Isithuko - yimbali ... inhlamba

Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, sonke kaninzi kuye kufuneke ukuba uve amazwi kunye namazwi, ukusetyenziswa apho akwamkelekanga kwaphela ngokwembono yokuziphatha zoluntu, kwaye senzelwe nokutyhola umamkeli, kwaye ukuvakalisa uvandlakanyo elibi yabantu neziganeko. Oku njalo-ebizwa isigama esingafanelekanga Russian, okanye, ngendlela elula, ukhuko yenye ayithandeki, kodwa ngelishwa, trudnoiskorenimyh amacala kolwimi lwethu 'mkhulu yaye unamandla ".

Isithethe esidala engcolileyo wokuvalwa

Eqhelekileyo kuthi evela izazi ebuntwaneni isithuko kuthiwa okungamanyala. Eli binzana sivela okungamanyala IsiNgesi, gama elo elithetha "brassy", "okungamanyala 'okanye' emdaka". Igama elifanayo kakhulu IsiNgesi lisuka obscenus Latin, ukuba intsingiselo efanayo.

Njengoko sinokungqinelwa abaphandi abaninzi, ukuvalwa abangafuniyo malunga nokusetyenziswa abafazi phambi ezahlukeneyo amabinzana enxulumene sphere ngesondo, iye yaphuhliswa ngaphezulu ixesha abahedeni le nokuxubana yamandulo - iminyanya yobuhlanga Russian, Ukraine Belarusians. Kamva, kunye kokufika kobuKristu, ukwalelwa ngokusetyenziswa engcolileyo ngokubanzi kuxhaswa yi-Orthodox, oko kubonisa elide-emi isithethe yembali kukoyika inyala.

sengqondo Society ukuba ukusetyenziswa emethini

Malunga nalo umdla iziphumo olwenziwa ngo-2004, nenjongo yayo ukutyhila sengqondo baseRashiya ukusebenzisa iinkwenkwezi engcolileyo zokucwangcisa ishishini. Kuyinto isici uninzi lwabo uhlolisiso, phantse 80% yabonisa isimo sabo negative kule meko, esithi ukuba iintetho zabo engcolileyo - yinto sisibonakaliso ubuqaba kunye ngamanyala.

Nangona kulwimi oluthethwayo, la magama ngokubanzi phakathi kwazo zonke iyaxela zentlalo, eRashiya kukho bekusoloko abangafuniyo ukusebenzisa kubo ayisashicilelwa. Ngelishwa, iye buthathaka kakhulu kwixesha post-perestroika, ngenxa buthathaka yolawulo karhulumente phezu kwindawo wokushicilela, kwakunye ngenxa eziliqela ziziphumo ebezingalindelekanga, ebe sisiphumo ngokwentando yesininzi yoluntu. Ukongeza, ukuba okukunyusa yokuvalwa cula kwizihloko ezininzi akazange ngaphambili nezindlu zokupapasha abachaphazelekayo, kwakhokelela ekukhuleni isigama. Ngenxa yoko, ukhuko kunye nejagoni nje kuphela kusefashonini, kodwa indlela ephumelelayo yonxulumano noluntu.

abathethise ndelelo nehlazo

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba phakathi kwentsha ukukwazi ukusebenzisa ulwimi oluthukayo uphawu yokukhula, nabo engcolileyo - yinto uhlobo umboniso ubandakanyeka ukuba 'abo', kunye nokungahoywa nezithintelo eyamkelekileyo. Kakade ke, esongeza namazwi abo isigama efanayo, abantwana abafikisayo bethanda ukuba sizisebenzise, kaninzi usebenzisa le njongo ezintangweni, iindonga zangasese kunye iidesika esikolweni kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kunye Internet.

Ukuqwalasela ingxaki yokusetyenziswa isithuko kuluntu, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, kungekhona nayiphi na butyala yokusetyenziswa kolwimi bubomvu lokubhala okanye ethetha nangona inkululeko yokuvakalisa izimvo, ezisekwe kwiminyaka yakutshanje.

Kakade ke, umntu ngenkankulu ukukhanyela engcolileyo lomntu lowo - ngenxa yemfundo yakhe nobukrelekrele - oku yiyo kuphela ekhoyo ukuzichaza. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ngolwimi kwiindawo zikawonke singabakhubekisi abo kulungiselwe bona owalela emethini - ngenxa yezizathu yokuziphatha okanye yenkolo yabo - akasekho ukusebenza.

Eyona engundoqo izisusa ukusebenzisa engcolileyo

Ulwimi mihla, ukhuko ngoyena isoloko isetyenziswa elementi lokulwa ngamazwi, nto leyo ijolise ukuqalekisa njengesicukuceza endaweni ethile. Ngaphezu koko, abantu nenkcubeko ephantsi ezisetyenziswa kwezi meko zilandelayo: ukunika namazwi abo kakhulu ngokweemvakalelo, njengendlela ukususa imeko yengqondo njengoko ukugcwalisa Izihlomelo sendawo kanye ikhefu intetho.

Imbali engcolileyo

Ngokwahlukileyo koko ukumelwa ithandwayo abantu bafunge amagama aba ngolwimi Russian evela Tatar ngexesha Tatar-Mongol idyokhwe, abaphandi kakhulu zibhekisela kulo hypothesis sokuthandabuza kakhulu. Ngokutsho abaninzi babo, amagama kolu didi unguye Slavic kunye Indo-European iingcambu.

