ngalinye ubizwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, eTurkey, kwaye Sweden i "loqoqosho lwesizwe", yaye elide izandi Finnish ezifana 'imfundiso kuqoqosho. " In Russia mihla, igama isiyalo "ingcamango kwezoqoqosho jikelele."

endabeni yokufunda

Ngawo onke amaxesha, abezoqoqosho banomdla kuluhlu olubanzi imingeni ejongene abantu. Kungenxa yoko le nto kungekho intsingiselo efanayo nomba wengxoxo uqeqesho. Nangona ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba lijongene nenzululwazi eziphathekayo kakuhle-ntle yabantu, ngoxa abanye baye babonisa ukuba ingcamango imisela intlangano yokusebenzisa nokutshintshiselana. Kwakukho nezinye izimvo ezininzi.

ezoqoqosho Modern kuvela kwinyaniso yokuba into isifundo wayo ingxaki kwezibonelelo elithile eluntwini kunye Infinity iimfuno zabantu eziphathekayo. Ingqeqesho yanamhlanje uluntu elisombulula ingxaki yokufumana inzuzo enkulu ngendleko ephantsi ezenziweyo.

inkqubo Sciences ngezoqoqosho umbono jikelele. Xa olu qeqesho kukho amacandelo amathathu eziphambili:

- Intshayelelo kwithiyori kwezoqoqosho;
- Microeconomics;
- Uqoqosho lwesizwe.

Onke amacandelo kubugcisa bezoqoqosho ziyakubaluleka kakhulu. Noko ke, ngowokuqala kubo kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo. Iqhuba iimpawu ezingundoqo kunye methodological. Kungenxa yoko le nto akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ukufunda uphuhliso zombini ngemithamo kunye Uqoqosho lwesizwe.

Icandelo lesibini uxilonga iiyunithi zoqoqosho ezincinane inzululwazi, enika ingcaciso izigqibo ezenziwe ziinkampani kunye nabantu. Ke bona yoqoqosho olukhulu, kukho lo mkhuba omkhulu isifundo emarikeni, oko kukhokelele kwinqanaba kukarhulumente kunye noluntu. Amacandelo yesibini neyesithathu ngokucacile economics abangenanto. Economic and Uqoqosho zihlobene. Oku akumangalisi, kuba zonke izigqibo ezithathwe kwinqanaba kwezolimo, kuba nefuthe ngqo kwi ukuyilwa imarike yesizwe.

Isebenza isiyalo kwezoqoqosho

Yintoni indima nenzululwazi zemveliso kunye nokusasazwa eluntwini benefits? Umsebenzi main yoqoqosho - ngokwasengqondweni. Ukuziphatha ichaza, lushwankathela aze achaze zonke iinkqubo kweemveliso.

inkqubo Sciences Economic isekelwe phezu kuqoqosho, nto leyo sisiseko esingundoqo methodological ndlela yawo yonke. Lo msebenzi yesibini iphambili kolu qeqesho. Theory, izixhobo kunye beneempahla isifundo kuqoqosho korhwebo kunye noshishino, ezothutho, okutya njalo njalo. D.

inzululwazi Economic lisebenza umsebenzi practical. Libhekisela onke amanyathelo ezinqwenelekayo nengathandekiyo kunye namanyathelo ukuba kubalulekile ukwenzela ukuchuma kuluntu kwi zinga elinikiweyo yophuhliso lwayo.

Kukho sciences ezithile zentlalo noqoqosho. Owona msebenzi wawo ukuhlola iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha zentlalo zomntu. Ezi zenzululwazi ziquka yokuhlalisana kunye nenzululwazi kwezopolitiko, kwengqondo. Lo mba isihloko kwezi nkalo ezilala phezu kunye nesifundo zokufunda kwethiyori kwezoqoqosho.

indlela

Isifundo ingqalelo nayiphi na inzululwazi, olufundwa kunye ngoncedo iindlela ezithile. Iindlela ezoqoqosho ezahlukileyo. uluhlu lwabo kubandakanya:

1. logic olusesikweni. It ivumela izenzakalo zoqoqosho zifundwa imilo kunye nesakhiwo.
2. Uhlalutyo. Le ndlela ibandakanya isifundo nomba weendawo ngasinye ngokwahlukeneyo.
3. Induction. Le ndlela ulandele ukusuka ethile ukuya jikelele, kunye ukwakha isiseko izibakala eziqokelelweyo theory ethile.
4. Isixa. Lo mgaqo esisiseko yale ndlela kukuba ukwakha nantoni na awayefike sele ezithi ke ngoko xa kuthelekiswa ne- nyaniso.
5. Comparison. Le ndlela, ebonisa ukufana nomahluko phakathi kweenkqubo kunye nokuhlalisana ivumela ukuba bachonge amagama amatsha sele bafunda.
6. Lo mfanekiso. Le ndlela iquka ukutshintshwa iipropati ezithile ukuba wafunda lo mkhuba ongaziwa.
7. Dialectics. Kuyinto indlela esebenzisa uluhlu olubanzi iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufunda.
8. Isakhiwo yenzululwazi. It busenza ukungaguquleki zonke ngezenzeko kwisigaba kwezoqoqosho, ukongeza efundwayo.
9. Indlela zembali. Le ndlela ivumela ukuqikelela esineempawu ezithi unayo inkqubo ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho.
10. Indlela ubhalo. ukusetyenziswa kwayo inikeza inguqulelo phambili, ukususela kokulula ukuya koko kuntsonkothileyo ngakumbi.

