Beka kunye nendima eendaba kubomi nopolitiko loluntu. Izizathu yokwanda indima eendaba kwezopolitiko

Namhlanje ixhamla ulwazi nanto impumelelo, yaye oko kuphakamisa phezulu, kwaye ngaphandle inceba ukuchithwa incinane, yaye ekubeni iye lonke ihlabathi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, indima kumajelo ebomini kwezopolitiko ikhule ngokungathethekiyo, ukusebenza ngomhla kubomi bentlalo kweli cala ngokuphelele ngeke efanayo oko olwalukho zonke iinkulungwane zangaphambili.

umthwalo

Society inyanzela nje le nto okanye loo mbono, kodwa indlela yokuziphatha, enyathelela yonke imigaqo ebonakala lecebo. Umabonakude, irediyo, iimagazini, amaphephandaba ngoku ukulwa, nokuba imfazwe iinkcukacha kakhulu anegazi ngaphezu naliphi na amandla enyukliya kuba kuchaphazela ngqo ingqondo yomntu, ngokwemigqaliselo ngobuciko isiqingatha-inyaniso, engeyonyaniso aluhlaza cwe. Kwi leSoviet, kwaba futhi indima wayo eqinisekileyo eendaba ebomini kwezopolitiko, xa zonke izibakala ziye itshekishwe ngocoselelo ngawo kakhulu ngobuciko gwenxa. Khumbula imisebenzi imizekelo obolganiem phantse lonke washiya nesithuba sikanobhala jikelele.

Ubunzima enkulu ngenxa yobugwenxa akabaxwa kuthelekiswa kumaziko afana SMERSH, i Gulag, kunye noStalin kunye Beria nobuntu. Kwakukho zikarhulumente ukuveza ezincinane, zaye ebhenca izinto ezingekho mthethweni amagosa kunye abezopolitiko, amagcisa kunye nababhali. Olunjalo ulwazi bekusoloko yimpumelelo enkulu kunye bafundi sele yintlekele ngokwenene amaqhawe ezi mpapasho. On koko - izincoko laudatory nangokusulela wenze zonke iintlobo yamatsha ntliziyo kuqala ngokoqobo neenkwenkwezi kumanqanaba ngamanqanaba ukuya eluntwini. Ngoko ke, indima eendaba ebomini yezopolitiko ayikwazi zabaxwa. Kakade, ngokusivumela ukusetyenziswa eliqhelekileyo ulwazi lomntu ngamnye kufuneka abe noxanduva.

umsebenzi Media imisebenzi yezopolitiko

Uluntu eendaba ukwenza iintlobo ngeentlobo zemisebenzi, yaye phantse zonke iinkalo kunye namaziko. Le kunye nolwazi malunga ezahlukeneyo kweziganeko ehlabathini kwaye kweli lizwe phantse kuzo zonke iindawo - kwezopolitiko, ezempilo, elihle kwezentlalo, imfundo kunye njalo njalo. Le ntengiso zonke iintlobo. Kunye nempembelelo uluntu ulwazi ngokwenene ayikwazi zabaxwa, ekubeni ngeendlela zonke, ngokukodwa eendaba idlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi kwezopolitiko, ngokuba zonke iimpahla azinampembelelo ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo yezopolitiko afumaneka ezandleni abo ulwazi kwaye ukwazi nokusebenzisa njani.

inzululwazi Modern lezopolitiko aluphambuki indima, enika eendaba izihloko eliphezulu-iprofayile afana "amandla yesine", "i elingabalamli enkulu" njalo-njalo, ebeka abeendaba ngebande elinye kunye namandla enkundla, esilawulayo kunye nemithetho. Noko ke, abahlalutyi kwezopolitiko ikwazizinto nto imbi kangaka, ngokwenene kwabeendaba aye aziwe phantse onke. Ukulawula TV - esweni kunye lizwe. Akukho wezopolitiko akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle eendaba, kufuneka zonke iintlobo zawo - and print, nakunomathotholo, kunye nomabonakude. Kwaye ezo utshintsho amakhulu ngoku wabonwa ehlabathini lonke, amanqwanqwa yimpembelelo, - isiphumo yintoni indima yakhe eendaba ebomini kwezopolitiko lokudlala kuluntu ephefumlelweyo.