Kweli xesha yobuhedeni imbali Russia yamandulo ukuba zisetyenziswe njengenye izinto ezingcwele amayelenqe. Kuba isithuko yethu izinyanya - akunto ngaphezu njengoko isibheno magic power, apho, ngokwembono zabo, waba zangasese. Oku kungqinwa ezinye kwabasindileyo kwinkulungwane uveza ukuthakathwa wamandulo wobuhedeni.

Kodwa ekubeni kungeniswa ubuKristu, abasemagunyeni ecaweni ngokungaguquki silwe esi senzeko zentetho. Iye yasinda iisetyhula ezininzi kunye nemimiselo sabaphathi Orthodox ukuphelisa ukhuko. Xa kukho umahluko engqongqo phakathi kolwimi oluthethwayo kunye noncwadi, kuba ukhuko embelwe ngokupheleleyo isimo ndibano "engcolileyo" kwinkulungwane XVII.

Isithuko amaxwebhu embali

Nje indlela aceba yaba Russian Dictionary engcolileyo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XV-XVI, ngokutsho isifundo eyaziwa ngeelwimi V. D. lerova. Ngokutsho izibalo bakhe, nkqu yingqokelela engaphelelanga zeerekhodi ebhaliweyo xesha eziqulethwe amagama amathandathu anesixhenxe, livela kwiingcambu zixhaphakileyo lolwimi ezingcolileyo. Nkqu imithombo yamandulo - ezinde amaxolo Novgorod kunye Staraya Russa - ibinzana lixhaphakile eli hlobo kwezi zithethe kunye nefomu ukudlala.

Ukhuko abelele kulo mbono basemzini

Hi ndlela leyi, magama yokuqala engcolileyo zabuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVII eliNgesi uRichard James. Kulo owasemzini benelungelo wamchazela bakowabo intsingiselo ethile trudnoperevodimyh amazwi IsiNgesi namabinzana, leyo ngoku ukubiza okungamanyala.

On ebanzi kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwazo njengobungqina kundwendwelo yakhe ithi German Scientist Master of Philosophy e Leipzig University Adam Oleary, abo batyelela eRashiya ekupheleni kwenkulungwane efanayo. Idla abaguquleli bakhe German ubanjwe nemeko enzima, uzama ukufumana intsingiselo ukusetyenziswa kwengqiqo ezaziwayo-kakuhle imeko engaqhelekanga kubo.

Le ban esisemthethweni engcolileyo

Le ukuvalwa ukusetyenziswa engcolileyo eRashiya wabonakala emva kwexesha kakhulu. Umzekelo, ufumaneka kule amaxwebhu Petrine kwexesha. Noko ke, ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVII, ndahamba ngendlela umthetho owalela. Akumangalisi, iivesi ezanyulwa ngaloo minyaka imbongi Ivan Barkov, yenza ukusetyenziswa kakhulu ulwimi ezingcolileyo, hayi eziprintiweyo, zize zisasazwe kuphela kwizintlu. Kwinkulungwane elilandelayo ibinzana uzilungise yayiquka kuphela inxalenye sikweni ye ubuchule neembongi kunye ababhali, ukuba zibe epigrams bakhe kunye nemibongo ezihlekisayo.

Iinzame ukususa emethini ukusuka owalela

Imizamo yokuqala ukuba semthethweni engcolileyo waphawula kwi eko zenkulungwane lokugqibela. Abazange ngokubanzi. Inzala kwi emethini akazange aphile ubomi ngokwaneleyo, kodwa abanye ababhali babekholelwa ukuba engcolileyo - le yenye yeendlela ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo malunga nemiba yesini. Ke ngelo thuba yiSoviet, ngoko bonke phezu ban yakhe ukusetyenziswa kuthuka ngokuthe ngqo, nangona kwincoko yemihla ngemihla, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi.

Ekupheleni koo-, kunye nesiqalo nokufika perestroika, ukuhluza iindaba wabhangiswa, elathi engcolileyo ukungena lula ukuya uncwadi. Oku kusetyenziswa ikakhulu ukuba adlulisele iimpawu neesevisi zeelwimi Indies. Ababhali abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba la magama asetyenziswa ngayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla, akukho sizathu ngoyaba nabo emsebenzini wabo.

Iinzame ukuphelisa ububi

Namhlanje, ukulwa engcolileyo izohlwayo oluthintelweyo ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiindawo zoluntu kunye Roskomnadzor echaza inadmissibility ukusetyenziswa kwamajelo kwi eziphambili ezine afunge amazwi onke nezakhi le ntetho. Phantsi komthetho okhoyo, olwaphula le sigqibo enetyala uthumele umyalezo isilumkiso, yaye kwimeko kwephulwa okuphindwayo Roskomnadzor singarhoxiswa-mvume abo.

Nangona kunjalo, abavakalisi abaninzi abucala ngoyaba nemimiselo entsonkothileyo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, waphuma nkqu ngokuphindaphindiweyo ayisashicilelwa ize iprintwe kwakhona Dictionary engcolileyo ayipheli onika ithemba ngokuphelisa yayo kunokwenzeka. Indlela kuphela ukujongana angehli inokuba ukukhula jikelele inkcubeko Russian.