iindlela ezikhoyo ezoqoqosho ziquka zombini ucikizeko olukhulu loqoqosho kunye zemathematika. Yinkcazelo lula leyinene. Loo imodeli kuya kunceda ekugqibeni ityala ezahlukeneyo iziganeko kwezoqoqosho, utshintsho zabo, iipateni, kunye nefuthe ukuba bathethe.

Imvelaphi ngezoqoqosho

Systematization kubaluleke kakhulu noluntu, ingqeqesho waba ngaxeshanye kunye nokusekwa kwe States. Izinyathelo zokuqala kwenzululwazi kwezoqoqosho ezibe zebhola Zamandulo. Imvelaphi yalo noqeqesho kubonakala imisebenzi zobulumko kunye neerhuluneli karhulumente. Ezi iinkcuba baye bafuna ukuba idealize uluntu khoboka kunye noqoqosho zendalo, sithembele imigaqo yokuziphatha, yokuziphatha kunye neendlela zokuziphatha.

Kumanqanaba okuqala ezisisiseko ezoqoqosho zophuhliso ziye wacanda zobulumko Greece yamandulo. Kwiincwadi zakhe, ukuba systematized ingcamango obonisa akukacaci zemveliso kunye nokusasazwa kobutyebi. Ngaloo ndlela kwabakho ukuvela uqeqesho omtsha, nto leyo iba imbonakalo yenzululwazi.

Uluhlu iinkcuba emikhulu noXenophon, uPlato noAristotle. Kwaye ke izigaba ezingundoqo bezoqoqosho zophuhliso ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya kwiintsuku ngoku, akunakwenzeka ukuchaza ngaphandle ukukhankanya ezi izazinzulu. Ngapha koko, ingcamango uPlato ngayo "kuqoqosho" iye yaziswa. Lo bulumko kuqala kwenziwe iinzame ukuxhasa ukuchaneka lahlule yabasebenzi kunye ezichongiweyo amacandelo afana kurhwebo, yobugcisa kunye nezolimo. NoXenophon kukhetha ekufuyeni kunye ingcamango zendalo ubukho singabakhululekileyo kunye namakhoboka.

igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lenzululwazi lwezoqoqosho ezenziwe uPlato. Wadala ingcamango imeko efanelekileyo, ngokususela kubukho leyo okusesikweni. Ngokutsho kwakhe, kwinkqubo a loluntu ezifana wonke umntu kufuneka enze kuphela oko unako ukwenza kakhulu.

Ukwenza igalelo kuphuhliso lenzululwazi kwezoqoqosho wenze noAristotle. imisebenzi yakhe wawubonisa zonke iinkalo ulwazi ezazikho ngelo xesha. Ngokutsho Aristotle, ubukhoboka - sisiseko zayo nayiphi inkqubo esemthethweni, namakhoboka - izixhobo ubomi. Noko ke, waqiqa ukuba umntu akakwazi ayisekho ngaphandle karhulumente kunye noluntu.

Development of kubugcisa bezoqoqosho ziya kuqhubeka ngexesha yokwenza uqoqosho feudal. Kulo mzekelo, le ngcamango zokuvelisa kunye nokuhanjiswa sisityebi zakwalizwi. Bebhala zobulumko kumaXesha Aphakathi ukuba wayegwetyelwe ukukhonya kwezoqoqosho yeenkosi yonqulo wempangelo wobukhosi. Enye yezi izazinzulu yaba laseburhulumenteni Arab, sobulumko mbali Ibn Khaldun.

Izigaba ezingundoqo economics zophuhliso iinkqubo loqoqosho ayinakuchazwa ngaphandle ngokubhekiselele imisebenzi yakhe. Ibn Khaldun zanyanzelisa ekupheliseni ukubawa ukumosha, kakubi wathetha ngayo imicimbi emikhulu usurious kwaye kubangwe wezandla yesisa. Mu kuya kwa nshita neengcamango zobulumko zamandulo, sobulumko Arabhu wamvusa imali eyenziwe ngokohlobo zemali yegolide nesilivere, waya kudidi izinto ezibalulekileyo ebomini kwezoqoqosho.

