"Black Death" - isifo ephakathi. isibetho ukudumba. Isebetho phakathi kwenkulungwane XIV: ngoonobangela kunye neziphumo

"Black Death" - sifo, nto leyo imizekeliso ngoku. Enyanisweni, lo kuthiwa njalo-bhubhani lwesibetho yantlitha iYurophu, Asia, North Afrika kwaye eGreenland ngenkulungwane ye-14. Pathology aqhubeke advantageously ngokohlobo ukudumba. Ingqwalasela Territorial kwesi sifo iye i Gobi Desert. Uphi na le ndawo, makwazeke abaninzi. Gobi bobabo Eurasia. Black ulwandle zivela khona apho, ngenxa yokuba oko kwenzeke Little Ice Age, okwaye kwabonelela umfutho utshintsho lwemozulu esibukhali kwaye iyingozi.

isibetho ukudumba kwabulawa abantu abazizigidi ezingama-60. Kwangaxeshanye, kweminye imimandla inani ukufa lafikelela ezimbini kwezintathu labemi. Ngenxa Ukungaqiniseki sifo, kwakunye ekungakwazini ngelo xesha ukunyanga, iingcamango zonqulo waqala neziqhamo phakathi kwabantu. Yaba inkolelo ivamile amandla aphezulu. Ngelo xesha nye saqalisa intshutshiso ebizwa ngokuba "poisoners", "igqwirha", "amagqwirha" ngubani, ngokutsho abanenzondelelo yempambano, ekugqibeleni ubhubhane abantu.

Eli xesha wehla embalini njengexesha abantu ongenamonde, ngubani ngoko nangoko ukoyika, intiyo, seyenze kunye neenkolelo ezininzi. Enyanisweni, lo kokuqhambuka isibetho ukudumba, Kakade ke, kukho ingcaciso yenzululwazi.

Intsomi malunga ngemvelaphi isibetho ukudumba

Xa mbali elinde kwii-sifo eYurophu, babethe qwelele phezu nembono kwabakho isibetho Tatarstan. Okunye ngqo, oko wangenisa nangezinto.

Ngowe-1348, i-iCrimea AmaTatar ekhokelwa Khan Janybekov ngexesha isimemezelo yaseYiputa ngamaRoma Kafa (Feodosia) baphosa emva imizimba yabantu ngaphambili yafa kweso sibetho. Emva inkululeko, baseYurophu baqalisa ukuba bemke kweso sixeko, esasaza sifo kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

Kodwa babizwa ngokuba "isibetho Tatarstan" nto ngaphezu intelekelelo abantu abangamaziyo ukucacisa indlela kokuqhambuka ngesiquphe yaye ebulalayo "ukufa emnyama."

Ithiyori ayiphumelelanga kuba Kwazeka ukuba bhubhane ayihambi phakathi kwabantu. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba gciwane namabuzi amancinci okanye izinambuzane.

Le ngcamango "jikelele" sele ikhona kangangethuba ixesha elide yaye iqulethe eninzi iimfihlelo. Enyanisweni, isibetho lwe ngenkulungwane ye-14, njengoko kwaba kamva, yaqala ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela.

ezibangela Natural ngulo bhubhani

Ngaphandle ukutshintsha kwemozulu ngokukhawuleza Asia, kukuqhambuka isibetho ukudumba kwakhokelwa zizinto ezininzi zokusingqongileyo. Phakathi kwabo:

• imbalela jikelele e China, nolwathi lwalandelwa balambe;
• e Henan omkhulu ehlasela iinkumbi ;
• e Beijing ixesha elide elilawulwa imvula neenkanyamba.

Kanye i "Ubhubhani Justinian," njengoko ubizwa ngokuba "ukufa black" wokuqala lombulalazwe kaThixo wamthi abantu emva kwiintlekele abaninzi. Waze wahamba ngendlela efanayo kuneyokuqala.

Ukwehla omzimba abantu nomsindo kuba yimiba yokusingqongileyo kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho isifo abaninzi. Le ntlekele iye ifikelele ezinjalo olinganise ukuba iintloko amabandla kwakufuneka ukuvula igumbi kubemi nomonde.

