Andrey Vezaly kunye negalelo lakhe amayeza

Andrey Vezaly - umsunguli komzimba zenzululwazi. incwadi yakhe enkulu De humini corporus Fábrica, owasekwa ngo-1543, yaba komzimba wokuqala enemifanekiso ngokupheleleyo komzimba womntu. Kuye ngokusekelwe neembono zezazinzulu, yena wenza emnyango, namkhanyela amawaka amaninzi eminyaka iimpazamo kule ndawo lobungcaphephe. Andrey Vezaly - umphengululi le Renaissance. Yena waba uprofesa ukwakheka kwiYunivesithi wasePadua kunye nogqirha Ngcwele waseRoma uCharles V.

Andrey Vezaly: ibhayografi emfutshane

Vesalius wazalwa ngomhla wama-31 Disemba 1514 ngo-Brussels. Ngelo xesha, lo mzi waba yinxalenye oyiNgcwele bonke uBukhosi baseRoma. Namhlanje ke ikomkhulu eBelgium. Andrew wayengomnye wabantwana abane - waba bazalwana ababini kunye nodade. Uyise, Anders Van Wesel, waba inkundla avumba limnandi e Margaret of Austria. Umama, Isabel Crabbe, ukukhulisa abantwana kwindlu osisityebi, ibekwe kwindawo ehlonelwayo kufuphi kwibhotwe Koudenberg, apho wafika wasebenza nje utata inkwenkwe.

Vesalius waya esikolweni kwiminyaka emithandathu. Mhlawumbi, kwaba isikolo kommandla webhola yamaKatolika e Brussels. Iminyaka 9 kokuba kakuhle izibalo, Latin kunye nezinye iilwimi, kwakunye bafunda ngokupheleleyo ngemigaqo inkolo yamaKatolika. Uyise badla ngokungabikho besemsebenzini. Ke inkwenkwe, wakhuthaza ngunina ukuthatha intlawulo epheleleyo yethala kakuhle kunawo entsapho iinyawo kapopu,.

college

Xa-15 ubudala, Andrey Vezaly waya kwiDyunivesithi yase laseLouvain. Yayikumgama neekhilomitha ezingama-30 kwimpuma Brussels. Kwaba mzuzu yekratshi usapho: uyise akuvumelekile ukuba afumane imfundo ephakamileyo, kuba akazange azalwe emtshatweni. , Ke ngoko, ukuba wenza Vesalius bafunda njani ubugcisa kunye nesiLatini. Kwakhona kahle lo isiHebhere nesiGrike. Emva ukuzuza Master of Arts ngo-1532, waza wamkelwa esikolweni lonyango edumileyo kwiYunivesithi yase Paris.

Paris Medical School

Andrey Vezaly waqala izifundo zakhe yezonyango 1533, eneminyaka engama-19. nempembelelo enkulu kumsebenzi wabafundi abanetalente kufuneka ugqirha yamandulo yesiGrike Klavdiya Galena, awayibhala emva kweminyaka 1300 ngaphambi kokuba kwabo. Ezi mfundiso kwakusithiwa ngokugqibeleleyo ogqibeleleyo inyaniso. Uninzi kokuma yokwakheka ka Galen enziwa emnyango izilwanyana, ingakumbi obeku-, njengoko na lavunyelwa ngelo xesha lokuba baziqhaqhe abantu.

Andrey Vezaly njengento anatomist ufumbethe utitshala wakhe komzimba Guinteru Johann von Andernach, ngubani liguqulelwe imibhalo yamandulo yesiGrike kwisiLatin Galen. Kanye igqirha yamandulo yamaGrike, Wakugqala amava nawazibonayo indlela engcono yokufumana ulwazi yokwakheka. Uninzi notyando yabantu ngexesha kuqhutywa kuphela ngenjongo ukuqinisekisa abafundi ukuba zonke ezibhaliweyo yi Galen noHippocrates yinyaniso.

Ebudeni umboniso wendlela owawukade okanye ugqirha ukwenza ukuba anamanxeba eziyimfuneko kunye notitshala, ehleli phezulu ngaphezu umzimba, endiwufundayo izicatshulwa ezifanelekileyo ukusuka isebenza yamandulo ngokuvakalayo. Assistant kunceda abafundi, isalatha izidumbu kuxoxwe. Ekubeni imibhalo yamandulo ayimele naziphi na iimpazamo, abafundi abayi kuvunyelwa ukuba abuze imibuzo okanye uxoxe asike. iingxabano Academic ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenzwa uguqulelo olululo yemisebenzi bamandulo, hayi nokwakheka.