E Western Yurophu, ababhali kakhulu zeengcinga kwezoqoqosho kumaXesha Aphakathi kwakukho eSt Augustine kunye Foma Akvinsky. Eyokuqala kwezi zobulumko mabini zanyanzelisa imfuneko yabasebenzi jikelele, evakalisa ingcamango yokulingana lokuphila engqondweni nasemzimbeni. Ngelo xesha uRhazes mnye ingqalelo isono esikhulu ukufumana iingeniso zorhwebo kunye nemisebenzi usurious.

Ngokutsho kwithiyori Fomy Akvinskogo, zonke izinto zehlabathi bengengabo bantwini, uthetha kuThixo. Kungenxa yoko le nto kufuneka jikelele endalweni. Sobulumko ngecala adle abantu ngayo, kodwa baphikelela imfuneko yobukho kweeklasi kunye nepropati yabucala kwezentlalo.

Ukusekwa kwezikolo theory kwezoqoqosho

Oku yaphela ngemihla ezimnyama zamaXesha Aphakathi. Kodwa iingxaki ezisisiseko kwenzululwazi kwezoqoqosho isekho. Baya kukugcina yokuba zobulumko kumazwe yamandulo zehlabathi kunye kumaXesha Aphakathi ayikwazanga ukwenza imfundiso eyodwa. amehlo abo yaba umlinganiswa zale ncwadi.

I Renaissance yaba ixesha ngendalo yesikolo yokuqala kwethiyori kwezoqoqosho. Waye wabizwa mercantilism ukuba "urhwebo" kuthetha e Latin. Amarhamente lo mbono ezichongiweyo ubutyebi besizwe kunye nesilivere negolide, umthombo leyo kwisigaba ejikeleza. Abameli kwesi sikolo ebengaveli bempilo. Inkoliso yabo ngabarhwebi-omkhulu.

Ngaloo mihla, xa kwenziwe ezifunyaniswe ezinkulu geographical, kwasekwa mercantilism ekuqaleni. Okwenziweyo oku yaba phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-16. Abameli kwesi sikolo babona indlela esemthethweni kuphela ukwandisa ubutyebi. Bona Akuvumelekanga ukuthunyelwa yegolide nesilivere, kwakunye unganciphisa imisebenzi yokungenisa.

Ukususela 16 kwinkulungwane ye-17 ukuya kwaba isifingo mercantilism emva kwexesha. Isiseko le mfundiso sikolo kukunyusa ukuhamba kumazwe angaphandle, xa kuthelekiswa nezinto zorhwebo. Amalungu ukuba lwesikolo mercantilism kade babekholelwa ukuba lizwe liya kuba etyebile, lo gama kugcinwe uzinzo urhwebo esebenzayo. Abameli oku bavunyelwa ukuba nenxaxheba kumazwe aphesheya zegolide nezesilivere. Oku kuvumela urhwebo zibe kakuhle. Ngelo xesha, umsebenzi yokungenisa erhafiswa enkulu elizweni kakhulu bamkelekile.

Iingxaki isayensi kwezoqoqosho ukusukela kwisiqingatha sesibini ngenkulungwane ye-18. It elisombulula imfundiso Physiocrats. Ngenxa yesi sizathu isikolo French ziingcali zezoqoqosho zadalwa.

Physiocrats ixoxe ukuba ngumthombo wobutyebi nawuphi hlanga kwindawo yemveliso eziphathekayo, kungekhona ejikeleza. Ngelo xesha linye bethetha ngokubaluleka zabasebenzi kwezolimo kuphela. Amarhamente yale theory yahlulwe lonke uluntu zibe abantu kwizintlu ezintathu:

- abalimi;
- abanini ezweni;
- bonke abanye abemi.

Owokugqibela ezi ndidi zintathu Physiocrats bekusithiwa uludlolo.

School Classical of Economy Political

Igama oku kwakunjalo ukuba uhlobo iindlela zabo kunye iithiyori zenzululwazi. School of Uqoqosho lezopolitiko yabonakala ngenkulungwane ye-17 emva kwexesha., Ufikelela incopho yawo kwiinkulungwane 18-19. Kuphuhliso, le meko kufuneka yabelwe izigaba ezine. Eyokuqala kwezi wathabathela ekupheleni 17 ukuya kwisiqingatha sesibini ngenkulungwane ye-18. Eli xesha xa rhwebo olukhula ngokukhawuleza nabacinga kwezoqoqosho swi kwinqanaba kwemveliso. Abameli kwesi sikolo, kuquka eliNgesi Uilyam Petti kunye engumFrentshi uPierre Buagilberg wayesithi ukuba isizwe esisityebi nje kuphela ngenxa amatye anqabileyo. inenxaxheba ebalulekileyo efanele ukuyithatha indlu nomhlaba, iimpahla kunye neenqanawa.

