Dam - edamini phezu komlambo .... edamini kwakhiwa

Dam - isakhiwo enceda ukuvala ngokuvela amanzi okanye ukuhamba ngezo okanye ezinye iinjongo. Izakhiwo zokuqala olu hlobo zifunyenwe eYiputa, apho wayedla ukudala indawo yokugcina amanzi. Enjalo into, abembi baseJamani efumaneka ezimakhulu mabini ngeekhilomitha ukusuka eCairo. Yaba unina kunye negama lakhe "Garden al-Carafa", ebonakala kwiirekhodi ze nguHerodotus. Ngokubhekiselele iingcali ubudala yayo ningavumelani. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba yakhiwa ngo-3200 BC, abanye - ukuba phakathi kweminyaka 2950-2750. BC.

Yintoni edamini endala lalenziwe?

yaba edamini endala omkhulu njani? Esi sakhiwo kwabangela ludonga ngezitena kabini, phakathi apho kwakuba amaqhekeza amatye ngaphezu kwazotywa. Ubude le Crest, dama kwi neemitha ngaphezu kwe-100, ukuphakama ode waya kufikelela kwiimitha ezili-12. Iprojekthi efanayo ayivumelekanga ukuba yande ukuya kwiimitha million cubic yamanzi e Wadi el-Gharavi.

I-Chinese ndalakhela ezinkulu kuse emaphakadeni

Abanye ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba kwidama yeBronzi Age zakhiwa kuyo iingongoma yalo okanye impucuko zasekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, eMesopotamiya bafumana isakhiwo ilitye abasusela kwi-BC kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe. E Syria yamandulo wakha izakhiwo ezifanayo elinesihlanu lamakhulu eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba uKristu. (Nahr el Assi). zokwakha ezinkulu-isikali amadama yabonwa e-China yamandulo. Apha inkosi odumileyo, yaye kamva uMlawuli Yu, owathi ngo-2283 BC obambeleyo umlawuli wayalela bonke ulawulo lwamanzi kulwakhiwo bukhosi. Phantsi kwesikhokelo Yu Great (njengoko kubhaliwe nangoku kusithiwa), hayi yayakhiwe edamini nje omnye. Yaba ezinkulu zokwakha-scale kangangeenkulungwane kunye zeminyaka, nto leyo bavunyelwa ukuba kunyaka 250 BC ukuya emanzini, umzekelo, 50,000 ezikwere zeekhilomitha entlango ngenxa Sichuan Minjiang River. Kwaye e China, i-nkqubo kuye kwavela ukwakha yamanzi usebenzisa njengento ezifana i Arch.

Ke zenzelwe i Da Vinci ngokwakhe

EYurophu, apho ingxaki zokunkcenkceshela akubanga etsolo njengoko eAsia Afrika, idama wabonakala kakhulu kamva - ngenkulungwane ye-16. iinketho enhle, ngokukodwa, echazwe yemihla iSpanish ngo-1586, kodwa iinjineli bakholelwa ukuba izixhobo ngokwabo nga kwakhiwa kwiinkulungwane ngaphambili. Oku isekelwe kwinto yokuba inxaxheba buchopho zabo kuyilo ixesha - Leonado da Vinci, Malatesta, Mechin, kwakunye namava ezingasetyenziswanga, eyafika eYurophu emva abafowunelwa kunye Arabhu. Ngokomzekelo, siyazi ukuba enje zokwakha obonakala engenamandla kakhulu njengento idama yodongwe, esebenza kwenkulungwane ngaphambi kokuba luwela (yayakhiwe eFransi ngo-1196).

