Con Bel - a ubuchule virtuoso lomculo. uqeqesho kwezwi. opera

Long line zemihlathi zomculo, iindinyana emnandi, nobabalo, ilizwi emangalisayo kunye ilifa ogqibeleleyo ubuhle virtuoso lomculo. Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane XVI-XVII becula apho esikolweni, banika ihlabathi owenza ubuchule azigxeke Italy, apho ukufunda kwemiqathango ezimnandi AmaTaliyane wamnika igama con uIzebhele (Bel gorilla) - ". Omnandi" Musa ukubaxa, ekuphawuleni ekuqaleni kweli xesha, ngexesha of vocals kumabala emidlalo kunye njengesiqalo uphuhliso oluqhubekayo uhlobo opera.

Ngemvelaphi opera e Florence

Wabonakala kwixesha ngexesha lokubhalwa opera zokuqala zifanele ukuzalwa kwabo kumalungu eqela elincinane abalandeli art samandulo, kwasekwa Florence waza wangena imbali musical njenge "sale Camerata." Fans yamandulo iphupha ntlekele Greek ukuvuselela uzuko owayesakuba uhlobo kwaye inoluvo lokuba abadlali musa ukudiza, kwaye ucula amagama besebenzisa itekisi-recitative, izandi omnandi inguqu egudileyo.

Imisebenzi yokuqala zibhaliwe ezincwadini zamabali yamandulo yamaGrike intsomi Orpheus, yaba negalelo ukuba ukuzalwa uhlobo zomculo elitsha - opera. Kodwa ukhonza yalo iinxalenye solo yezwi (kwiindawo) imnyanzele iimvumi ngokunzulu ukujongana ilizwi uqeqesho, nto leyo ebangele ukuba umculo omnandi art - gorilla Bel. Oku kuthetha ukukwazi kumgwebo Yokutshayelela ngamaqhekeza emnandi kwi impefumlo elide lo gama kugcinwe olugudileyo isandi kuyo ibinzana somculo.

isikolo Neapolitan

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVII wambumba ngokwesithethe opera Neapolitan ukuba yamkelwe eqongeni ubugcisa con Bel. Kwaba zombini nesicwangciso sophuhliso Florentines, kunye notshintsho yayo. E Naples, i ukudlala icandelo engundoqo umculo zentsimbi kunye neengoma, hayi isihobe, esalinikwayo indima enkulu kweli xesha. Le ezintsha ukomeleza abaphulaphuli yaye wenza uqhwithela ngomdla.

abaqambi Neapolitan ngokokwakheka baguqula opera. Baye asimshiyanga ukusetyenziswa recitatives, leyo yahlulwe ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo: kunye (lalikhatshwa okhestra) kunye owomileyo, equlethe ulwazi olunikwe ngendlela kwincoko phantsi taxi enqabileyo harpsichord ukugcina umsindo womculo. uqeqesho uyakhala, eyaba inyanzelekile ukuba abenzi bobubi, ukwanda ukuthandwa lwamanani solo, imilo leyo nayo izalwe utshintsho. Kwakukho bendlela ezithile, apho abalinganiswa ukuvakalisa iimvakalelo ngokubanzi, ngokunxulumene le meko kwaye hayi ngokusekelwe umfanekiso okanye umlinganiswa. Kuxhalaba nina, buffoonery, yobuqu, bendlela inkanuko yokuziphindezela - embindini opera Neapolitan ezaliswe isiqulatho ophilayo.

Alessandro Scarlatti (1660-1725)

Umqambi Outstanding kunye ungumzondeleli Scarlatti wehla waya embalini njengoko umseki yesikolo opera Naples. Wadala imisebenzi ngaphezulu kwama-60. Uhlobo opera kakhulu (opera Seria), yenziwe yi Scarlatti, encediswa ibali wentsomi okanye yembali ngobomi abalinganiswa dumeke. Opera labasibekela ngolutya yokusebenza sedrama kunye recitatives kwafakwa Aryans.

