Anatomy of the isisu. Ubume kunye nomsebenzi esiswini kwabantu

isisu Human - ichibi ingundoqo yokugcina umzimba ukutya. Ukuba umzimba akanayo ezifana umthamo, njengoko isisu, sasidla lonke ixesha, hayi nje ezimbalwa ngosuku. Kwakhona kandziyisa umxube acid, yencindi yomlomo kunye enzyme ezinceda kwetyiswe kwaye ukuphilisa ukutya kwethu ngexesha yokugcina.

komzimba gross

Yintoni esiswini ebantwini? Oku lirhangqwa, ilungu umngxuma. Apho esiswini ebantwini? Le ibekwe ngezantsi uvalo kwi inxalenye lasekhohlo esiswini.

Ubume bale imizimba yabantu abanjalo ukuba isisu ifumaneka phakathi kuvuleke iminxunya kunye duodenum.

Isisu - indawo eyandisiweyo ye phecana emathunjini, nto leyo iba imilo Crescent. umaleko angaphakathi izele Undintshwenyisile, eyaziwa kuthi imibimbi (okanye nezibaya zemihlambi). Kuyinto le Imihlubulo ukuvumela ukuba ukutsalwa ukuze yanele kuwo iinxenye ezinkulu zokutya, ngoko leyo sisukile kwinkqubo yokwetyisa.

Xa ifomu kunye nomsebenzi, nesisu yabantu lungohlulwa lube izabelo ezine:

1. Le emphinjeni kanga esiswini kwindawo encinane ebizwa ngokuba cardia. It is a, tube-ezifana inxalenye exineneyo, apho kuya lweHo- ngokubanzi - umzimba esiswini. Cardia ibandakanya sphincter esezantsi esophageal, kwakunye neqela esiqwini imisipha izivumelwano ukugcina ukutya kunye asidi esiswini.

2. senhliziyo ezahlulwe ludlulele umzimba esiswini, owenza umbindi aphezulu.

3. nje ngentla kummandla eyakhiwe umzimba yaziwa ngokuba ezantsi kwayo.

4. Apha umzimba pylorus. Le nxalenye inxulumanisa isisu ukuya duodenum kwaye iqulathe sphincter pyloric elawula ukuhamba kukutya zifunxe (chyme) ukusuka esiswini kunye kungena duodenum.

komzimba ngemikroskopu esiswini

Uhlalutyo engabonakali ubonisa isakhiwo esiswini, ukuba wenziwe lamanqanaba ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kwithishyu: i isifo, submucosa, kunye umsipha serous.

isifo

Umaleko engaphakathi ubunjwe nocatshulo esiswini isifo yinto epithelial inyama elula kunye nobuninzi kweeseli exocrine. pores Small ibizwa ngokuba libe sisigingqi esiswini ziqulathe iiseli exocrine ezininzi avelisa enzyme kwaye zehydrochloric acid esiswini. iiseli yangaphakathi ibekwe kulo isifo libe sisigingqi esiswini, cell yencindi ukukhusela esiswini evela netuwa yayo yokwetyisa. Ngenxa ubunzulu wemihadi isifo esiswini ukuze izokhula, ezo ke na isifo zeminye imibutho iphecana zesisu.

Ubunzulu isifo kukho umaleko obhityileyo zihlunu egudileyo - le plate kwezihlunu. Loo nto yakha imibimbi kwaye yandisa ukuqhagamshelana isifo okubhalwe isisu.

Ehlabathini isifo omnye umaleko - submucosa. Le ibandakanya kwizicwili, imithambo yegazi kunye luvo. izicwili nokuqina inkxaso isakhiwo mucosal uze uqhagamshele kwi umaleko kwezihlunu. igazi Submucosal eqinisekisa unikezelo kwezondlo kwiindonga esiswini. zomzimba angoyiki xa submucosa okubhalwe isisu ulawulo kwaye ilawula umsipha gingxi kunye secretion kwezinto yokwetyisa.