Isibetho kumaXesha Aphakathi nayo imvelaphi lwezentlalo noqoqosho.

izinto Socio-economic isibetho ukudumba

izinto zendalo enokukucaphukisa kwesifo esinzulu loo bhubhani ngokwabo. Bona zazivela ngumba ezinjalo kwezentlalo noqoqosho:

• ngamajoni eFransi, eSpeyin, Italy;
• ukongamela kwalowo Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe phezu yinxalenye eMpuma Yurophu;
• trade lekhamera;
• ezikhula ngokukhawuleza nendlala;
• nengxinano yabemi eliphezulu kakhulu.

Enye into ebalulekileyo esamcaphukisayo ngokuhlaselwa lwesibetho, yaba inkolelo, nto leyo ithetha ukuba abantu besempilweni ukholo kufuneka ihlanjwe kangangoko manqaphanqapha kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ngokutsho abangcwele xesha, Eyokuqiqa yomzimba wakhe abaze umntu ongena ekuhendweni. Ezinye iicawa kangaka kuxhotyiswa kunye nabalandeli nale mbono, nto leyo emanzini, sasingahlali yonke ebomini bam abadala.

Europe ngenkulungwane ye-14 ibingento amandla ecocekileyo. Abemi akalandeli nokulahlwa inkunkuma. Inkunkuma enokulahlwa ngqo ezifestileni, ezitsha kwaye imixholo zeebhekile egumbini iye echithwa endleleni, kukho into evuzela igazi imfuyo. Kuyo yonke kamva bawela umlambo apho abantu bathatha amanzi ekuphekeni yaye besela.

Kanye i "Ubhubhani Justinian," "Black Death" kwaba senziwa linani elikhulu kweempuku ezihlala ukunxibelelana nabantu. Xa uncwadi ngexesha uyakwazi ukufumana amangeniso ezininzi enikelwe ukuba benze ntoni xa uluma. Njengoko usazi, iimpuku kunye marmots - abathwali sifo, ngoko abantu baba panic-ethwaxwa, nokuba omnye ngohlobo lwazo. Kwiinzame ukoyisa iimpuku ezininzi ndilibele yonke into, kuquka intsapho yakhe.

Njani ukuba kwaqala

Ingongoma awazalelwa kuyo sifo yaba Gobi entlango. Iphi na indawo leyo ingqalelo ngoko nangoko ayaziwa. Kuthathwa ukuba AmaTatar ayephila kufuphi wathi ukuzingelwa marmots, ezo abathwali isibetho. Kakhulu inyama noboya yezi zilwanyana. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, usulelo okukhulu.

iimpuku ezininzi ngenxa imbalela kunye nezinye iimeko zemozulu embi zashiya indawo yokusabela yabo baza bafudukela kufutshane ebantwini, apho ababanga nako ukufumana ukutya kakhulu.

KwiPhondo Hebei e China ubunzima kuqala. Kukho wabulala ubuncinane 90% yabemi. Esi sesinye isizathu ezaye zakhokelela imbono yokuba ukuvela isibetho wavusa nangezinto. Bona aziwa Silk Road nako ukuthwala esi sifo kunye naye.

Ke isibetho kufika Indiya, waza waya eYurophu. Okumangalisayo kukuba, umthombo omnye kuphela elo xesha wabhekisela hlobo zesi sifo. Bakholelwa ukuba abantu abahlaselwa nefom ukudumba isibetho.

