Blocs Military-ezopolitiko: imbali kunye nenjongo indalo

blocs Military-kwezopolitiko ikwazizinto imibutho ukuba obuzukileyo uluntu kunokuba antsonkothileyo. Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuba umsebenzi wabo engundoqo ukuxhasa uxolo kunye nokhuseleko kumalungu manyano wamajoni, ngoxa abanye bakholelwa ukuba imibutho efana - umthombo ephambili ndlongo ehlabathini. Ngubani na khona amalungelo kwaye ingaba kukho impendulo elula lo mbuzo? Makhe sibone ukuba yintoni na ezi blocs emkhosini-yezopolitiko, yaye kwangaxeshanye umkhondo imbali yendalo yabo kunye nophuhliso.

definition

Siza kuseka oko kuthethwa kwenkcazo mbutho. awodwa Military-ezopolitiko - ezitshatileyo ithi eziliqela wadala ukuba wokhuselo ezidityanelweyo okanye ekulweni nxamnye notshaba eqhelekileyo. Ukudala iyunithi kwakhona balandele injongo intsebenziswano kwimicimbi yezopolitiko kunye noqoqosho phakathi kwamalungu ayo. Ububanzi balo intsebenziswano kunye nokumanyaniswa gqitha ngamnye wombutho enjalo. Ezi zivumelwano ukunikezela inyathelo elidityanelweyo kuphela xa kukho isoyikiso esithile yasemkhosini nokuba ukurhwaphilizela ngentsebenziswano esondeleyo zonke iindawo, nkqu loxolo.

Kwezinye imibutho, isigqibo ngokuhlangeneyo mpela ukuba abulawe, xa abanye zengcebiso kwindalo, oko kukuthi, ilungu ngalinye linelungelo lokwala ukuthobela isigwebo, ngaphandle kokushiya block. Kukho imibutho apho ilizwe ilungu ngalinye linyanzelekile ukuba lithathe amanyathelo emkhosini xa kuthe nokuhlaselwa omnye wamalungu unit. Kodwa asingabo bonke ezi mibutho, lo mgaqo usebenza qho mandatory. Umzekelo, ukuba kuhlaselwa NATO kwi ilungu elinye Union sisibhengezo imfazwe ehlabathini ibloko xa lilonke, i SEATO umgaqo onjalo wayengekho ezingummiselo.

blocs Military-yezopolitiko anokwenziwa ukuba umsebenzi othile, yaye emva ukufikelela usukelo wokugxothwa okanye ukwenza isicelo kwixesha elingenammiselo.

Intsukaphi ukuvela iibhloko

Le uhlobo iiyunithi zomkhosi mihla eyaziwa ukususela ihlabathi lamandulo. Le manyano yokuqala wamajoni kumazwe aliqela, kunokuthiwa khona womanyano isixeko eyi-10 ubudala ZesiGrike kwiphulo edume nxamnye Troy ngenkulungwane XII. BC Kodwa ke kunokuba amaxesha cishe, umlando, njengokuba yeembali ebhaliweyo iziganeko sele engafakwanga.

Le manyano lokuqala amabali ezizizo avele 691 BC. e. Yaba umfelandawonye bamaMedi, eBhabhiloni kunye Elam Asiriya. Ukongeza, imbali ezinjalo ubuhlobo eyaziwa isixeko isiGrike, njengoko Peloponnesian, Delian, Boeotia, eKorinte, eChalcis. Emva kwethutyana ke wambumba Elliysky, Achaean kunye Aetolian League. Ngelo xesha kumbindi Italy oko kwasekwa Latin Union, yaye kamva ndakhulela yombuso waseRoma yamandulo.

Zonke ezi imibutho baba ngakumbi njenge Confederation ngaphezu iiyunithi zomkhosi ngokwexabiso lazo ngoku.

KumaXesha Aphakathi, imibutho ithi rhoqo kuphela inkxaso yomkhosi xa imfazwe, kwaye phantse ningachukumisi kwezinye iinkalo ubuhlobo. Amaxesha amaninzi, kwaba ukuhlanganisa nxamnye utshaba ethile. Ngoko ke, ekuqiniseni sisiseko Franco-Scottish (okanye ezindala) Union, ekwagqitywa ngayo ngo-1295, yaba yobutshaba mazwe mabini kunye eNgilani. Yaba ngeli xesha eNgilani waqalisa ukwanda yayo eSkotlani, yaye emva kwamashumi ambalwa, waqalisa Iminyaka Elikhulu War neFransi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba umanyano phakathi Scotland kunye neFransi wayekho njengoko 265 iminyaka de 1560.