umaleko kwemisipha

Imisipha inwebu le submucosa isisu esijikeleze yaye ngakumbi enobunzima isisu. ipleyiti dystrophy yakhiwa lamanqanaba 3 egudileyo ijwabu kwezihlunu. Ezi zoleko zihlunu agudileyo kuvumela nesisu ikhontrakthi, ukuxuba ukutya ukuhamba ngapha lokugaya.

serosa

Umaleko engaphandle esiswini, engqongileyo izicwili kwezihlunu ubizwa ngokuba serosa, nto leyo yenziwa epithelium elula carcinomas kunye inyama evakalala nokuqina. maleko Serous unalo, umphezulu ogudileyo imtyibilizi kwabamaphephandaba ulwelo, imfihlelo anzongonzongo, eyaziwa ngokuba ulwelo serous. Smooth, umphezulu omanzi i inwebu serous inceda ukukhusela isisu evela iimpikiswano zochuku ngexesha ukwanda yayo rhoqo nokuncipha.

komzimba esiswini lomntu ngoku ngaphezulu okanye ecacileyo ngaphantsi. Bonke ezichazwe ngasentla, cinga kancinane kamva imizobo. Kodwa kuqala, siya ukuqonda, yintoni na imisebenzi esiswini yabantu.

indawo yokubeka

Kule ndawo ngomlomo zetyisa kwaye amafutha ukutya okuqinileyo de kube ubunzima yohlobo olunye kokuba elimile ibhola encinane. Xa lincance ibhola nganye, oko kancinane udlula emphinjeni ukuya isisu, apho igcinwa kunye nezinye izahlulo ukutya.

Umthamo we esiswini yabantu kuyahlukahlukana, kodwa avareji iyakwazi ukugcina iilitha 1-2 zokutya ulwelo kwaye kunceda ekugayeni. Xa isisu bulukwe okuninzi ukutya, ukuba ungagcina ukuya iilitha 3-4. ngokwenza nzima kokudla isisu Distended. Ekubeni lweHo- ayikwazi ngokulula kuncitshiswa ukuxuba ukutya kakuhle, oko kukhokelela kwimvakalelo kabi. Umthamo we esiswini zabantu zixhomekeke yobudala kunye nemeko umzimba.

Emva kokuba kwisisu esiswini iye sahlutha sisonka, ligcinwa enye iiyure 1-2. Ngeli xesha, isisu iyaqhubeka inkqubo yokucola ukutya, nto leyo eyaqala emlonyeni kwaye ivumela amathumbu, injeke, inyongo lwesinyi wesibindi waqalisa ukulungiselela ukugqiba le nkqubo.

Ekupheleni kwale sphincter isisu pyloric ulawula intshukumo ukutya emathunjini. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko kudla azivalele ukugcina ukutya kunye Ukuqhela esiswini. Xa ukulungele ukuhamba isisu chyme, lo sphincter pyloric ivula ukuvumela imali encinci yokutya undigested Kwathi kungena duodenum. Kwisithuba seeyure 1-2, le nkqubo iphindiwe kancinci de, kude yonke ukutya zifunxe oshiya isisu. Ngonyawo lonwabu yokukhululwa chyme ekuncediseni ukubola zibe kumacandelo yawo nokwandisa yokwetyiswa nokufunxwa kwezondlo ethunjini.

secretion

Esiswini uvelisa kwaye igcina inani kwezinto ezibalulekileyo ukulawula ekugayeni ukutya. Ngamnye kubo wenza exocrine okanye ezidalwe leseli isifo.

Esiswini imveliso exocrine engundoqo ijusi esiswini - umxube yencindi, zehydrochloric acid kunye enzyme. juice esiswini kugalelwe ukutya nesisu zoncedo ekugayeni.

Specialised iiseli mucosal exocrine - iiseli yangaphakathi yencindi agcinwe nezibaya libe sisigingqi esiswini. Le yencindi kubonakala kumphezulu mucosal, yokugubungela ingaphakathi esiswini shinyi, ukumelana umqobo acid enzyme. yencindi esiswini kwakhona zizityebi ion yesoda apho Nokwethisa-pH-eyongeziweyo esiswini acid.

iiseli Parietal kwi emaquleni esiswini, ukuvelisa izinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: into ehamba zehydrochloric acid. into kwenani i glycoprotein elibophayo ukuya vitamin B12 apha esiswini kwaye inceda ukuba zifunxwe emathunjini amancinci. Vitamin B12 yinto zimbiwa kubalulekile ukuze kwakhiwe erythrocytes.