Kumazwe apho, uchukumise lombulalazwe, kumaXesha Aphakathi, waphakama yokothuka ngokwenene. Iintloko ithi wathumela abathunywa ukuze ulwazi malunga nesifo kunye neengcali kwanyanzeleka ukuba zizakhele unyango yona. Inani labantu kwamanye amazwe, ngoxa ebumnyameni, efuna ukukholelwa ngamarhe ukuba ilizwe ezingcolisekileyo imvula yamarhamba, umoya obhudlayo, awe umlilo iibhola esibhakabhakeni acid.

uphawu Modern wesifo ukudumba

Isibetho eYurophu abangu ezininzi kuba nje abantu abazange bafumane ithuba lokuba bafunde sifo. Iintsomi ezininzi wabonakala ngenxa yokungazi kunye lithemba. Enyanisweni, i-arhente kuphela causative lwesibetho ukudumba - yibhaktheriya, nto leyo yenethiwekhi izenze, badla ngokutya igazi iimpuku abamnyama.

amaqondo obushushu aphantsi, elide ukufumana phandle emzimbeni umkhosi wakhe, thawing akakwazi kutshabalalisa arhente causative of "ukufa abamnyama." Kodwa ngempumelelo nxamnye kwelanga kunye omisa.

Enyanisweni, iibhaktheriya ezibangela isibetho, olwaye lwamfimfitha kuphela namabuzi. Nangona kunjalo, xa lingekho isakhono umkhosi, ukuba Ungasa abantu. KumaXesha Aphakathi, iimeko abaphila baba iintlungu kangangokuba uninzi ibuzi uyafa. Kwi izilwanyana eziseleyo iintakumba ihlaselwe endle. Iimpuku, ke, ngenxa yokugula, ifuna indawo yokuhlala, apho unako ukufumana ukutya, wabafumana kufutshane ebantwini. Ekubeni isibetho ukudumba lasasazwa kwabantu.

Iimpawu isibetho ebantwini

isibetho ukudumba uqala ukuphuhlisa ukususela esinayo silume umntu okanye intakumba sifo. Iintsholongwane ufake ezalathelwe nkovu kunye uqale nobomi babo. Ngesiquphe, indoda weyisayo Ukugodola, oko kwandisa iqondo lobushushu emzimbeni, intloko ebuhlungu nodandatheko, kunye neempawu zobuso - awaqondakala phantsi kwamehlo kuvela namabala amnyama. Ngosuku lwesibini emva kwenzeka usulelo bubo ngokwayo. Ngoko wabiza ukwanda nkovu node.

Xa iibhaktheriya Iyakwazi ngokupheleleyo iindawo, ukuba bangene egazini, ebangela iqondo ngokuqatha ukunxila. Xa sisidleleli engena egazini, isikhumba kunye inwebu yangaphakathi kubonakala amabala amnyama, ukukhubazeka, beze.

Onesibetho isibetho, zibe nokwaziwa ngoko nangoko. "Black Death" - sisifo eguqula ubuso nomzimba ingqalelo. Kumadyunguza baba buqapheleke ngosuku lwesibini, kunye nemeko ngokubanzi isigulana ayikwazi kuqwalaselwa ngokwaneleyo.

Iimpawu isibetho ebantwini kuMbindi Ages, ngokumangalisayo, ayahluka imiqondiso isigulane mihla.

Lo mfanekiso kwezonyango isibetho ukudumba zamaXesha Aphakathi

"Black Death" - sisifo liyabonakala ngezizathu ezinjalo kumaXesha Aphakathi:

• umkhuhlane omkhulu, kuthibaza;
• ubuvila;
• imvakalelo oluqhubekayo wabugwala;
• ubuhlungu obukhulu esifubeni;
• ukuphelelwa umoya;
• isikhohlela ukubhobhoza igazi;
• igazi kunye nenkunkuma neemveliso zibe omnyama;
• ulwimi angabonwa patina mnyama;
• izilonda kunye buboes evela kwi emzimbeni, wamnika bayicime ivumba elibi;
• clouding lokuqonda.

Ezi mpawu zithathwa njengophawu olungxamisekileyo kufa. Ukuba umntu ufumene isigwebo, yena sele esazi ukuba ixesha wayeka elincinane kakhulu. Akukho namnye wazama ukujongana nezi mpawu, ukuba zithathwa ukuba ukuthanda kukaThixo, ndisingisele nakulo ibandla.