Ngowe-1386 kwafika manyano Anglo-Portuguese, ihonjiswe iSivumelwano Windsor. Yena, ke, ngendlela eqatha nokomelezwa Spain. Noko ke, enyanisweni ikho unanamhla, ngaleyo le manyano endala emkhosini-kwezopolitiko, kodwa zange block ngengqiqo mihla.

Ekuqaleni mihla siphila kuyo kwakukho iqela imifela yaseYurophu amazwe abanqwenela ukungenela mnye nxamnye notshaba eqhelekileyo. Ezi imibutho ziquka Ngcwele kunye yamaKatolika League phantsi ukusekelwa i Pope, umfelandawonye lamaProtestanti, ekuhlanganiseni yamaLuthere kunye norhulumente Calvin kunye neminye imibutho.

Ngo-1668 kwakukho Triple Alliance of England, Sweden kunye Netherlands, sibhekiswe imigudu uLouis XIV waseFransi.

Ngowe-1756, oko kwasekwa ophikisa ezimbini nje Union - Anglo-Prussia kunye Versailles. Kutsha nje umbutho kubalwa Russia, France kunye Austria. Kuyinto la namanye zibe ngxabano kwiMfazwe kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo. Ekugqibeleni, i-uBukhosi Russian, ngenxa ukulawula kwitrone Peter III, safudukela kwicala le manyano Anglo-Prussia.

Ukususela ngo-1790 ukuya 1815 wabumba inani namanye ukuba kuliwe revolution kunye Napoleonic France. Yaye ngokufuthi ngezigalo nangokusebenzisa bokuphathisana France ngenkani amanye amalungu data zokusebenzisana ubashiye, okanye ukuya kwicala isiFrentshi. Kodwa ekugqibeleni, imikhosi Sixth Coalition wakwazi ukoyisa uNapoleon.

Ngowe-1815, phakathi Prussia, Austria naseRashiya kwasekwa i-Alliance oyiNgcwele, leyo ejolise ekomelezeni inkqubo yehlabathi elisekwe emva Napoleonic Iimfazwe, kunye nokuthintela revolutions eYurophu. Noko ke, ngo-1832, emva kokuba elandelayo revolution eFransi, le manyano waphula up.

Ngowe-1853, womanyano kwasekwa phakathi eFransi, eNgilani, uBukhosi Ottoman kunye uBukumkani ESardinia nxamnye uBukhosi Russian. Le manyano yisiwe kwi iCrimea War.

Unions luhlobo olutsha

Ngoku lixesha lokuba ukuchaza ukuyilwa blocs zomkhosi-kwezopolitiko kufutshane uhlobo mihla. Ukuvela imibutho efana kwaqala kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX nesilungiselelwe kwizakhiwo eziphathekayo kufutshane ekupheleni kwenkulungwane. Yeyona ukusekwa kwezi Unxulumano yaba yeyonanto zakhokelela ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I.

Isiseko blocs uphikisana baba Triple (1882-1915 gg.) Yaye manyano Franco-Russian (1891-1893 GG.), Emva similise okwaloo kane Alliance kunye Entente.

Formation of the kane Alliance

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, isiseko ekudalweni kane Alliance wakhonza Triple Alliance, ekwagqitywa ngayo ngo-1882 phakathi Austria-Hungarian uBukhosi, Italy ne Germany. Amazwe Triple Alliance ufuna yokuzilungiselela ukubalasela yayo yezwekazi eYurophu, nto leyo simanyene nxamnye French kunye uBukhosi Russian.

Kwakhokelwa ekuphelisweni Triple Alliance ngakwicala umfelandawonye ezimbini ngo-1879. Yaba uBukhosi waseJamani, elasekwa ngokusekelwe zobukumkani Prussia, iqale ukwakha nongxowankulu wamajoni-yezopolitiko ngqo nxamnye neRashiya kunye neFransi. Kwakhona Germany waqina ngokwemigqaliselo lwezoqoqosho kunye nelwezopoliko, iyunithi karhulumente.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba phambi Austria-Hungary umfelandawonye ngqo ne-Russian uBukhosi ne-Prussia nje feuded ngenxa ukhuphiswano ilungelo lokuba ubukhosi kwihlabathi zesiJamani. Kodwa emva kokuba ngoloyiso Prussia e Austria-Prussia War of 1866 kunye Franco-Prussia War ka-1970, loo meko. Prussia kwabonakala ukubalasela yayo phezu emanxuweni yangaphambili wamaRoma aNgcwele kunye Austria-iHungary kwanyanzeleka ukuba iqhinga elingaphumi kum naye, esatyikitywa ngowe-1879 e Vienna kwisivumelwano kwinkxaso mutual, wihi olwalumiselwe leminyaka emi-5.