Guinter von Andernach yaba uhlobo ezinqabileyo likatitshala ngaloo mihla. Wavumela abafundi bakhe ukuba baziqhaqhe ngokwakhe. Nangona eli siko kugwetywa iiyunivesithi abaninzi. Njengomgaqo, wazithwala le yotyando-mthetho ezibuleweyo, kwaye ingqalelo ehlazisayo abantu abafundileyo ukujongana nezi mbelukazi zibi.

Iitalente Vesalius Guintera wachukumiseka kangangokuba wacela ukuba ancedise incwadi komzimba galenovo Institutiones anatomicae. Lo msebenzi yapapashwa ngo-1536. It Guinter adunyiswe umfundi wakhe oneminyaka eli-21 ubudala: "Lo mfo uselula ethembisayo unolwazi obalaseleyo amayeza, into kakuhle kwi Latin nesiGrike kwaye onamava kakhulu kwi nokwakheka."

LaseLouvain Medical School

Andrey Vezaly Kwanyanzeleka ukuba bahambe Paris ngo-1536, njengoko phakathi France kunye oyiNgcwele uBukhosi baseRoma, imfazwe. Wabuyela University of laseLouvain ukugqiba izifundo zakhe zonyango. ngamava akhe nokwakheka ngokukhawuleza ingqalelo. Kungekudala Vesalius wayalelwa ukuba uyigcine kwaye izimvo malunga yotyando, wafa noblewoman ngequbuliso oneminyaka eli-18 ubudala. Anatomy of amabhinqa aselula ngelo xesha lwepaki. Vesalius liyakhathaza yi engenamava ugqirha waza wathabatha phezu kwesidumbu.

Nangona yayiyazi yamava abo olukhulayo, yena akazange onwabe nolwazi lwakhe komzimba womntu. Vesalius waqonda ukuba iitekisi ngaphezu nantoni akayi kuba nako ukufundisa. Ngoku, uAndreya kwafuneka ukuba ndidilize izithintelo ulwazi lwakhiwe ngu uprofesa endala amayeza, ngubani bakuvuyela ukunqula Galen noHippocrates. Kuba uphando kwakufuneka umzimba womntu.

Kungekudala emva kokuba ebuyele laseLouvain Andrey Vezaly kunye nomhlobo wakhe wafumana umzimba phantse epheleleyo njengebanjwa yabulawa, wahamba phandle. Yavula ithuba ulunge kakhulu ukuba ukuba ndimke. Ngobo busuku Vesalius snuck emzimbeni, waqweqwediswa kwaye dissected ngayo, eyenza kube amathambo, nto leyo ke isetyenziswe kufundisa. Ukuze singakrokrelwa, weza kunye ibali bamzisa evela eParis. Ngenxa umboniso yotyando zabafundi, Vesalius laseLouvain yaba de facto umhlohli sikweni nokwakheka. Ngowe-1537, xa ndandineminyaka eli-22, wafumana isidanga seBachelor entsimini yamayeza.

Andrey Vezaly: ibhayografi le sisazinzulu

Le nabezempilo omncinci wayefuna ukuba ngugqirha. Ukuze wenze oku, kufuneka ufumane isiqinisekiso efunekayo. Ukuze senjenjalo, wabhalisa kwiYunivesithi wasePadua kumantla eItali. Oonjingalwazi ngokukhawuleza waqonda ukuba Vesalius ndingumfundi ongaqhelekanga. Phantse nangoko, baye bavunyelwa ukuba badlule iimviwo zokugqibela. Omnye umfana onesiphiwo kanye ngexesha layo yokuzalwa amabini anesithathu wafumana isidanga sobugqirha yakhe. nangoko Ootitshala bakhetha ngaye unjingalwazi ukwakheka komzimba kunye notyando.

Andrey Vezaly imisebenzi yayo engundoqo baya kubhala Padua. Yena wayibona ngemfuneko yemizobo izixhobo ezibonwayo ukuze akwazi ukunceda abafundi baqonde nokwakheka. Vesalius wasebenzisa ngexesha kwesidumbu. Kunyaka wokuqala nesigxina sakhe, ngo-1538-m, wapapasha Tabulae anatomicae ngesondo -. «Iitafile ezintandathu yokwakheka" imifanekiso Visual abahamba amanqaku ezenziweyo ngethuba kuvulwa yakhe yokuqala zoluntu wasePadua Andrey Vezaly. Igalelo le kwendlela ezakhiwe ngayo sisazinzulu ayinakuphikiswa. Kwaba diagrammatic iimboniselo wesibindi, emithanjeni kunye nenkqubo lwemithambo, amathambo. Le ncwadi nangoko kwaduma kakhulu. It ifike ezikotshiweyo.