Unyango lwe isibetho ukudumba kumaXesha Aphakathi

amayeza medieval kude zimbi. Ugqirha abeza ukuhlola isigulane, wahlawula ingqalelo engakumbi intetho malunga nokuba wavuma kunonyango nje. Oku kwakuhambisana inani athi phithi yonqulo. Usindiso komphefumlo yokuba kubaluleke ngakumbi kakhulu kunokuba recovery umzimba. Ngako oko, le kotyando phantse ingangabi bubulumko.

Kuxakekwe ngonyango sisibetho baba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• nangezilonda, ukuyeke moxibustion ngentsimbi;
• ukusetyenziswa kwe antidotes;
• uncamathiselo kwi ulusu izirhubuluzi ukudumba;
• esisuka sifo encediswa umazibuthe.

Kule yeza aphakathi ke nangoku ithemba. Abanye oogqirha Emva koko izigulane ukuba unamathele ukudla uze ulindele ukuba umzimba ukumelana isibetho. Le ithiyori kakhulu elaneleyo zonyango. Kakade ke, kwiimeko ngexesha amatyala recovery baba manqapha, kodwa kunjalo bathatha indawo.

Kuba unyango esi sifo zathathwa oogqirha kuphela laliphakathi okanye kubantu abatsha abafuna ukuba bafumane udumo ngumntu longshot. Bona enxibe imaski ngabona intloko intaka kunye umlomo ngokukhawuleza. Noko ke, loo khuselo kusindiswa kude zonke, oogqirha abaninzi baye bafa emva izigulane zabo.

Authorities Amagunya wacebisa abantu ukuba babambelele iindlela ezinjalo ukulwa ubhubhane:

• Escape ukuya kumgama olukhulu. Kulo mzekelo, kwaba kuyimfuneko ukoyisa iikhilomitha ezininzi lokuzila kunene. Hlala kude ekhuselekileyo ukusuka sifo kwafuneka ukuba elide kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
• Esebenzisa site losulelo ukuqhuba nemihlambi yamahashe. Bekucingelwa ukuba ezi impefumlo isilwanyana ecoca umoya. Nenjongo efanayo bacetyiswa ukuba ukuvumela kumakhaya izinambuzane ezahlukileyo. Kwelo gumbi apho kutshanje yafa le ndoda isisifo, ndibeke esosini yobisi, kuba kwakucingwa ukuba lubamba sifo. Kananjalo siye iindlela ezaziwayo ezifana spider indlu lokuvelisa kunye nenani elikhulu umlilo uvutha kufutshane yokuhlala.
• Yenza nantoni na ukuba abulale ivumba sibetho. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba xa umntu va elibi kubantu abosulelekileyo zisathe, kuba kakhulu ikhuselwe. Yiloo nto abantu abaninzi ethwele amaqoqo iintyatyambo.

Kwakhona, ugqirha bacetyiswa ukuba kulala emva isifingo, ngangenini neentlobano zesini kwaye hayi ukuba bacinge malunga bhubhane kunye nokufa. Namhlanje, le ndlela kubonakala crazy, kodwa kumaXesha Aphakathi, abantu bafumana intuthuzelo kuwo.

Kakade ke, kukho into ebalulekileyo kubomi bhubhane, yinkolo.

Inkolo ngexesha ubhubhane isibetho ukudumba

"Black Death" - isifo into elothusayo abantu ukungaqiniseki bayo. Ngoko ke, Kungenxa yoku kwakukho iinkolelo ezahlukahlukeneyo zonqulo:

• Death - sisohlwayo ngenxa yezono zabantu abaqhelekileyo bakaThixo, ukungathobeli, isimo esibi ngabantu abasondeleyo, umnqweno uyekelela esilingweni.
• Isibetho saba ngenxa yokungakhathali ngokholo.
• Ubhubhane yaqala ngenxa yokuba izihlangu vogue kunye iinzwane etsolo, nto leyo esenza kakhulu uThixo.

Ababingeleli, ngubani sanyanzeleka ukuba beve bavume abantu abafayo basoloko eyosulelekileyo baza bafa. Kaninzi isixeko wahlala ngaphandle abefundisi ngenxa yokuba besoyika ukuba ubomi babo.

