Epidemic - Yintoni le? Kubanga kwesifo

Epidemic - oku kusasazwa isithuba kunye nexesha sisifo esosulelayo, umgangatho apho izihlandlo eziliqela mkhulu isibonisi-manani ebhaliswe kwintsimi sisilonda. Amaxhoba esi sifo iba eninzi yabantu, xa somlinganiselo elikhulu-isikali isenzo losulelo akanayo imida kwaye ithatha indawo encinci, yaye lonke elo lizwe. ukuqhambuka ngalinye kwahluka engaphambili kwaye lukhatshwa iimpawu nengcambu, kuxhomekeke ezintweni ezininzi. Le sezulu, imozulu, womoya, indawo zokuhlala, iimeko zentlalo-sanitary. usulelo ubhubhane virus iphawulwa yinkqubo eqhubekayo nokusasazeka ukusuka komnye umntu iye komnye, nto leyo ithetha nomxokelelwane esiqhubekayo nangendlela ecwangciswe kakuhle ngokulandelelana asakhasayo iimeko esosulelayo.

Disease, ezikhula zibe nezifo

Izifo eziyingozi kakhulu, kuthatha uhlobo ngubhubhani zezi:

• Sichotho.
• Kholera.
• Influenza.
• Udila.
• Yesifo.
• Ebola.

Black Death - isibetho

Plague (aka "Black Death") - sisifo esibi, abatshabalalisa imizi yonke, ongekho emhlabeni lali kunye ilali. Sisihlandlo sokuqala sifo ibhalwe phantsi kwinkulungwane VI: kuba ilifu ongemhle zigutyungelwe ilizwe laseMpuma uBukhosi baseRoma, ngokubulala amakhulu amawaka abantu umlawuli wabo Justinian. Akuba ephumile eJiputa kwaye kwafikela empumalanga nasentshonalanga indlela - kunxweme of Africa ukuya Alexandria kwaye eSiriya nasePalestina ekuthinjweni West Asia - sisibetho 532 580 ngonyaka yantlitha amazwe amaninzi. indlela yakhe 'ukufa black "ukwenza iindlela zorhwebo kunye nemida yalo, unceremoniously bangena nzulu kweli lizwekazi. Yayo incopho isibetho sifikelelwayo, eyangena Greece kunye Turkey kule minyaka 541-542, uze ngoko kummandla Italy mihla, eFransi naseJamani. Nangona abemi Eastern uBukhosi baseRoma lacuthwa ngesiqingatha. Wonke umoya, icesina ephantsi-grade, umkhuhlane baba ingozi encinane kwaye akuqinisekisi ukuba ukuvuseleleka abantu kusasa.

yesibini iphulo lakhe isibetho ezoyikekayo kuphindwa kwinkulungwane XIV, echaphazela onke amazwe aseYurophu. Kwiminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu wolawulo esi sifo kwabulawa abantu abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-40. Izizathu ukusasazeka kakuhle le ntsholongwane xa ukunqongophala kwezakhono yococeko samabanga aphantsi, ubumdaka nendlala: jikelele. Phambi lesifo namandla oogqirha kunye neziyobisi kagqirha kunye nabo. Ukuze kulahlwe izidumbu wayeswele imimandla, ngoko Bawumbela isihogo enkulu leyo yazaliswa amakhulu izidumbu. amadoda amaninzi namandla, abafazi enomtsalane, kids ezithandekayo squinted njani ukufa ngenkohlakalo, ukuze ndibutshitshise umqokozo amakhulu ngezizukulwana.

Emva kwempumelelo oogqirha waqonda ukuba kwakufuneka ukusebenzisa bodwa abantu abagulayo ukusuka besempilweni. Emva koko, yaye livele ngokuhlaliswa, leyo umqobo wokuqala ukuba ulwe usulelo. Siya kwakha izindlu ezikhethekileyo apho izigulane ayegcinwe kangangeentsuku ezingama-40 ngaphantsi isithintelo engqongqo ukuya ngaphandle. Ufike Transport Maritime kwakhona bayalelwe ukuba zime phezu iindlela kangangeentsuku ezingama-40, ngaphandle kokushiya zibuko.