Le asidi esiswini yabantu ikhusela umzimba wethu ngokubulala iintsholongwane yayintsholongwane eyosulela anokufumaneka ukutya. Ukwanceda sikwetyise iiproteni, ukuzitshintsha kwifomu eneenkcukacha ukuba lula ukusingatha enzymes. Pepsin - protein ekwetyiseni enzyme luvuliwe kuphela phantsi kwempembelelo zehydrochloric acid esiswini.

iiseli zaseprayimari nazo zifumaneka emihadini esiswini ukuvelisa transcriptase yokusila ezimbini: pepsinogen kunye lipase esiswini. Pepsinogen molecule ngaphambi inamandla kakhulu, iproteni ekwetyiseni enzyme - pepsin. Ekubeni pepsin yayiya kutshatyalaliswa iiseli eziziintloko ukuvelise kunye enye, wabazimela ngohlobo pepsinogen, nto leyo eyingozi. Xa pepsinogen adibane kunye olune pH-into, nto leyo uqulathwe esiswini acid, itshintsha imilo lube enzyme pepsin esebenzayo esiguqula iiproteni zibe asidi acid.

lipase esiswini i-enzayimi leyo digests amafutha, ukususa i-acid ngamanqatha evela iimolekyuli triglyceride.

G-izihlunu esiswini - iiseli ezidalwe imi emazantsi wemigodi esiswini. G-iiseli avelise hormone gastrin kungena egazini kwi ukusabela kwizinto ezininzi, ezifana imiyalezo evela kwi luvo vagus, ubukho acid esiswini kweziyi zifunxe okanye kukunaba udonga isisu xa zisitya. Gastrin uhamba egazini kwiiseli receptor ezahlukeneyo esiswini, kwaye umsebenzi wayo ophambili - ukuvuselela endlaleni kunye nesisu kwizihlunu. Iziphumo umhlaza gastrin kukhokelela ekwandeni esiswini acid secretion, leyo ngcono ukugaya. Gastrin nqgo zihlunu egudileyo kunegalelo izishunqulelo eyomeleleyo esiswini kunye ukuvulwa sphincter pyloric ukususa ukutya duodenum. Gastrin naye uyakwazi ukukhuthaza iiseli kwi injeke nenyongo isinyi, apho kwenyusa secretion yejusi kunye inyongo.

Njengoko ubona, i-enzayim isisu yabantu ukwenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo kakhulu ukudla.

ekugayeni

Ekugayeni esiswini lungohlulwa lube iiklasi ezimbini: ukugaywa ngoomatshini kunye imichiza. ukugaywa Mechanical - hayi nje ukwahlulwa komzimba kunobukhulu ukutya amancinane kunye chemical - ukuguqulwa iimolekyuli ezinkulu zibe iimolekyuli amancinane.

• ukugaywa Mechanical kungenxa isenzo ukuxuba kodonga isisu. kwimvumelwano yayo imisipha agudileyo, ngoko iinxalenye ukutya ugalelwe juice esiswini, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kusekwe ulwelo eshinyeneyo - chyme.

• Xa ukutya ixubene ngokwasemzimbeni kunye incindi esiswini, enzayim akhoyo kulo, iikhemikhali ninamathele iimolekyuli ezinkulu zibe subunits ezincinane zayo. lipase esiswini uyazifohloza amafutha triglycerides zibe okunamafutha acid kunye diglycerides. Pepsin breaks iiproteni zibe acid ezincinane. ibole Chemical, niqale esiswini, ayipheli logama nje chyme angaweli ukuya emathunjini.

Kodwa ke umsebenzi esiswini woMntu kufunwa kokudla.

hormone

Umsebenzi we nesisu phantsi kolawulo eziliqela iincindi zamadlala elawula imveliso yesisu acid kunye ukukhutshwa ukutya duodenum.