Uluhlu olubanzi vocals kwi opera esinzulu landiswa ezazifuneka kwafuneka ukuba bathobele ilizwi operatic. Amagcisa lugqibelele ubugcisa ukucula, nangona ngamanye amaxesha oku kwakhokelela ekubeni izinto funny - elowo kubo wayefuna umqambi ngokuqinisekileyo ziye zaquka kwiindawo opera, inzuzo zigxininisa iingenelo ilizwi. Umphumo waba isethi ezinganxulumananga kwezinye solos nganye, ngenxa yoko yaba eyaziwa ngokuba opera Seria "ikonsathi enxibe".

Ubuhle ubuciko

Enye igalelo yesikolo Neapolitan opera kuphuhliso con kaMeshezabheli yaba ukusetyenziswa vocals ezokuhombisa (coloratura) izacholo musical iwindo yokhetho. Coloratura kwiindawo ezisetyenziswa ekugqibeleni yaye yanceda amagcisa ukubonisa abaphulaphuli ubungakanani ilizwi ubunini. yesi Big, zingaba, zokuya kuyehla, ukusetyenziswa ngokulandelelana (uphindaphindo zemihlathi zomculo okanye vula emnandi kwiirejista ezahlukeneyo okanye ithoni) - ngaloo ndlela kusandiswa palette amabinzana asetyenziswa virtuosos of Bel gorilla. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni ukuba iqondo ekufundeni imvumi ngokufuthi bavandlakanywe zii kunzima coloratura lwabo ephunyeziweyo.

inkcubeko zomculo Italian ubeka kudinga. Amazwi abadumile azakubalulwa ubuhle nobutyebi ithoni. uqeqesho uyakhala inceda ukuphucula indlela yokusebenza, ukuphumeza ngobuqhophololo nokuchebeleza umgangatho wobudlelwane kuzo zonke zibe.

I somculo lokuqala

Imfuno con kaMeshezabheli yakhokelela lokusekwa amaziko yokuqala emfundo zilungiswe apho iimvumi. Ezintandane - Conservatory - baba izikolo yokuqala umculo Italy ephakathi. Bel ndlela con bafundisa kuzo ngokusekelwe Bexelisa, uphindaphindo katitshala. Oku kuchaza inqanaba eliphezulu iimvumi yexesha. Ngapha koko, baye baqeqeshwa yi iinkosi eyaziwayo ezifana Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) kunye Francesco Cavalli (1602-1676).

Abafundi zenziwa umthambo ezikhethekileyo ukuphuhlisa ilizwi, uqeqesho indlebe, leyo kwafuneka ukuba kuphindaphindwe, ukuphucula ubuchule ukucula kunye nokuphuhlisa ukuphefumla - izakhono ezo ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuze con Bel. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni yinto yokuba, akuba eqale uqeqesho kwiminyaka 7-8 ukuya kwiminyaka 17 kweendonga somculo ngaphandle bantsebenzo zobungcali ukuze opera isigaba.

Dzhoakino Rossini (1792-1868)

ukubonakala kwakhe Italian con uIzebhele opera wagqiba isiqhelo uphuhliso kwenkcubeko zomculo amathathu eminyaka ezayo. Nal kuphuhliso yayo yaba umsebenzi umqambi Italian George. Rossini. amandla ngesingqi, brilliance ngokukhawuleza vocals yafuna zizityebi iintlobo timbral amagcisa, virtuosity kunye nesikolo becula ezizodwa. Nkqu kwiindawo raspevnosti kunye recitatives ngemisebenzi Rossini wawufuna ukuzinikela ngokupheleleyo.

Melodizm Rossini kwavula indlela con classical uIzebhele, luphawulwa amabinzana hetiseka umoya nokuthantamisa kwaye ucocekile aphuma ngokukhululekileyo lwengoma egudileyo (cantilena) nentshiseko sensuously eziphakamileyo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba umqambi wayesazi malunga nobugcisa ecula wazibonela. Xa ebuntwaneni, wayecula kwikwayara yecawa, kwaye ebudaleni, ukongeza ngokubhala, ngehlombe waphinda pedagogy bavakalisa izimvo zabo kunye nokuba wabhala iincwadi eziliqela kulo mbandela.

pedagogy

Italian opera, eyaba uphawu lwenkcubeko yaseYurophu zokuvuma XVII-XIX iinkulungwane, beza Bulelani umsebenzi abanamakhono ootitshala-zimvo, ngubani wafunda becula kwaye bazama ngezwi lomntu, nto leyo isandi bakhe bafezeke. Kuchazwe iindlela zabo zomsebenzi nangoku isetyenziswe ekulungisweni yeemvumi.