Ukusetyenziswa amadami Russia

Kuba Russia kunye amajelo amanzi esisityebi, ekuqaleni, angafunekiyo kakhulu edamini. Kodwa apha ziye zakho ukususela BC ngenkulungwane ye-14 yaye zazisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ze ematyeni zamanzi. Sisihlandlo sokuqala kumadama ezikhankanywe kwiTestamente Dmitriya Donskogo, kwabangelwa 1389. Of umdla kwezi zakhiwo wabonisa uPetros Omkhulu, ngoko ngenkulungwane ye-18, uBukhosi Russian wayesele izinto ezingaphezulu kwama-200, idama phakathi apho high zomdongwe - Zmeinogorsky. imithombo yamanzi ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ezo ze zisetyenziswe nemiqhaphu, ezemigodi namanye amashishini kweli xesha.

Dam - a isakhiwo yiHydraulic, nto leyo siyahambelana uhlobo oluthile lwento kuxhomekeka yokuhlela. Namhlanje abahlukunyezwa izixhobo ichibi vodoopuskayuschie kunye nokuphakamisa. amadama okugcina idla ngokuba phezulu kakhulu kwaye uyakwazi ukulawula ukulahlwa kwamanzi. izakhiwo elifanayo (umz, ukuba isixhobo silungele amachibi) Photo ngokuqhelekileyo nayo. Enye unit ebalulekileyo Ukuhlelwa into kukuba, kuxhomekeke kubunzulu yamanzi phambi zaplotom. Kwakukho encane ekwanti, eliphakathi kunye idama eliphezulu-uxinzelelo (15, 50, kunye neemitha-50 ngokulandelelana).

Amadama ukuze imilambo kunye nemiwonyo

Amadama kwi nemilambo kwakhiwa njenge umnqamlezo (ukuba aphakamise inqanaba lamanzi, yonke into uyawa, amandla apho thile ukusebenzisa; ukuba wenze nzulu yinxalenye emlanjeni ekugqithwa ngokuba iinqanawa), kwaye ngaphaya (kukhuseleko kwizandyondyo). Kwezinye iimeko, amadama Enye imilambo, ezingxingweni, sizizifanya - Abagcine amanzi ikhephu zinyibilikisiwe, ezithi ke ngoko esetyenziselwa ukunkcenkceshela okanye uyitshaje imisele iinqanawa.

izinto Basic aphehla

Ukubunjwa yamanzi ngokuqhelekileyo kuquka idama, ichibi ngaphambili okanye emva kwayo, ufakelo ukunyusa amanzi amathambeka ezimbaxa ngamanzi ukuba sicatshulwa kweentlanzi, ngawona amanzi (ukuba inkqubo Ikholveti), izakhiwo ekomelezeni unxweme kunye neenkqubo ukuhlanjululwa yodaka. izinto ezinkulu zenziwa of ufakelo lwesamente, kakuhle encinci kwakhiwa ukusuka emhlabeni, intsimbi, ikhonkrithi, iinkuni, okanye ilaphu. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ngexesha lezikhukula lwedama Komsomolsk-na-akhuselayo yayibandakanya wamajoni MES ubambe web umboniso ngokwayo, apho akazange avumele perehlestnut kwamanzi eziphezulu izakhiwo protective ezikhoyo.

Njengoko amanzi kungaba thatha umthwalo?

Enye Ulwahlulo kwamadama bubonisa indlela ezi zinto ukumelana imithwalo. zokwakha omxhuzulane ukuqonda ibetha bonke ubunzima kunye nokumelana ngenxa adhesion kwedama ubuvuvu onyawo, emi kuwo. Iinketho Ezo ngokuqhelekileyo omkhulu kakhulu. Umzekelo, edamini ngamanzi kwi-Indus emlanjeni (Tarbela Idama) lunobude malunga 143 eemitha, kwaye ubude - ngaphezulu kwe-2.7 km, nto leyo eyenza ukuba izigidi 130 cubic metres. metres. izinto enhle sikhupha uxinzelelo egcina imali. Ukuba arch iphangalele kwaye oluninzi yengcinezelo, ngoko isicelo imifuziselo arch-womxhuzulane okanye Iingqameko kunye enezixhaso esisekweni. KuDonga Olungaphandle ezahlukeneyo kuba ludonga sokurhuqa kwedama, kodwa iindleko eyandileyo elements kwesiseko podporochnyh. Ukwakha amadama namhlanje okanye indlela nezikhukhula bulk, kunye nendlela dubulo ngqo.

