Capital sokuxolelwa - le uxolelo ... capital eRashiya

Semthethweni eyaziwa ngokuba uxolelo lwenkunzi - yona yindlela kwezoqoqosho, leyo, eneneni, ukuba ungumlinganiswa onjani na isivumelwano phakathi kukarhulumente kunye nezoqoqosho amaqumrhu okanye abemi, ukuvumela ukuba kwakhiwe ubudlelwane phakathi kwamaqela ukusuka ekuqaleni. impumelelo inkqubo luxhomekeke kwinqanaba nokuthembana phakathi kwamaqela. Semthethweni kunye nengeniso kunye declaration nepropati egameni kweqonga yethutyana. Urhulumente ivumela bonke abahlali ukuba ngokusemthethweni yonke imali yawo, ngaphandle kokuya izohlwayo okanye bahlawuliswe. Kule fomati, abantu kunye nemibutho banethuba nesicacileyo sokwenza imbali yakho uze ususe inani iimpazamo. IiNdlela uxolelo sele imali enkulu. Semthethweni ukuba sikhatshwe nokuhlawulwa kwerhafu yengeniso okanye hayi na. ukuziphatha parallel iinguqu Abavunyelweyo wezimali, okanye ukungabikho kwayo, yinkululeko okanye ukuqinisa lwemigangatho yolawulo lwerhafu.

Amnesty ngamazwe: America kunye Switzerland

Capital uxolelo - yinkqubo yokuqinisa ipropati ogama imbali lisukela emva 20 zenkulungwane yama-20. Kuba kuqala inkqubo kuye kwandululwa ngurhulumente US phantse ngokukhawuleza emva kokuphela Great Depression kwaye emva kokuba nokutshitshiswa Isithintelo. Kuye ke ngelo xesha urhulumente of America abanikezelayo abemi ukuba babhalise ingeniso yabo evela kwintengiso okungekho mthethweni utywala. EYurophu uqala abaqhuba nkqubo Switzerland. Emva kokuba Second kweMfazwe Yehlabathi oko yabanjwa apha ubhaliso elikomkhulu Wesithathu.

Indlela uxolelo, iimeko zayo kunye nefuthe kuyo nganye kwezi amazwe ngalinye. Kodwa ke umongo le nkqubo azezi berhafu karhulumente ukuxolelwa onke amatyala abo. Le promotion ivumela urhulumente ukuba zazise le mali karhulumente izixa ezikhulu kakhulu eyinkunzi ngaphandle kuqoqosho kwesithunzi.

Enye impumelelo enkulu kakhulu kwimbali amnesties

Ngowe-2001, i-uxolelo capital iyonke eyayibanjelwe Kazakhstan. Yena wayengomnye iinkqubo ezininzi yimpumelelo ukuba kwenzeka kummandla elalisakuba yiSoviet Union. Kuyo ngenyanga inikezela iingxelo kwimigangatho 16 wabekwa malunga 480 ezigidi zeerandi. isiqinisekiso State wenze nokutshatyalaliswa iirekhodi abahlawuli berhafu abo bathatha inxaxheba semthethweni ngokuzithandela kwabo. Ngaxeshanye, eli lizwe ucuthe VAT kuxolelwa malunga 4%. irhafu Social kwehle nge-5%. Ngoko ke imali akakabuyi ngokulala bengasebenzi, urhulumente wakhupha izibambiso ezizodwa zikarhulumente. Oko kuthetha ukuba amnestied wanceda Kazakhstan ukuze kupheliswe iziphumo zobunzima 1998.

Isisombululo entsha kuqoqosho Turkish

Capital sokuxolelwa - yinkqubo kwezoqoqosho, oluqhutywa kumaxesha ngamaxesha phantse onke amazwe ehlabathini. Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi ukuba asebenze njani ukuvunyelwa indlela, kukholelwa Turkey. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, emdeni amnesties ezintlanu yimpumelelo zaye zabanjwa. Kuba kuqala inkqubo semthethweni yasungulwa ngo-1998, nto leyo ixesha sisiqalo sexesha elitsha loqoqosho. izixhobo eziphathekayo, nto leyo wangena akhawunti zebhanki na irhafu, nemvelaphi yabo akukho namnye waba nomdla. izenzo isiphumo ngurhulumente waba $ 20 billion akhawunti zebhanki.