Le ngcaciso imfutshane ootitshala wasinda akukho makangakhohlisi. Abafundi bafunda iimfihlelo ukucula simahla kunye lula umoya. uqeqesho uyakhala ithathe ngcathu lomsindo, amabinzana ezimfutshane emnandi kunye ngamathuba emxinwa, eyenza kube lula ukusebenzisa ukuphefumla intetho, ebonakala ngempefumlelo olukhawulezayo, zinzulu ilandelwa yi ingumphunga kade. Umzimba yenzelwe ukusebenzisa uniform yokutsala isandi kwi iirejista eziphezulu nezisezantsi. Kwanokuba noqeqesho phambi kokuba isipili zibandakanyiwe lo mfundi kwikharityhulam amagcisa - nembonakalo yobuso ezigqithisileyo kunye nexesha yobuso ibinzana ndingcatshe umsebenzi iwuthimbe lo apparatus kwezwi. Kwacetyiswa ukuba ukugcina free, yimani nkqo nokusebenzisa uncume nesandi ukuphumeza i ecacileyo n'wina.

iindlela ezintsha ukucula

Complex bathetha, idrama kunye yaso midlalo zaye owenziwa phambi yemingeni yeemvumi. Umculo ibonisa ihlabathi engaphakathi abalinganiswa, nelizwi yaba yinxalenye yomfanekiso ezibukekayo lulonke. Oku kwaboniswa ngokucacileyo opera kaYohane. NoYohane Rossini. Verdi, umsebenzi wakhe ephawulwe ukuphuma isimbo Bel con. School Classical igqalwa ukusetyenziswa owamkelekileyo falsetto yeenowuthsi eziphakamileyo. Noko ke, umdlalo ongayifuniyo ndlela - in umboniso yobuqhawe falsetto oyindoda wangena i dissonance ubuhle kunye neemvakalelo inyathelo imibala. Okokuqala awela umbundu eli lizwi Frenchman Lui Dyupre, owaqalisa ukusebenzisa indlela yemveliso ephilileyo, ekusekeni komzimba (licuthe kwingqula) ne phonetic (ulwimi kwi 's-ezimile "isikhundla) iindlela ukukhusela izixhobo iqine, kwaye emva koko ngokuthi" wazifihla ". Kuvumelekile ukwenza inxalenye eliphezulu uluhlu oluvakalayo ngaphandle kokutshintshela kwindlela falsetto.

Dzhuzeppe Verdi (1813-1901)

Impinda art operatic uyakhala, akunakwenzeka ukuba kuthintelwe ecaleni mzobo kunye nelifa oziyilele umqambi Italian omkhulu George. Verdi. Washintsha kwaye iguqulwa opera, wazisa le mizekelo ibali, nakwiinkcaso. Eyokuqala abaqambi yathatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo lokufundiswa sebali, uyilo yeqonga kunye nokwenziwa kwemisebenzi. Xa opera yakhe ithisisi alawule yaye uchasaniso, iimvakalelo ehlokomayo kunye umahluko, kumanyanisa zobugorha kunye ezingenamsebenzi. Loo ndlela lilawulwe iimfuno ezintsha vocalists.

Umqambi egxeka coloratura wathi ukuba zingaba, amanqaku ubabalo gruppetto angabi nako ukuba isiseko uncuthu lwengoma. Iincwadi phantse akukho zokuhombisa zinhle, eseleyo kuphela yokuqala, yaye kamva shwaka ngokupheleleyo amanqaku opera. Men qela kuvuthondaba Agqitha abakhulu usebenzisa sele kuchaziwe ngaphambili, "wabufihla yi isandi." Amagcisa amaqela Baritone kwafuneka ngokutsha umsebenzi izixhobo nomculo lo tessitura aphezulu (high-ephakame indawo izandi xa kuthelekiswa kuluhlu ecula), isuke yi ku vangama ka imeko ngokweemvakalelo yabalinganiswa. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni ukuvela gama entsha - "Verdi Baritone". . Ubuchule Verdi, 26 opera ezintle, ibekwe kwindawo yokubonela La Scala, aphawula savuka con Bel - ubugcisa bazisa elifeni ilizwi bafezeke.

tour umhlaba

style Easy and ezintle uyakhala ayikwazi igcinwe ngaphakathi kwimida karhulumente omnye. Phantsi charm yayo kancane kancane enkulu yeYurophu. Beautiful ecula uyotywe ihlabathi isigaba oxwlwa kunye negalelo kuphuhliso umculo kwinkcubeko yaseYurophu. Kwakhiwa ulwalathiso operatic, ebizwa ngokuba "belkantovoe". Style watyhala imida isicelo yaso endangena yomculo weentambula.