Xa wesithathu yokugqibela ngenkulungwane ye-18. isigaba sesibini kuphuhliso loqoqosho yamandulo lwezopolitiko. Kweli xesha le kubhalwe kuyo kwathiwa imisebenzi Adam Smith - sobulumko Scottish kunye yezoqoqosho. Uye wenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso loqoqosho, esicacisa ingqeqesho nje ingcamango ecacileyo, ukufumana ubudlelwane phakathi zonke izinto zawo. Adam Smith ukuba kuphela self-umdla kubangela ukuba umntu nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho. Ngokutsho sobulumko, bonke abantu bafuna ukuqokelela ubutyebi kunye nokuphucula imeko yabo yemali. Kulo mzekelo, kwenziwa umsebenzi ngamnye kunegalelo kwabaxhamla yoluntu. -Sobulumko babekholelwa ukuba imithetho Economics luya kusebenza kuphela kwiimeko kukhuphiswano simahla kunye nentshukumo simahla eyinkunzi, iimpahla kunye nemali.

Kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-19. Isigaba sesithathu yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko yesikolo. Eli xesha xa uninzi kumazwe aphuhlileyo igqityiwe revolution yezoshishino.

A ummeli ebalulekileyo yale esikolweni D. Ricardo. Bona ukudalwa uqoqosho lakudala yezopolitiko lwagqitywa. Riccardo merit wethu ke intetho yayo kwingqeqesho kwi ukulandelelana kwaye odola ekhoyo ngexesha kolwazi kwezoqoqosho. Izazinzulu yaqulunqa ingcamango abanethuba, leyo wakhonza njengobungqina yorhwebo eyinzuzo elinganayo ngamazwe.

Indawo ebalulekileyo loqoqosho kuphuhliso loluntu sele lixoxiwe yesine, iqonga yokugqibela yesikolo uqoqosho yamandulo lwezopolitiko, olwaqala uphila kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19. Abameli ubalaseleyo kule Movement uJohn Stuart Mill kunye uKarl Marx.

Xa umsebenzi wabo, izazinzulu ziye wakholosa amalungiselelo yesikolo yamandulo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ukubeka phambili iingcamango ezintsha. Bamela malunga imfuneko nxaxheba karhulumente kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nezentlalo yoluntu, sathetha malunga nenkqubo yali, ukukhusela kwaye bakhusele imfuno zabasebenzi. Ngoko ke, uKarl Marx wadala ingcamango intshabalalo engaphephekiyo yongxowankulu nokucwangciswa kunokwenzeka uluntu ngaphandle propati yabucala, apho kamva ayizange kuqinisekiswa practice.

izikolo mihla

Zininzi iindlela ezintsha kwezoqoqosho kuye kwenziwa Ekuveleni kweyama-19 kunye 20. Ezi zikolo zithathwa ukuba abe mihla. Ngelo xesha xa inzululwazi kwezoqoqosho isicelo indalo, kwasekwa ngendlela efana institutionalism. Igama eli gama lithetha "amanyathelo", and "custom" yaye "umyalelo".

Izigaba ezingundoqo ezoqoqosho zophuhliso institutionalism kuyinto exhalabisa wemigangatho eyahlukeneyo oluntu. Kodwa esi sikolo, ngokungafaniyo bonke abanye, lisekelwe kwingcamango "ulawulo loluntu" phezu kwinqanaba kwezoqoqosho.

Institutionalism wadlula ngezigaba ezintathu. Ukuphela wokuqala kwabo-imi- 20-30 kwinkulungwane yama-20. Isigaba sesibini waqhubeka kwaze 60-70s. Yaba ixesha ingqalelo iingxaki zendawo, izifundo nemibutho yabasebenzi kunye kuphikisana ezikhoyo kuphuhliso lwezentlalo noqoqosho yongxowankulu. Xa Isigaba sesithathu abameli isikolo wafunda isiphumo iinkqubo ezenzekayo kwinkalo yezoqoqosho kubomi bentlalo.

Institutionalism has imiyalelo ezininzi:

- ekuhlaleni nasemthethweni;
- ngokwasengqondweni;
- olungenelelayo kunye manani.

Phakathi kwezinto ezintsha kwezoqoqosho wabalaselisa Marginalism. abameli balo baba yeyokuqala ezimbalini inzululwazi baye bazama ukuhlola isenzeko yemarike esebenzisa iindlela zezibalo, wabeka isiseko kwithiyori lonikezelo imikhosi onemveliso, ukuba achaze indlela yokuziphatha abantu umnqweno wabo ukukwandisa eluncedo njalo njalo. D.

Kukho kwakhona theory omtsha kwezoqoqosho, ezifana Keynesianism kunye zeniyo-Keynesianism, dirigisme nasemva-Keynesianism, monetarism kunye inqubo.