Amnesty abangaphumelelanga: Russia, Georgia and India

Le uxolelo of capital eRashiya ngowe-2007, e-Indiya kunye eGeorgia impumelelo encinane kwimbali semthethweni yobukho. Umzekelo, e-Indiya, abasemagunyeni irhafu uye abe nomdla ngemvelaphi eyinkunzi nkqu ngexesha uxolelo, elathi ukuba ukutyebisa kwibhajethi $ 2.5 yezigidi zezigidi kuphela. Emva koko ngokubothusa iliso yokuba multi-sigidi se dollar lizwe kuphela 5% of abahlali uhlawule irhafu yengeniso. Kwenziwa inkqubo efanayo eGeorgia kuye kwatsala ingqalelo abantu abasibhozo kunye nezemali mali amawaka 35 eerandi. Ngokwahlukeneyo, uyakwazi uthini eRashiya, apho abemi kunye nemibutho yoshishino ebuzwa ukuba ngokusemthethweni iingeniso zabo ngokuhlawula 13 kuphela ekhulwini irhafu yengeniso. Impendulo evela kubahlali ukulinda njalo ayiphumelelanga.

Imfihlo kwimpumelelo uxolelo?

Amnesty ezezimali kufuneka ukhatshwe sisicwangciso eyomeleleyo somthetho, apho ngelishwa ayisekho eRashiya. Nayiphi na iprojekthi kufuneka wasebenza ngokweenkcukacha yaye athathele ingqalelo zonke iimfuno koosomashishini, oosomashishini kunye nabantu zabucala. Kwimbali inkqubo oluyimpumelelo semthethweni eyinkunzi kunye izikhathi ezibalulekile:

• Ukukhululwa nxaxheba yeprojekthi ukusuka kokuba ufake iphetshana lokubuyiswa kwerhafu ze uhlawule ityala irhafu.
• Oku kuthetha ukuba uphicotho ingafuneki.
• Ukupheliswa ngokupheleleyo neerekhodi ityala yerhafu amagwebu ngokuphathelele imali asethi.
• yimfihlo ulwazi kwicala bentshukumo kweempahla kwabasemagunyeni irhafu kunye nezinye ii-arhente zolawulo.
• Yonke imali okanye impahla ukuba zifakwe kwifom isibhengezo kwingeniso iya kurekhodwa kumaziko ezizodwa. Ulwazi malunga neenkonzo kwerhafu ziya kuhlala luyimfihlo.

iimeko ukuxolelwa ubenomtsalane ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo kufuneka sikhatshwe kuqhinwe izohlwayo ephula kwemithetho yerhafu. Kunokuba kuba kokuthathwa impahla, nokwandisa izohlwayo.

Le uxolelo of capital eRashiya ngo-2015

urhulumente Russian ekuqaleni kukaDisemba 2014 waqalisa ngeencoko esebenzayo ukubamba benikwa eyinkunzi. Lo mbuzo kwixesha elizayo kuya kuchaphazela kuphela abantu balekela irhafu, kodwa abo baye benza udidi ezithile zolwaphulo-mali. Nangona kugxeka evela eluntwini, urhulumente uthe soxolelo ezinkulu Russian - lithuba lokuba ukunceda abemi abo bazizityebi, owathi, ngenxa kwezohlwayo evela West, kwaezo bajonga iingxaki ezithile ukonga imali yazo kwamanye amazwe. Ngokutsho Putin, le ndlela yokulinganisa ayizi kuba ngokuzithandela kwaye ukwenza ubomi lula abaninzi baseRashiya "strong". Ngokutsho iingcali, imeko yeli lizwe zoqoqosho ziya kuba sisiseko enamandla kwaye ubalulekile ngenxa yokuba semthethweni kwakhona ayiphumelelanga nje.

Ngqiqweni lo mthetho Russian

uxolelo Extended, nto leyo kulindeleke ukuba kwenzeke ukususela ngoMeyi 9, 2015, okunene akakabi nayo Ukuqinisa mthetho ethembekileyo. Kukho iingxelo ukuba inkqubo ecetywayo inikeze kuchasene ngokupheleleyo nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe zokulwa imali ngokungekho semthethweni. Ukuzama ukugcina imeko, umongameli uyaqhubeka bathembise utshintsho oluphawulekayo imithetho ezingangqubaniyo imithetho FATF. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukuba uMongameli thaca a amatyala ezimbalwa, kodwa elowo kubo Akukho siqinisekiso ngokwemigaqo ukhuseleko lwabantu, ngubani na oya kuba iimeko semthethweni elo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula kwakhona ixesha ukuba abemi atyebileyo Russian aphesheya vyvezshie ikomkhulu labo, qhubeka ukutyala inxalenye kuqoqosho lwasekhaya phantsi ngesebe yotyalo-mali. Bona umdla kangako ukuya uxolelo zemali njengoko ezifana ukunika impahla ethile iinzuzo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ayikho nako.

Kutheni Amnesty eRashiya kungase?