Virtuoso lwengoma Chopin (1810-1849) kuhlanganiswa intsomi imibongo Polish kunye opera Italian con Bel. opera Heroine swii nonobubele J. Ahisamaki (1842-1912) kuzaliswa belkantovym charm. style Impact kangangokuba enkulu nempembelelo yakhe umculo into emangalisa ngokwenene, ukusukela classicism ukuya romanticism.

amasiko ezimbaxa

Owasungula le ezakudala Russian iye yaba umqambi omkhulu M. I. Glinka (1804-1857). okhestra yokubhala kwakhe - ukwathobeke ombambazelayo kwaye ngexesha elinye nenqwaba - bawuzalisa uncuthu lwengoma, ezithi kuhlaziywa kwaye ngokwesithethe iingoma intsomi, kwaye belkantovaya Ukuntsonkotha kwiindawo Italian. semvelo Cantilena wabo efana melodiousness ecaphukile iingoma Russian - onenyani novakalelo. Le kwayo umculo phezu itekisi, iivesi vnutrislogovye (ecula accentuation samalunga eyahlulweyo), ephinda ilizwi, ukudala iyalibala tune - konke oku imisebenzi M. I. Glinki (kunye nezinye abaqambi Russian) zabo. nobunye kunye izithethe opera Italian. Fado, ngokutsho abagxeki, kwakufanele 'Russian con uIzebhele "isihloko.

Yaba nkulu seenkwenkwezi

Brilliant Italian con Bel era yaphela imi- 20-lwekhulu XX. Emkhosini kunye kuphazamiseka olululo kwinkulungwane kwikota yokuqala awele kakuhle olumisiweyo of the opera romantic yokucinga, ukuba indawo neoclassicism kwaye ezahlulwe sisithuba iindawo impressionism, kwimpucuko, futurism, kunye nabanye. Sekunjalo ngezwi odumileyo operatic andiyekanga isicelo yobuciko ukucula Italian yamandulo. A. Art "umculo omnandi 'ephethwe yakhiwe V. Nezhdanova kunye F. I. Shalyapin. inkosi nanto indlela abaculayo L. Sobinov, ekuthiwa emva kokuba con uBhele eRashiya. Great Maria Callas (US) kunye nebhaso le "ilizwi kwinkulungwane" oogxa Isihloko Dzhoan Sazerlend (Australia), ukuba ndenze ngokuthetha lyric Luciano eyindumasi iPavarotti (Italy) kunye bass nanto uNikolay Gyaurov (Bulgaria) - ubugcisa lwawo lusekelwe qho zobugcisa nobugcisa bommandla con Italian Bel.

isiphelo

izinto ezintsha umculo ungabi nako eclipse kukhanye belkantovoy opera zakudala Italian. bantsebenzo Young ukufunana amasuntswana ezisagcinwe imibhalo iinkosi kule minyaka idlulileyo ulwazi ukuphefumla efanelekileyo, ukukhetha, ukukrola kunye nezinye nezo lweevoti. Le asinto inkxalabo bengasebenzi. Siye sazibonela abaphulaphuli bakhe bamvusa Akuyomfuneko ukuba uve ukutyhilwa kwale mihla imisebenzi Classic gxwa okwethutyana isithuba art ebonakalayo ogqibeleleyo ukucula. Mhlawumbi ilapho Ukuzama ukusombulula intsinda-badala imfihlelo con uIzebhele ye isenzeko - njani kwi ban era kwi ababhinqileyo amazwi kunye nokukhethwa yerejista ophezulu oyindoda azalwe icala ukucula, wasinda iinkulungwane waza wajika inkqubo ihamba ngocwangco, ebeka isiseko kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela, uqeqesho iimvumi abaziingcali.