Ngowe-1539, izifundo yokwakheka Vesalius zaye ixhaswa abagwebi wasePadua. Waba nomdla kumsebenzi izazinzulu baqala ukunikeza kuye imizimba mthetho ababulawa asike. Ngeli xesha, Vesalius kwacaca ukuba kwendlela ezakhiwe ngayo Galen alichanekanga. Noko ke, oko kudala refutation ngezimvo - kunzima yaye maxa wambi yingozi. Nkqu kumaxesha akutshanje rhoqo, iingcamango ezintsha kwafuneka ukulwela ilungelo lalo lokuba khona, nokuba zixhaswa bubungqina obucacileyo. Vesalius kwakufuneka lokuveza izimvo ayencokola ezazikho iminyaka 1,300.

In "Six iitafile yokwakheka" kunokuba ukuchaza bakuqapheleyo ngexesha zophando mihla, ISAZINZULU waya phezu iminyinyiva yesithethe. Andrey Vezaly thaca isibindi ngendlela aphakathi - ngokohlobo intyatyambo siqinisekiso. Echaza intliziyo aorta njengoko kuchaziwe yi Galen kuzo - ezizidumbu monkeys, hayi abantu. Noko ke, kule amathambo wakwazi ukuvelisa revolution, nangona utshintsho ngokungangqalanga. Vezaliy wabonisa imihlathi yabantu, ebandakanya omnye, amathambo kunokuba ezimbini njengoko ibango ngokungachanekanga Galen.

Incwadi on nomkhuba

Ukongeza, i-Vesalius mini-imvukelo nabo bathabatha inxaxheba kule mpikiswano malunga venostomy okanye nomkhuba. Le yokuzoba rhoqo asetyenziselwa ukunyanga okanye kudanjiswe iimpawu zezigulane. Oogqirha babephikisana malunga nalapho ukwenza Kwangale liqatywe - kufuphi nesiza yokwenzakala okanye kude kuye. Le mpikiswano kwenyuka ngenxa oogqirha ndakhutshwa kukho inguqulelo yesiArabhu abangabasemisebenzini Galen - imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala ngesiGrike zazingafumaneki eYurophu ukususela kumaxesha zamaRoma. Noko ke, ukuwa kweConstantinople yatshintsha le meko. Kwaye kwakhona umsebenzi Galen nga iza kufundwa yokuqala. Oogqirha bafumanisa ukuba itekisi yesiGrike maxa wambi babephikisana ngoguqulo Arabhu, leyo ziyonwabele elide kangaka.

Ngowe-1539, xa ndandineminyaka eli-24, Vesalius wabhala ileta nomkhuba. Akukho wenza kwicala naluphi na utshintsho olululo, waphinda yayikukwaphula yokusebenza eyamkelekileyo, ukuthetha bakubonileyo zabo kunokuba ngokucaphula iitekisi Classic. Vesalius ngoku awayezimisele ukuyifumana inyaniso ngokwabo, kunokuba sithembele umsebenzi wabanye.

Ukuvela komzimba entsha

Ngowe-1540, xa ndandineminyaka eli-25, Andrey Vezaly waqalisa ukusebenza kwi komzimba iincwadi ezinemifanekiso De humini corporus Fábrica ( «On isakhiwo umzimba womntu"). Le ncwadi umsebenzi wakhe ebonakalayo. Ngowe-1543-m Vesalius wathabatha a wesabatha kwiYunivesithi wasePadua. Waya Basel, eSwitzerland, ukugqiba ukulungiselela le ncwadi ukwenzela ukupapashwa.

"Ngomhla isakhiwo umzimba womntu" yaba umsebenzi umthamo onomtsalane kwiphepha 700 imiqulu ezisixhenxe. impembelelo yayo ebonakalayo - ngaphezulu kwe-270 imizekeliso umdla - kwaba omkhulu. Kule ncwadi yesibini, umz, thaca imifanekiso ngokumangalisayo eneenkcukacha yabantu kuthotho imifanekiso ebonisa umaleko-by-umaleko isakhiwo kwezihlunu komzimba. La manani mhlawumbi kuba idumileyo kwimbali imifanekiso zonyango.

Kunzima ukuba zazi ukubaluleka le ncwadi, eyabhalwa Andrey Vezaly. Igalelo ogqirha olugoso. Ukongeza, le imveliso isehlakalo obalulekileyo kwimbali zobugcisa. Ngelishwa, igama artist, owenze kunye sisazinzulu, wahlala ayaziwa. Le mifanekiso ababehamba inkcazelo izihlunu.