A indaba esibuhlungu

Ngakumbi yingozi ukuzinkcinkca eendaba, xa kweli lizwe akukho amaqela aphikisayo, imibutho okanye imibutho musa ukuvumela ukuphuhlisa inkqubo yileyo. Kwezi meko, indima nje zilahleka koonondaba kubomi nopolitiko loluntu. Imizekelo phambi kwamehlo akho. Ke, yonke into kwenzeka njani ekupheleni Ekuqaleni 80s eSoviet Union, apho abemi ekhululekile yakholwa ngakumbi zonke, yintoni obungathanda na eendaba zosasazo?

Inene, ngoko ukuba ufunde kakhulu ezinomdla kakhulu ngaphezu eyona i live. Abantu babengaqhelananga amanyundululu ezinjalo nesohlwayo enkulu, owawa naphi na abantu edidekile yaye kabuhlungu ngesiquphe. Loo mfazwe ulwazi eyehlela ngaloo minyaka, amajelo osasazo, imibutho kwaye kwenza imikhosi ukuba batshatyalaliswe ngokukhawuleza, ize emva koko ephanga ilizwe bazizityebi, nto leyo lowo negalelo ngokoyiswa yonke inkqubo yezopolitiko, esebenze kweli lizwe iminyaka emashumi asixhenxe. Indima eyandayo koonondaba ebomini nopolitiko loluntu okwenzekayo ngexesha ukulawula ulwazi iwele ezandleni zabantu abanganyanisekanga ukuba izakhi ukuba ukudala uluvo entle yoluntu.

; Kusenjalo eMelika

EUnited States indima eendaba ebomini kwezopolitiko ekuqaleni ngokusondeleyo wafunda zihlalutywe kwi ekuqaleni kakhulu 60 ubudala. Yintoni enokubangela ukuba unxibelelwano ongalawulekiyo ngqo noluntu, ngaphandle inxaxheba kumaziko afana esikolweni, ibandla, usapho, imibutho iqela njalo njalo? Kwaye kwenzeka ntoni xa le nkqubo efakwa ukulawula? Yeyona sisixhobo sele inkxaso eendaba neenkqubo ezithile. Nangona eendaba ayikho ukubamba isixhobo yayo kamabonakude kunye nonomathotholo, ukwenza amalungu kuphela eziprintiweyo, akuzange kube kubi kakhulu, nangona amaphephandaba amaninzi kunye neemagazini ekuqaleni evulwa imizimba amaqela ezahlukeneyo ezopolitiko kwaye bambalwa kakhulu kubo wahlala ngaphandle inkqubo yezopolitiko.

Eyona Isixhobo naliphi ncwadi - na multidimensionality kolwazi. Nokuba idityaniselwe i iqonga lezopolitiko ethile iphephandaba isoloko bakhonza kunye nezinto cala, ukuzonwabisa okanye iindaba, oko kukuthi, abantu ukususela ekuqaleni babeqhele ukuya kubona ngokwabo yinxalenye yehlabathi ngokubanzi, kwaye ngendlela ethile ukuba uyiphendule iziganeko kulo. Ke kaloku kwafika ixesha ... ezifikelelwayo yokuqala kamabonwakude of lokhankaso lolonyulo eUnited States emuva 1952. Ukususela ngoko, idale izikolo lonke, uqeqesho iintatheli ukuba nefuthe kwinginginya ngendlela enenzuzo. Kule '80s umabonwakude sele ekhonyayo ngokwenene phakathi onke eendaba.

mpikiswano

Indima eyandayo koonondaba kubomi kwezopolitiko yoluntu ngenxa yokuba ithuba lokuba nempembelelo ngoncedo lwabo, kwaye akwazi ukuziphatha kwezopolitiko inginginya, iye yavavanywa ngokuphindaphindiweyo imizekelo yabavoti ukungavoti eUnited States emva kwengxoxo nesinye phakathi abagqatswa kamongameli. Ngoko ke, emva kokuba Kennedy iphumelele intlanganiso umabonwakude yangqinelana welinye iqela lezopolitiko - Nixon, kunye ngokweentloko umvoti intlaninge baqinisekisa ukuba ezi iingxoxo ityhefwe ukhetho lwabo.