Le mvumelwano wathi xa uhlaselo yoBukhosi Russian elinesibini omnye abasayinayo beze kumnceda. Ukuba Germany okanye Austria-Hungary wayeza ababulale Russia, kunye namanye amazwe, umntu wesibini ababandakanyekayo unyanzelekile ukuba osulelwe ubuncinane nokungakhethi cala, kodwa ukuba ecaleni umhlaseli yi-Russian uMlawuli, ngoko, kwakhona, abasayinayo kufuneka eze kunye kumzabalazo efanayo. Le block kwamagunya amabini kubizwa ngokuba union ezimbini.

Ngowe-1882, Austria-Hungary kunye iJamani wajoyina Italy. Ngoko wavuka Triple Alliance. Nangona kunjalo, lo wokutyikitywa kwesivumelwano phakathi kwamazwe amathathu ekuqaleni kugcinwa ziyimfihlo. Njengoko ngaphambili, ixesha lesivumelwano iye kuphelela kwiminyaka emihlanu. Ngowe-1887 yaye ngo-1891. waphinda isayinwe, kwaye ngo-1902 no-1912. ngokuzenzekelayo kunyaka.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Union of kumazwe amathathu akazange okuhlala kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa yezizathu zoqoqosho ngo-1902 phakathi Italy kunye neFransi utyikitye isivumelwano, nto leyo ithi xa kukho imfazwe phakathi French kunye amaJamani, i abavela wayeza kuhlala cala. Ngoko ke, emva kokuqalisa kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I ngowe-1914, Italy engenzanga kwicala lwe eJamani Austria-iHungary. Ngowe-1915, ngokusayina isivumelwano eLondon kunye Entente, Italy wemka Triple Alliance waza wajoyina imfazwe kwicala abachasi bakhe.

Triple Alliance yafikelela esiphelweni. Germany and Austria-iHungary wakwazi ukwakha mfelandawonye entsha. Endaweni yoko, Italy, ngexesha kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ukuya manyano bajoyine ithi nje ezimbini - Ottoman uBukhosi (ukususela ngo-1914) kunye Bulgaria (ukusukela 1915). Ngoko kwakukho kane Alliance. Amazwe ababe yinxalenye kwakhiwe-wezopolitiko umbutho ekuthiwa Central Powers.

Kane Alliance zaphela ngenxa ukoyiswa kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Ngenxa Austria-Hungarian kunye Ottoman ziwile, Germany kunye Bulgaria balahlekelwa kakhulu indawo.

Entente

blocs Military kunye nezopolitiko leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi zaye ayipheleli kane Alliance. amandla yesibini ezinzima, apho wafika wangena ngxabano, kwaba Entente.

Ekuqaleni kwasekwa Entente ukubeka manyano Franco-Russian, waqukumbela ngo-1891. Yaba impendulo nokusekwa Triple Alliance. Russia and France uvumile ukuba omnye mazwe, okwesibini kukunika uncedo emkhosini xa ihlaselwe ngamalungu mfelandawonye nakuwubona. Ezi zivumelwano emkhosini de kukho Triple Alliance.

Ngowe-1904 isivumelwano sasayinwa phakathi UK kunye neFransi. Oku kuphelisa iinkulungwane ubudala ukusukuzana la magunya. IBrithani France bavumelana kwisahlulo lobukoloniyali ihlabathi libe namahlakani de facto. Ngenxa yesi sivumelwano, igama wanamathela Entente cordiale, ukuba French eliguqulelwe ngokuthi "Entente Cordiale". Ngenxa yoko, nathi, kunye nabo bahamba block name - Entente.

Ngowe-1907 wakwazi ukoyisa ezingangqinelaniyo Anglo-Russian. kwisivumelwano ukwahlulwa yempembelelo sasayinwa phakathi abameli kwamazwe. Ngoko ke bagqiba ukubunjwa Allied.

blocs Military-ezopolitiko eYurophu - i Entente kunye kane Alliance - yadlala indima zokugweba xa kwaqhambuka iMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Emva kokuba ukuhlasela, waseJamani uBukhosi nxamnye neRashiya kunye France United Kingdom, ethembekile umsebenzi wakhe njengehlakani, zihlasele iJamani. Noko ke, asingabo bonke amalungu Entente amandla kunye nemithombo ukuba zazise imfazwe ukuya ekupheleni noloyiso. Ngoko ke, ngo-1917 kwakukho umgca wesikhokeli eRashiya, emva koko ilizwe yenze uxolo eJamani okunene ngaphandle Entente. Nangona kunjalo, oku kwathintela namanye amalungu mdibaniso, ngoncedo i-US kunye nezinye namahlakani, ukuba ukuwina kwimfazwe yehlabathi.