Imiphumo iingozi

Iingozi e emadamini abaziphethe iilahleko zemali enkulu, ekubeni utshabalalisa kuphela izixhobo ekhethekileyo, kodwa ukunqanda amashishini nesebenza umbane kunye namanzi kule edamini. amanzi maxa wambi zihlanjiwe iilali yonke, kwagcwala ozozogidi isityalo kulahleka. Kodwa into embi ukuba phantse ngokukhawuleza wabulala inqwaba, amakhulu amawaka abantu.

Ngoko ke, ngoMatshi 1928 kwi Canyon San Frantsiskito kwakukho ukutshatyalaliswa edamini yaseSt Francis, ngoko baphulukana amadoda amalunga namakhulu amathandathu, eziqwenga-multi imitha kwedama kubekwe malunga nekhilomitha ukusuka kwisayithi sekhefu. ESoviet Union ngexesha Enkulu Patriotic iMfazwe (1941) kwagqitywa ekubeni phantsi ngabom le Dnieper kwidama ngokunxulumene sihlaselwa amajoni amaNazi Zaporizhzhya. Ukwakhiwa kwabantu ngekhonkrithi yayonakele ngokuyinxenye kunye neetoni 20 ammonal. Indlela abantu abaninzi bafa ngoko, nangoku azichazwa ngqo. Biza amanani abantu amabini ukuya kwikhulu lamawaka, kuquka amajoni, iimbacu kunye nabantu, ezinokuthi zibe phezu kodonga lasekhohlo Dnieper, owazeka phantsi kwengqumbo i element amanzi.

Inani lilonke amaxhoba - malunga 230 amawaka abantu

ingozi Kwemfazwe kwi amadama umbane ezinkulu ziye zabangela ixhoba enkulu. Ngo-Agasti 1975, kuphela antywiliselwa kanti abantu 26,000, kwaye kuthathelwe ingqalelo kubhubhane abaqolileyo nendlala kwafa sele ifikelele 170-230 amawaka abantu Banqiao Dam Breakout. Emva koko yatshatyalaliswa malunga yesithathu million iinkomo bazitshabalalisa izindlu phantse zizigidi ezi-6 kunye nezakhiwo. iintsuku ezilishumi elinesibhozo kuhola lavalwa ukusuka Guangzhou ukuya eBeijing. Kwaye konke oku kwenzeke ngenxa idama, eyenzelwe inani eliphezulu kwemvula, akazange asinde ukumelana kwabo amanzi ezifikayo yi Typhoon "Nina". August 8, 1975 yeyona incinane kwedama liwa, ibangela ekubhobhozeni kwakhe amanzi kuwo Bantsao, apho ixesha elifutshane badlabhuka emadamini 62. Iliza ngenxa inalo ububanzi km 10 kunye ukuphakama kuyimitha ezintathu ukuya kwezisixhenxe. Ezinye iilali Chinese nahlanjwa ngokupheleleyo kude, kunye nabemi bazo.

Ukuthintela idama akwenza, namhlanje uthabathe inani amanyathelo, phakathi kwabo - ngokugcinwa parameters yoyilo wedama, ukuhlola ukuba ukuthobela ngexesha emsebenzini, kweliso ngexesha lokusebenza, ukuqokelela ezibonwayo nilibhale ulwazi, njalo njalo ngokuba nedama kukho ukungangqinelani ezimbini Iimfuno projekthi nokubalulwa :. "K1 "- injongosenzi a imeko engathi ibe yingozi yaye kufuneka amanyathelo engxamisekileyo ukujongana unobangela wayo, kwaye" K2 "- karhulumente pre-yonxunguphalo kutshatyalaliswa, kufuneka ukuhlangulwa kunye nomsebenzi ngobungxamo.