Xa efanayo indlela emva telecast Reagan ikwazile ukususa kuphela umsantsa kwi per cent ezine phakathi kwakhe Carter, kodwa bamkela nge mpikiswano TV elinye ekhulwini ezintlanu kuvotwe. Kwaba okufanayo kwi Reagan-iMondale ngababini Bush Dyukakis Bush-Clinton. Ngoko ngokuthe ngcembe mpikiswano phakathi angi ukuba ngumongameli iye yaba sisixhobo ngempumelelo phantse onke amazwe, kuquka eRashiya. Indawo nendima eendaba ebomini kwezopolitiko zezona zibalulekileyo kwaye phambili. Kwaye TV kule isipha kuthetha - ithuba elaneleyo nokwenza lokuqonda koluntu. Oku kusetyenziswa ngaphantsi yaye ngaphantsi ulwazi zokusebenza okanye injongo, imfundo, ngenxa yemfundo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwenzeka manipulation iimfuno zamaqela athile.

umfanekiso

Noko ke, izizathu yokwanda indima kumajelo eendaba kwezopolitiko ayikho ayintsonkothanga ngokupheleleyo, eli ziko multi-yaye lubanzi ayikwazi ningasayi kugwetywa olunye-sidedly. Uninzi amalungu bakhe izinto zokuphumeza imisebenzi ezahlukeneyo kakhulu nkqu nje ukwazisa abantu malunga neziganeko ngezimanga ezenzeka yonke - ukusuka yommandla jikelele. Olu ukuqokelelwa kolwazi kunye nokusasazwa kwaso kusakhelwa qwa zehlabathi, kukuba ukukhethwa kunye nezimvo, oko kukuthi, ukuhlela ulwazi efunyenweyo, kwaye ke injongo kukuba ziphembelele uluvo loluntu. Ukwandisa amathuba konxibelelwano oluntu - oko esona sizathu sokuba ukwandisa indima eendaba.

Society into yayinepolitiki kakhulu, kwaye kumaphephandaba, unomathotholo nomabonwakude igalelo kule mfundo kwiingcamba ebanzi sabemi bomhlaba. Ngoko ke, indima eendaba ebomini mihla kwezopolitiko yomelele kunakuqala. Bathi ukuba indawo njengonogada umdla eluntwini, amehlo neendlebe kuluntu lonke: zilumkisa kuqoqosho oludodobalayo, ukukhula kakubi iziyobisi okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukuthetha urhwaphilizo kurhulumente. Noko ke, le indima eendaba kufuneka ibe ngokupheleleyo mntu oxhomekeke - mhlawumbi kwezopolitiko okanye ngokoqoqosho. Kodwa oko akwenzeki.

umsebenzi

Kumazwe ahambele phambili, eendaba na iziko loshishino labucala okanye kwicandelo lezoqoqosho, abasebenzi, amakhulu amawaka abantu. Media Uqoqosho isekelwe phezu ukuqokelelwa, processing, ukugcinwa kunye nokuthengiswa koko lolwazi. Oko kukuthi, umsebenzi eendaba kuxhomekeke kakhulu kuqoqosho emarikeni. Zonke izinto ezingangqinelaniyo eluntwini, zonke izinto lamanqanaba zayo ezahlukeneyo amaqela ngokutsha kwiimpapasho kunye neenkqubo. Ukukhulisa amandla ezoqoqosho, kunye nefuthe zentlalo nenkcubeko - kunciphise ulawulo karhulumente kunye namaqumrhu (abathengisi).

Lize kwenzeka ukuze izimvo ngemiba ethile akumelanga kunga abane- elilawulayo yaye inkokheli incwadi. Amajelo ziye conglomerates omkhulu ukuba abe kushishino ezizimeleyo kwaye kunokuba inzuzo kwishishini, kodwa oku sisiqalo yorhwebo kwaye akavumeli ukwenza ngaphandle kokusebenzisa semgangathweni kolwazi olukhoyo ezikhoyo. Kwaye apha ukutshintsha ngokuqatha kuphela uhlobo lomsebenzi, kodwa yonke indima eendaba kubomi kwezopolitiko. Imizekelo baninzi. Nkqu Reagan, umongameli ngoko, ngoku lizwe, ngo-1988, zonke ezintathu ezinkulu losasazo kamabonwakude US ongakhululwanga ngenxa yokungabikho umdla yorhwebo. Ngenxa yoko, 1989 yayingunyaka wokugqibela wobukumkani bakhe.

eminye imizekelo

Ushicilelo, iingxelo kunye nezimvo uphalaze ukukhanya phezu imithombo emfihlekweni, owenza umgaqo-nkqubo izangqa sinqumo ukuze sinikele ingqalelo kuluntu ngokubanzi kwi iimpawu ezininzi kwesigele yalo msebenzi. kube njalo maxa wambi. Umzekelo, kwi "New York Times" yaba kokupapashwa kwesicwangciso enjalo, xa luxeliwe, amanye amaxwebhu ntlanu, iphephandaba "Washington Post" kwabenza kwihlazo Watergate, bacwangcise usasazo telekorporatsii ukusuka Congress, apho wachitha ndlebe revelatory. Kuye kwakhona bazilungiselela koqhankqalazo le uluvo loluntu imfazwe eVietnam, yaye kule nqubo izwe elikhulu zosasazo ezininzi, kuquka eUnited States.