Ayimangalisi into yokuba, banikwe ubutyebi imifanekiso kunye umthamo omkhulu, le ncwadi yaba ethenga into ebizayo. Kuye senzelwe ukuba oogqirha, amathala eencwadi kunye basebukhosini. Eqonda ukuba abanye babe nomdla kumsebenzi wakhe, umbhali yakhululwa ngaxeshanye kunokwenzeka, ifikeleleke ngakumbi incwadi ngemizobo ebizwa limenza mbalwa. Andrey Vezaly kwi "limenza" imizekeliso asetyenziselwa imizimba kakhulu oyindoda ngaphezu abafazi, mhlawumbi kuba eyindoda zezaphuli zazinkulu kakhulu imazi.

Fábrica yaba ngunozala inzululwazi mihla komzimba womntu. It isigqibo elaqhekeka Galen noHippocrates. Andrey Vezaly lokuvula esekelwe kuphela eneneni yintoni buyabonakala yotyando, kungekhona oko kulindeleke. Nazi ezinye iingxelo bakhe;

• Emazantsi entliziyweni musa ukuba amathambo. Inkcazelo yakhe Galen okunene ibhekisa intlala kwi esisekweni amaxhama sentliziyo kunye nezinye izilwanyana, nto leyo eqina njengokuba iqegu wokwaluphala.
• Kwentamo iqulethe amathathu endaweni ezisixhenxe iindawo njengoko ibango Galen, ngokusekelwe iimfene kwesidumbu.
• Ekudibaneni kwe intliziyo ayikho amazwe. Kuyo kukho imingxunya.
• Vena Vienna iqala entliziyweni hayi esibindini njengoko ibango Galen.
• Akukho umzimba ezifana rete mirabile - «angummangaliso plexus" imithambo zangaphakathi, leyo kuthiwa kwakhokelela ngentliziyo ebuchotsheni.
• Amadoda nabafazi babe nenani elilinganayo ezimbanjeni. Abameli besini eyomeleleyo lo engekhoyo iimbambo, njengoko Kukholelwa.
• Amadoda nabafazi babe nenani elilinganayo amazinyo. Galen Kwakhona bathi yangaphambili kakhulu.

abafundi abaninzi le ncwadi ndadibana elihle. Kuye ube nesingqinisiso anatomists ezinzulu noogqirha. Noko ke, abanye oogqirha kunye izazinzulu atyhwatyhwe ngenxa yokuba baye bakha imisebenzi yabo kwi kumsebenzi Galen, kunye Vesalius wahlasela.

Umzekelo, Yakob Silvy, ababefundisa Andrew e Paris, wachaza umfundi wakhe zangaphambili calumniator nekratshi, ndingenakwazi ngubani ngobuqhophololo bahlasela utitshala wakhe ubuxoki ndlongondlongo, ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukutyhefa inyaniso wendalo. ukuze bathi oku, kufuneka oko ndiphindezele umfundi wakhe, abelithethile ngaphambili ukuba iindlela zokufundisa noSylvia, kukufunda izidumbu iikati nezinja endaweni abantu abakwazi kungakhokelela inkqubela inzululwazi komzimba womntu.

Andrey Vezaly 'Ngomhla isakhiwo umzimba womntu "ozinikezeleyo uCharles V. Kananjalo wamnika ikopi ezizodwa eshicilelwe yesikhumba. Unyana limenza Vesalius esingelwe Charles - Prince uFilipu.

udokotela enkantolo

Xa umlawuli ndabona incwadi, umbhali ogama Andrey Vezaly, biography of sisazinzulu wenza elinye ithuba - wamiselwa ngugqirha asebukhosini. Yena ndayekayo unjingalwazi e wasePadua, waba yesihlanu ummeli ubukhosi Vesalius, lowo okwinkonzo lentendelezo. Njengoko gqirha-gqirha, kwafuneka ukuba bakhonze umkhosi. Xa kwaqalisa imfazwe, Vesalius wathunyelwa ukuya edabini njengokuba ugqirha. Baqhele ukusebenza kunye izidumbu, yena bekunzima ukusingatha izigulane ophilileyo. An ugqirha onamava Daza Chacon wamnceda afunde ukuba enze indlela ngokukhawuleza i okwalandelwa.