Iliza wesithathu bhubhani esi sifo waya China ngenkulungwane ye-19, ukuthatha naye iinyanga ezi-6 malunga 174 amawaka abantu. Ngowe-1896, waza wawabetha India, ngubani ukulahlekela xesha abangcangcazelisi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-12 zabantu. Ilandelwe yi-South Afrika, kuMzantsi nakuMntla Melika. iziphathi Chinese lwesibetho, umlinganiswa ukudumba esasifake yabe iinqanawa port nempuku. Xa ngokuthi koogqirha onesifo ukuba nizityhafise iimpuku amazwe kwenqwaba ukuya iintambo mooring kunxweme babonelelwa adume ngazo yesinyithi.

isifo kwabangcangcazelisayo angawaconganga naseRashiya. Ngowe XIII-XIV iinkulungwane umzi Glukhov kunye Belozersk wafa phandle ngokupheleleyo ESmolensk basinda abahlali-5. Kwiminyaka emibini uyesabeka Pskov kunye namaphondo Novgorod kwabulawa 250 amawaka abantu.

Iziganeko isibetho, nangona waya kabukhali ekuncipheni imi--30 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha wenza ngokwayo ngayo. Ukususela ngo-1989 ukusa kowama-2003 eMerika, eAsia, Afrika abhalwe amawaka 38. Amatyala yesifo sibetho. Kumazwe 8 (China, Mongolia, Vietnam, i-Democratic Republic of the Congo, i-United Republic of Tanzania, Madagascar, Peru, United States) Ubhubhane - ke ukuqhambuka yonyaka yokuphinda kunye njalo sizingise.

Iimpawu zokugula sibetho

zimpawu:

• imeko jikelele engcwabeni.
• Ukuphuhliswa ukudumba emiphungeni, iindawo nkovu kunye namanye amaziko.
• amaqondo obushushu aphezulu - up to 39-40 ⁰ C.
• yintloko ebuhlungu.
• isicaphucaphu rhoqo kunye nokugabha.
• Nesiyezi.
• Ugwayi.
• Ezingekho.

ifomu sifo

Ukongeza kule iimpawu ngentla, xa ifomu eluswini-ukudumba kwesi sifo kwindawo bale ntsholongwane umthondo indawo ebomvu livela, nokuba litshatshazi, laba igutyana ezele ubovu imixholo wamagazi. Pustules (h) kungekudala iyazigqabhuza, ukwakha sisilonda. Ingaba uphuhliso ukudumba ukwenza buboes kwiindawo nkovu, zibekwe kufutshane nendawo elalana iintsholongwane sibetho.

isifo pulmonary luphawulwa ukudumba emiphungeni (inyumoniya isibetho), sikhatshwe imvakalelo yokuswela umoya, ukukhohlela, imveliso zesikhohlela igazi i admixture.

sigaba isisu ihamba sorhudo lweenkcukacha, ngokufuthi kunye yencindi yomlomo kunye negazi kwi esitulweni.

uhlobo yokubolisa wesifo kunye nokopha kakhulu eluswini kunye ngenwebu yangaphakathi. Yena isebenza nzima yaye ngokufuthi akubulali ngokwendalo, esizibonakalisa yi ukunxila nogwali izilonda jikelele 2 - iintsuku ezi-3 (kuba inyumoniya) no-5 - 6 yonke imihla (ifom ukudumba). Ngaphandle ukufa unyango yi-99,9%.

unyango

Unyango wenziwa kuphela kwizibhedlele ezikhethekileyo. Ukuba ukrokrela ukuba esi sifo ifuneka ngokungxamisekileyo Ukuqhela izigulane, amagumbi kweentsholongwane kwaye disinfestation kwaye zonke izinto isigulana iye edangatyeni. Edolophini, apho isifo ibhaqwe, wafuna onesifo, ebanjwe ngogonyo likaxakeka chemoprophylaxis esebenzayo.

Umkhuhlane - "umkhuhlane Italian"

elide Kube sele eqhelekileyo ukuba abantu ababehlala lokufunyaniswa "umkhuhlane". Fever, umqala obuhlungu, impumlo esihambisayo - akujongwa ngokoyika ngendlela engaqhelekanga kwaye kunyangwa ngamayeza kunye alale. Sahlukile ngokupheleleyo elikhulu kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, xa wafa sesi sifo ngaphandle ubomi malunga nezigidi ezingama-40.