US Mongameli Lyndon Johnson kunye Richard Nixon kwanyanzeleka ukuba aphume kwezopolitiko, ngokuba eendaba idlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi kwezopolitiko. Ngokufutshane, amajelo eendaba bangeza umda zombini amandla kunye yintshukumo izangqa sigqibo. Nangona kunjalo, oku kwenzeka amaninzi kwiimeko apho eendaba kuyingenelo. Uninzi amaphephandaba kunye neemagazini, izikhululo kunomathotholo nakumabonakude, nkqu edumileyo, igcinwe wasiyeka kuphela mizwa. hlakalo Vula ukuveza ubuqhophololo, zama ukufumanisa iimfihlakalo, zonke phezu umboniso - oku indima ephambili eendaba ebomini kwezopolitiko. grade 11 kwizikolo Russian sele bafunda iindlela zempembelelo enjalo.

"Iziqhushumbisi"

Amaxesha amaninzi, bangangxameli uhlelo koluvo, ufuna ukuba "ukuqhushumba ezabo," ukuba iphande urhwaphilizo okanye enye malfeasance, uthethe ukuwa yokuziphatha phakathi kwamagosa aphezulu okanye nkohliso phezu inxalenye ngabavoti abaviwa kamongameli. Utsho icwangcisa kwithoni mpikiswano yoluntu. Zisa kuluntu lonke kumanyundululu kunye maqhinga ezipasejini amandla. Kwaye kukho amaxesha xa eendaba uwina uloyiso ezikrelekrele.

Ngokomzekelo, emva kwihlazo uoltergeytskogo kulandele lokuqala kumabali emsebenzini ye US kaMongameli. Kwaye xa "Spiegel" sele yabiwe abafundi ulwazi malunga nokungena ofihlakeleyo labasebenzi akhuselwe nguMgaqo-siseko, kwindlu yabucala kunye injineli elula ukufaka apho zonke iintlobo zobugcisa omamele, urhoxile uMphathiswa of Internal Affairs eJamani.

"Amadada"

Kodwa kukho nenye indlela. Intatheli of "Interfax" wayekhona enkundleni, apho ukufikelela isigwebo nxamnye Khodorkovsky. Alenzileyo iingxelo ezimbini ukuya umhleli phambi kokuba isigwebo. Kwaye ngoko ke wenza iphutha le mpahla. Xa feed iindaba kukho ulwazi uMikhail Khodorkovsky sele free. Lommeli - it ukuba ukuzila ukutya, kude kukhutshwa, imarike ukhule umdla kakhulu. Oku akunjalo kuphela. Amarhe malunga yokurhoxa uViktor Chernomyrdin kwakhona waqengqela emva "idada" hlobo "Novaya Gazeta", apho Boris Gromov "isusiwe" ukususela isithuba irhuluneli ummandla eMoscow, wagqiba ukuthumela into yokubanceda Embassy of Ukraine.

Apha indima ayidlalileyo kubomi yezopolitiko kumajelo eendaba ukufuna ukushukumisa. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, incoko phakathi kwabasemagunyeni kunye labantu yinto engenakwenzeka, kuba unxibelelwano iyafana kakhulu umdlalo yabantwana ebizwa ngokuba "umnxeba abengevayo". Umthetho ibalulekileyo ukulawula smoznaniem yoluntu kukuba apho umamkeli ilawula ukwahlula ndiwuhlutha zonke iimpembelelo amazwe. Xa kungekho enye, smart kwaye ilawulwe akukho mntu izimvo. Dialogue and mpikiswano kwiimeko ezinjalo akunakwenzeka. Ngelishwa, ngalo mzuzwana indlela ulwazi entamo yinxalenye yomgaqo-nkqubo phantse kwilizwe ngalinye. Emva kwenye "idada" uluntu ochaphazelekayo ukhumbula njengoko lokunxulumana oluthile scandal; nokuba weba unengxowa yemali, okanye nokuba ayibileyo. Ewe, ukuba nabani na sele kwaye akunamsebenzi, kuba ingcaciso yezi ntsuku akusekho ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kuba ezifanelekileyo.