Winter 1543 Vesalius weza Italy ukwenza kwi kwigumbi sokuhlaziya, uze emva koko entwasahlobo ka-1544 kuqala wabuyela emkhosini. Waba Ugqirha obalaseleyo. Enye imisebenzi yenkundla Vesalius waye yabaqholiweyo izidumbu iingangamsha elinonokazi; wafa ukulwa. Oku wamvumela ukuba enze uphando ngakumbi yokwakheka, ukuthatha amanqaku uze wenze imigqaliselo.

Embindini ka 1544 kuye kwavakaliswa ihlabathi. Kwaye Andrey Vezaly, ugqirha, wabuya ukuthatha unonophelo umlawuli nenkundla yakhe bume ngakumbi. igama lakhe laqhubeka likhula njengoko wafumana iileta koogqirha lonke elaseYurophu ukunika iingcebiso kwezi meko zinzima.

Ngowe-1556, uCharles V wasinika amandla unyana wakhe uFilipu. Ukubonga, Vesalius, ubuyeleyo engama-41 ubudala, ngenxa yenkonzo yakhe yokuthembeka, uCharles wamnika ebomini pension kunye nesihloko yeengcungcu of Count-iPalatine. INkundla ugqirha waqhubeka ukusebenza, ngoku kwinkonzo uFilipu.

oluya

Andrey Vezaly wahamba uFilipu e Madrid, kodwa akayi ndandixakeke ubomi. oogqirha Spanish nokunyanga izifo, ukuthembela isindululo iiplanethi. Asike of imizimba yabantu bazihambele. bonke Kwakubonakala kunokuba umva. Ukongeza, uFilipu elinawo unyango yemveli, hayi yenzululwazi mihla. Vesalius kwacaca ukuba akasayi kuba ugqirha oyintloko yomlawuli.

Ngowe-1561, unjingalwazi ukwakheka Gabriele tubes, ababambelela indawo yangaphambili yakuloAndreya kwi-University of wasePadua, wathumela kuye ikopi incwadi yena wabhala ngokuba Observationes Anatomicae. Kuyo wathi: "Xa isakhiwo umzimba womntu", indawo lokwalatha onobubele ezinye iiyantlukwano phakathi umsebenzi Vesalius kunye nemigqaliselo zakhe kamva. Kananjalo wenza kwacaca ukuba ugula kakhulu.

Ngowe-1564 tubes wafa. Department of komzimba Padua waba namntu. Kulo nyaka Vesalius wemka eSpeyin, baya oluya eYerusalem. imithombo eyahlukeneyo esekhona, bathi wayethunywe uFilipu ukuba lwaminyaka njengophawu inguquko. I koMlawuli kuthiwa wenza esi sigqibo emva kokuba usapho amanene emhlanganweni kwendlela ezakhiwe ngayo sokulwela inguqu kwi Spanish ukuNcinwa yotyando ukuba olinene abantliziyo nangoku ibetha.

Zonke ezi ngxelo isekelwe phezu komthombo single - ileta, kusolwa yabhalwa Hubert tinsimbi laso ngo-1565. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba sele bakhiwe kwiminyaka engama-50 emva kokufa anatomist. Andrey Vezaly, ogama engobomi akuxhomekekanga bangcoliswa zibakala (amaxwebhu zaseprayimari engqina izityholo nxamnye naye, akukho), mhlawumbi waya iqhinga kunye oluya ukushiya uFilipu enkundleni ngokukhululekileyo eSpeyin, uze ubuyele wasePadua.

ubomi Personal nokufa

Ngowe-1544 Vesalius watshata intombi kumcebisi osisityebi e Brussels - Anne Van Hamme. Babenayo umntwana omnye, intombazana, owazalelwa 1545. Abazali ogama Anna yakhe. Usapho babehlala kunye amaxesha amaninzi. Kodwa xa Vesalius waqalisa uhambo lwakhe ukuya eYerusalem, umfazi wakhe nentombi wabuyela Brussels.

Le Isazinzulu kufika eJerusalem, apho wafumana ileta isimemo ukuba abe ngusihlalo komzimba kunye notyando kwiYunivesithi wasePadua. Ngelishwa, Andrey Vezaly, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu elifutshane yaphazamiseka kabuhlungu, zange wabuyela wasePadua. uhambo lwakhe evela eYerusalem lwaba noqhwithela. Ngexesha inqanawa zafikelela izibuko kwisiqithi yesiGrike Zakynthos, Vesalius waba owayelele ngandletyana-nye. Wafa kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva. Andrey Vezaly, umseki komzimba lwenzululwazi, uye wafa eneminyaka engama-49. Kwathi Oktobha 15, 1564. Yena wangcwatyelwa Zakynthos.