Sizoku lwisana imeko olumenyezelayo kwabonakala amaqela ahlukeneyo okanye amahlelo, iyileyo ngendlela yabo echaza unobangela bhubhane. Ukongeza, ezeni yayiqhelekile phakathi kwabantu, kwakusithiwa yinyaniso.

Ze ngexesha ubhubhane isibetho ukudumba

Kuzo zonke, nkqu siganeko singabalulekanga, ngexesha lo bhubhani abantu baye babona imiqondiso bokuhlala lwekamva. Ezinye ze kakhulu okumangalisayo:

• Ukuba umfazi ze ngokupheleleyo uya kulima ilizwe ngeenxa zonke endlwini, kunye nentsapho iphela ngeli xesha iya kuba kwi gumbi, shiya intente ezikufuphi neendawo.
• Ukuba wenze i obala, engumqondiso isibetho, aqhumisele umva phantsi sifo.
• Ukuba esi sifo na ehlaselwa, kuyimfuneko ukuba uyise isilivere okanye mercury.

legends isethi ngokoMthetho malunga umfanekiso isibetho. Babekholelwa ngokwenene abantu. Boyika ukuvula kwakhona emnyango wendlu yakhe, ukuze kungene umoya isibetho. Nkqu abantu bomthonyama baxabana bodwa, wafuna ngamnye ukuze asindise yena yena kuphela.

Imeko eluntwini

Ekugqibeleni abantu abacinezelekileyo ndoyika, weyiseka ukuba isibetho kwaqhenqetha ekuthiwa-esibulalayo enqwenela ukufa kulo lonke uluntu. Waqala ukufuna abarhanelwa. Baya ngenkani uyarhuqeka esibhedlele. Abantu abaninzi abaye batyholwa, wazibulala. ubhubhane ukuzibulala yahlasela iYurophu. Le ngxaki sele ifikelele ezinjalo olinganise ukuba abasemagunyeni umnwe abo abazibulalayo ukubeka imizimba yabo phezu kuboniswa obala.

Ekubeni abantu abaninzi beyiseka ukuba bahlala zimbalwa kakhulu, bona zaqalwa kuzo zonke ezimbi: ulikhoboka lotywala, bekhangela fun namabhinqa zobuhle lula. Le ndlela yokuphila ngakumbi ukomeleza lo bhubhane.

Ubhubhane ifikelele ezinjalo olinganise ukuba izidumbu ithathwe ebusuku, ohlisa nabo emigodini ezizodwa kunye ukungcwatywa.

Maxa wambi kuyenzeka ukuba izigulane ngokukodwa sifo bavela kuluntu, ukuzama yosulela abaninzi kangangoko iintshaba kunokwenzeka. Kwakhona kwaba ngenxa yokuba oko ingqalelo ngathi lowo sikuye isibetho, ukuba uyidlulisele komnye umntu.

Xa umoya ixesha nawuphi na umntu nasiphi na isizathu ukuba ume ngaphandle esihlweleni, akaba ozakuthathwa poisoner.

Imiphumo "Black Death"

"Black Death" kwakhokelela nemiphumela emandla kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kuzo zezi:

• Ngokuphawulekayo Utshintshe umlinganiselo yamaqela igazi.
• Ukungazinzi kwisigaba kwezopolitiko yobomi.
• iilali ezininzi uwalahlile.
• Yaba ekuqaleni yonxulumano wobukhosi. Abantu abaninzi owayesebenza koomasifundisane abantwana babo, kwanyanzeleka ukuba umsebenzi iinkosi kwicala.
• Yona umsebenzi kwisigaba imveliso naniswele zabasebenzi eyindoda, lo msebenzi waqala ukuba amabhinqa.
• Medicine liyagungqa neqonga entsha yophuhliso. Saqala ukufunda zonke iintlobo zezifo ceba unyango kubo.
• Abakhonzi kunye Ingxenye yabantu ngenxa yokunqongophala abantu baqala ukuba ibango ngokwabo indawo engcono. Abantu abaninzi baba ziindlalifa engathethekiyo izalamane ongasekhoyo lezityebi.
• Kuye kwenziwa iinzame ukuba imishini imveliso.
• Lehla ngokuphawulekayo, amaxabiso ezindlu kunye rent.
• Ezingathethekiyo abalazi olukhulayo abantu akafuni ukuthobela ongayaziyo urhulumente. Oku kubangele uqhushululu ezahlukeneyo neziphithiphithi.
• Ngokuphawulekayo buthathaka impembelelo webandla labemi. Abantu babona lusizo ababingeleli ekulweni isibetho wayeka ukuthemba kuzo. Wabuya weza ukusetyenziswa amasiko neenkolelo, ngaphambili wavalwa yicawa. Ubudala "ngamagqwirha" kunye "nakoosiyazi". Inani Ababingeleli ehle kakhulu. Kuba abanjalo izikhundla rhoqo wabathabatha abantu yobudala akafundanga, engafanelekanga. Abantu abaninzi ukuqonda, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba ukufa kuthatha kuphela gculeli, kodwa, abantu abalungileyo elungileyo. Kulo mba, eYurophu wambuza amandla kaThixo.
• Emva enkulu kangaka-isikali ubhubhane isibetho ekugqibeleni washiya abantu. Ngamaxesha athile emizini ezahlukeneyo ubhubhane kwavuka, bethabathe ngayo ubomi babantu.

Namhlanje, abaphandi abaninzi bathandabuze ukuba ubhubhane sesibini naniqhubeka ngokohlobo isibetho ukudumba.

Imibono malunga nobhubhane yesibini

Kukho ngabaza ukuba "ukufa black" - bale nexesha ukuchuma isibetho ukudumba. Kukho ukwazi:

• Izigulane isibetho azifane waphawula iimpawu ezifana umkhuhlane kunye nomqala obuhlungu. Noko ke, abaphengululi mihla ekubonise ukuba inani iimpazamo ezikhoyo kwi ukulandisa ixesha. Ngaphezu koko, eminye imisebenzi yobugcisa echasene nje kuphela ngamabali abanye, kodwa thina.
• Ubhubhane wesithathu nga lupwa% 3 kuphela labemi, kanti i "ukufa black" wasusa phandle ubuncinane isinye kwisithathu Europe. Kodwa oku, kakhulu, kukho ingcaciso. Ngexesha ubhubhane yesibini kukho ukunqongophala eyoyikekayo nococeko, beninikela iingxaki ngaphezu sifo.
• Buboes evela izilonda babantu ibekwe emakhwapheni kunye entanyeni. bekuya kuba sengqiqweni ukuba yenzeka ngeenyawo zakhe, njengoko loo nto yindlela elula ukufumana iintakumba. Noko ke, le nto ayikho egqibeleleyo. Kubonakala ukuba kunye nempuku intakumba Plaguebringer yi Pediculus humanus. Kwaye kukho izinambuzane kumaXesha Aphakathi kwakukho abaninzi.
• Ngokwesiqhelo lwandulelwe awu- abaninzi yeempuku bhubhane. Le nto ayizange ilandelwe bamaXesha Aphakathi. Oku kunokuba 'umngeni, banikwe ubukho iintwala kwabantu.
• Bloch, ngubani na inaso esi sifo, imvakalelo kakhulu kwimozulu eshushu yaye kufumile. Ubhubhane baba kwi ebusika abanda kakhulu.
• Izinga ukusasazeka kwalo bhubhane kuye ingxelo.

Ngenxa yophando kwafunyaniswa ukuba genome isibetho mihla zenzi isifo efana kumaxesha, nto leyo engqina ukuba uhlobo ukudumba leengxaki kwaye baba 'ukufa abamnyama "kuba abantu belo xesha. Ngoko ke, naziphi na ezinye izimvo ngokuzenzekelayo bafudukela kudidi engalunganga. Kodwa Ufundo ngakumbi lusaqhubeka.