Emva kokuba imfazwe i Entente (Britain France) ziye kwenziwa ungenelelo eRashiya ukubhukuqa yamaBolshevik urhulumente. Noko ke, akuzange kube lula ukufikelela impumelelo enkulu ngeli xesha.

iiyunithi Military ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II

Le manyano yomkhosi lwamaNazi eJamani, lobuFasi Italy kunye Imperial Japan kunye namanye amazwe baba oyena nobangela yeSibini kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi. Le ingqalo yayo indalo le yunithi bakhonza njengoko esatyikitywa ngowe-1936 isivumelwano phakathi kwe Jamani ne-Japan kwi inyathelo elidityanelweyo nxamnye ekusasazweni nolobukomanisi. Yayibizwa ngokuba "Anti-Comintern Pact." Kamva esi sivumelwano ujoyine Italy kunye namanye amazwe eziliqela, leyo ibizwa ngokuba Axis. Yiyo le yunithi amandla wabonisa ndlongo phambi okanye ngexesha WWII.

Coalition ubachasile masosha, liqulunqe kuphela ekuhambeni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Kuye kwasekwa evela eSoviet Union, iBritani neUnited States wathabatha igama anti-uHitler womanyano. Qala sakhiwo ngo-1941, emva kokuba ngokujoyina imfazwe kwi-USSR kunye USA. Ingongoma ephambili ekudaleni nongxowankulu ngqo nxamnye bahlaseli ngokungenalusini karhulumente, waba kwinkomfa Tehran of waMagunya ngo-1943. Kuphela emva kokuba ukumiselwa manyano oluluqilima namahlakani ayiphumelelanga ukuze baphinde bakuthembe waloo mfazwe.

NATO

Ukudalwa a blocs wamajoni-nezopolitiko yaba elementi ukuliwa phakathi West kunye yiSoviet Union kwi ekuthiwa-Cold War. Ukusuka afikelwa ingozi imfazwe elitsha ihlabathi, kodwa ngaxeshanye babekhonza kunye deterrent.

Eyona idumileyo fumene North Atlantic Alliance (NATO). Kuye kwaqulunqwa 1949 yaye wahlanganisa amazwe Western eYurophu, USA ne Canada. Injongo yawo kukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko adibeneyo mazwe angentla. Nangona kunjalo, akukho mfihlakalo ukuba original North Atlantic Alliance wakhawulwa ngenjongo equlathe eSoviet Union. Kodwa emva kokuwa kweManyano yunithi akuthethi ukuba kuphelile ngawe, kodwa koko, natyetyiswa inani lamazwe abavela eMpuma Yurophu.

Kwanangaphambi ukuyilwa NATO ngowe-1948, kuye kwasekwa yi-Western Union European. Yaba uhlobo ukuzama ukucwangcisa eyakho ipani-European imikhosi yayo, kodwa emva ukuyilwa NATO, lo mba zange aphinde efanelekileyo.

ukudala ATS

Ukuphendula kuseko NATO ngo-1955, amazwe yali kwenkampu xa isindululo yiSoviet Union kudale emkhosini-wezopolitiko awodwa, nto leyo eyabizwa ngokuba ATS. Injongo yakhe yaba inkcaso yaseNorth Atlantic ubuhlobo. Le yunithi, ukongeza USSR, sisengama amazwe 7: iBulgaria, Albania, Hungary, Poland, eMpuma Jamani, eCzechoslovakia.

ATS ngokusemthethweni ngo-1991, emva kokuba ukuwa kweminquba yali.

units Small empini

blocs Military kunye nezopolitiko kwinkulungwane yama-20 kwakukho nje jikelele kuphela kodwa lengingqi. Phakathi zehlabathi iimfazwe ukuba udale inani imibutho yasekuhlaleni ukusombulula ingxaki lwengingqi, kunye nokuqinisekisa Versailles ukuze ihlabathi. Ezi zibandakanya i Entente: amancinane, lweMeditera, Balkan, kuMbindi Mpuma, iBaltic.

Ngexesha leMfazwe Yomlomo wadala inani iibhloko zemimandla, injongo leyo ukunqanda ukusasazeka nolobukomanisi. Ezi ziquka SEATO (South East Asia), CENTO (Middle East), ANZYUK (Asia-Pacific).

ekumisweni CSTO

Ngowe-1992, kukho inani amazwe awayesakuba yiSoviet Union wayakha umfelandawonye - le CSTO. Olu hlobo awodwa wamajoni-zopolitiko eRashiya, njengoko idlala indima lubalaseleyo kulo.

CSTO Injongo kukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko amalungu ayo kunye nozinzo kwisikhewu post-eSoviet. Ukongeza iyunithi RF iquka Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, eArmenia, Tajikistan. Eku sunguleni, oko kuquka Uzbekistan, Georgia and Azerbaijan.