Umkhuhlane ngaye okokuqala ngexesha igqirha yamandulo omkhulu noHippocrates. Iqondo lobushushu ephakamileyo izigulane, intloko ebuhlungu kunye neentlungu kwezihlunu, kwakunye infectivity phezulu valyl ezantsi kwixesha elifutshane amakhulu abantu, zibe ngobhubhani, yakhula kakhulu apho ukugubungela amazwe lonke kunye amazwekazi.

KumaXesha Aphakathi, kokuqhambuka umkhuhlane asinto ingaqhelekanga abizwa ngokuba 'umkhuhlane Italian "njengoko izigulane ngempazamo abakholelwa ukuba umthombo losulelo yaba libalele Italy. Unyango equka infusions yokusela Nanjengomvumbi womfuno kunye nobusi, ukunceda ababuthathaka, yaye oogqirha ukuba asindise izigulane nto ngakumbi akwazi ukucinga. Kwaye phakathi kwabantu bhubhane yomkhuhlane Isisibetho esivela kuThixo ngenxa yezono, kunye nabantu wathandaza kuThixo ngethemba ukuba isifo uya uzakufun aukugqithisa ikhaya labo.

De bhubhane ngenkulungwane XVI - yaba usulelo ngaphandle igama, njengoko oogqirha ayikwazanga ukukhangela unobangela ukwenzeka kwayo. Ngokutsho hypothesis enye, oko kuvela ukusuka ulungelelwaniso ngolandelelwano othile imizimba yasezulwini. Oku wamnika igama lakhe lokuqala - ". Impembelelo, ifuthe" "umkhuhlane", Oko usho Italian Hypothesis yesibini - ngaphantsi enkondlo. Njalo ingenzeka le sisifo esosulelayo sele iboniwe kunye kokuqala kwekhefu kwiinyanga zasebusika, ukufumanisa ukuzalana sifo kunye okuvela emzimbeni.

Igama yanamhlanje "umkhuhlane" kwenzeka kwiinkulungwane ezintathu kamva, nakwiindlela French kwaye isiJamani "ukuqonda", esicacisa ngokukhawuleza ngenkangeleko yakhe: indoda phantse ngumbandela iiyure obanjiweyo phezulu Iingalo usulelo esosulelayo.

It unelungelo lokuba khona luguqulelo ukuba izithuba phakathi nezifo zentsholongwane influenza alichitha iintaka kunye nezilwanyana. Oogqirha kulo lonke ihlabathi zikwimeko loxinzelelo nokulungela rhoqo ukuze iliza elilandelayo yomkhuhlane ubhubhane lonke ixesha ukutyelela uluntu ukwimeko iguqulwe kancinane.

Namhlanje virus - Ebola

Okwangoku, abantu lijongene sisifo entsha - Ebola, apho nkqu kusungulwe nasiphi na indlela yomzabalazo, njengoko indyikityha entsha - kuba ngokupheleleyo lohlobo olungaziwayo sifo. Ukususela ngoFebruwari 2014 eGuinea, usulelo kwafikela eLiberia, Nigeria, Sierra - Leone, Senegal, Mali, eUnited States Spain.

Ubhubhane, nto leyo ebangela - ukunqongophala nococeko, ucoceko amahlwempu, kwakunye neenkolelo zonqulo ngenkalipho weyisayo awu mmandla. Ezandleni ukusasazeka ngokukhawuleza isifo esisulelayo - izithethe abantu balapha, apho kiss isidumbu kwi ukuhlukana ahlambe umzimba ufile wangcwatywa kufuphi emanzini, nto leyo ekhokelela kwitsheyini esiqhubekayo ukusulelwa abanye abantu.

amanyathelo azizithintelo ukunqanda izifo

Naluphi na ugqabhuko lwesifo alwenzeki kanye oko, yaye ngenxa ubudlelwane phakathi komntu nendalo.

Ngoko ke, ukunqanda ukusasazeka umbane losulelo olutsha ehlabathini lonke ukuba athathe amanyathelo othintelo alandelayo ayafuneka:

• ukucocwa intsimi, ugutyulo, ubonelelo lwamanzi;
• ukwandisa inkcubeko yempilo-ekukhuthazeni labantu;
• nokugcina imithetho ngococeko ;
• Ukuphathwa efanelekileyo kunye nokugcinwa kweemveliso;
• umda umsebenzi ekuhlaleni bacilli yenethiwekhi.