Zemali kunye credit sokuxolelwa eRashiya unalo ithuba aphantsi kakhulu impumelelo. Esona sizathu siphambili lentelekelelo kwezinye ilele kungathenjwa ncam izigqibo zikarhulumente kusolwa ezijoliswe ekuphuculeni ubomi abemi balo. Ngenxa yokuba urhulumente kunye neGauteng ka Khrushchev, iibhondi Stalin, kwaye nohlaziyo Pavlov ndayihluthwa abemi lokonga, hayi noko bazitshisa imali zidlulileyo benefits. Liqinisekisa ukuba yintoni kwiminyaka embalwa kamva amandla ukutshintsha ngokupheleleyo isigqibo sayo Amnesty abanini kwenkunzi, ayikho. Amagosa Ukhuseleko iya kugcinwa kuphela de kube lelo xesha ngumongameli yangoku kukarhulumente uya kuba Putin. Capital uxolelo kuba zange ibenomtsalane kakhulu ngenxa yokuba iyunithi zokunyanzelisa umthetho lizwe yemininzi ubuncinane abonakele. Ukuba abantu baya kuvakalisa ukuba kufuneka izixa ezikhulu eyinkunzi, baya kuba ngabokuqala lahlaselwa. Urhulumente akakwazi ukuba zibe kumgangatho ofanelekileyo zokuzikhusela ubuqhophololo. Kukho ingozi enkulu ukuba ikomkhulu amnestied ukuze ivalwe kwimiba amazwe.

Imbali amnesties ayiphumelelanga eRashiya

Active deofshorizatsii ngxoxo kwizangqa zoshishino kunye norhulumente ayizange iguquke into yokuba lo umthetho soxolelo eyinkunzi ngomzuzu kwaye ayamkelwa kwaye samkelwa. izikhuselo Solid ngokusemthethweni abantu isigqibo inxaxheba uxolelo, akukho mntu ukuba anikezele. Kwimbali urhulumente sele kukho iimeko urhulumente kwakufuneka ukujongana iziphazamiso, oko kukuthi ukuqala umsebenzi ezimbi ezenziwa entsimini mthetho apho. Ngoko ke, ngo-1993, emva kokuwiswa kukho uxolelo werhafu, umsebenzi Nike yake yabonakala labemi. Abantu wala nabutyala lweeprogram ezingezoze-ukuhlawula irhafu ngokwenza onke amatyala-mali karhulumente. Iliza yesibini amnesties - lilinge ngokusemthethweni ipropati kunye nengeniso ngo-2002. Lo mthetho, nto leyo ukuqinisekisa izicwangciso zikarhulumente, waye wamkelwa. Isigaba sesithathu - yinto ngetyala kunye nerhafu loxolelo, lwenzeka ngo-2007. URhulumente akafuni ukufunda kwiimpazamo uze ulandele amava ngempumelelo kwamanye amazwe.

Yintoni engekhoyo ukuba uxolelo olube yimpumelelo?

Eyona ethile ephambili kuxolelwa yesizwe ezayo - kuba ukwehluleka karhulumente ukunikezela iziqinisekiso zokhuseleko zomthathi-nxaxheba ngamnye. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ingqalelo amelwe bill ngaphezu kwesinye, lo ngumba kuyo nayiphi na kuzo azithathwa ngokwenkcukacha. ukuvusa Financial, nto leyo ichaza ukuba umyalelo ukuhlawula irhafu (2.5% kwikomkhulu babuya), yomelezwa kukungabikho iimbopheleleko neenkundla kwakunye nolawulo. Ingxaki kukuba abahlawuli berhafu kuya kunyanzeleka ukuba nenxaxheba self kubalwe le rhafu ngomlinganiselo we-2.5%, nto leyo ezenza abanye ngokuphazamiseka.

ebuntwini minor

ukuzithoba nganye nemithetho akukho ngongoma ezifana semthethweni lwenkunzi, ekhutshwe kumntu wesithathu. It is ezinokunikezelwa ukuqaliswa data kwi indawo kunye nezinye izinto ngendlela isibhengezo ingeniso evela wesithathu. Akukho uluhlu ecacileyo lwamanqaku, njengoko apho umntu aza kukhululwa uxanduva. Ingakhankanywanga mathuba malunga intshutshiso abantu abaye ngaphambili benza zolwaphulo-rhafu.

nkqubo Soft intsebenziswano - ithuba ukuze siphumelele

Imeko yezoqoqosho enzima phantsi uRhulumente uya kuba indlela ezixabisa ukunyaniseka kubantu abaceba ukuthatha imiqathango semthethweni. Uyakwazi ukuthetha ngokususa okufunwayo ukudlulisela imali yabo ukuya kummandla eRashiya, nto leyo ngoku entle kakhulu. Njengoko kukho khetho, kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela ukusilela ukuthobela irhafu kunye nezinye nezibophelelo phantsi eyinkunzi. Bekuya kuba bubulumko ukuba ukwala amabango ngokuphathelene nemfuno ukutyala nokuthengwa izibambiso okanye uqoqosho karhulumente. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi lokuqala, semthethweni luya kuqhubeka ngoMatshi. Okwangoku le arhente iyasebenza nezicwangciso ukuphelisa yonke iintsilelo inkqubo kanye ecetywayo.