• Gastrin yenziwe G-iiseli esiswini, yandisa umsebenzi wayo ngokuvuselela ukwanda kwinani yejusi esiswini zaveliswa, imisipha kwaye ingabi nanto esiswini ngenxa sphincter pyloric.

• Cholecystokinin (CCK) luyenziwa isifo duodenal. Ngaba hormone kubamba WOKUCHITHWA esiswini ngokunciphisa sphincter pyloric. CCK ukhululeka ukuphendula isidlo zizityebi protein nenqatha, kunzima kakhulu ukuba ukugaya ngumzimba. FCS ivumela ukutya esiswini elide ugcinwe ukugaywa ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi kwaye unika xesha injeke nenyongo isinyi ukukhulula duct enzayim nokuphucula ukwetyisa kwi duodenum.

• Secretin - omnye hormone yenziweyo isifo duodenal, oko usabela ubumuncu le chyme evela esiswini ukuya emathunjini. igazi Secretin udlula esiswini, apho ukucola ukuveliswa yejusi esiswini exocrine namadlala isifo. Secretin lukwakhuthaza imveliso yejusi pancreatic kunye inyongo; eziqulathe yesoda ion asidi. Injongo secretin ukhuseleko wamathumbu ukusuka lineziphumo eziyingozi chyme acid.

Isisu kwabantu: ukwakha

Ngokusemthethweni, kakade baqhelene nokwakheka umsebenzi esiswini yabantu. Makhe siqwalasele indlela umzekeliso, nesisu apho umntu nokuba yintoni na.

Figure 1:

Lo mzekeliso ubonisa esiswini bomntu, ukwakheka kuqwalaselwa banzi. ziphawulwe khona:

1 - emphinjeni; 2 - le sphincter esezantsi esophageal; 3 - cardia; isisu 4- umzimba; 5 - ngezantsi kwe isisu; 6 - serosa; 7 - lilele longitudinal; 8 - setyhula umaleko; 9 - umaleko elibhalwe ngokumileyo; 10 - ugobile omkhulu; 11 - Imihlubulo ndizayo uxakaxa; 12 - em- le pylorus; 13 - channel pylorus; 14 - sphincter pyloric esiswini; 15 - duodenum; 16 --sango; 17 - ugobile encinane.

Umfanekiso 2:

Kulo mfanekiso indlela ezakhiwe ngayo esiswini ibonakala ngokucacileyo. Amanani ephawulwe:

1 - emphinjeni; 2 - i fundus esiswini; 3 - umzimba esiswini; 4 - ugobile enkulu; 5 - komgodi; 6 --sango; 7 - i duodenum; 8 - ugobile encinane; 9 - cardia; 10 - kuhlangana gastroesophageal.

Umfanekiso 3:

Ibonisa indlela ezakhiwe ngayo esiswini kunye nendawo ezalathelwe zakhe nkovu. Amanani zivumelana:

1 - iqela eliphezulu nodes nkovu; 2 - iqela pancreatic nodes; 3 - iqela pyloric; 4 - pyloric iindawo iqela asezantsi.

Umfanekiso 4:

Kulo mfanekiso ungabona isakhiwo kodonga isisu. ziphawulwe khona:

1 - serosa; 2 - umaleko longitudinal kwemisipha; 3 - setyhula ezikroziswayo imisipha; 4 - isifo; 5 - umaleko longitudinal dystrophy of isifo; 6 - setyhula maleko dystrophy of isifo; 7 - epithelium glandular mucosal; 8 - imithambo yegazi; 9 - iron isisu.

Umfanekiso 5:

Kakade ke, ubume imizimba yabantu kwi nani lokugqibela ayibonakali, kodwa indawo elisondeleyo esiswini emzimbeni abaya kuthathelwa ingqalelo.

Lo mfanekiso kakhulu umdla. Apha ayiboniswanga kwendlela ezakhiwe ngayo esiswini okanye into elolo hlobo, nangona ezinye iindawo kuyo kusengenziwa ingqalelo. Lo mzobo ubonisa ukuba heartburn, kwaye xa kusenzeka.

1 - emphinjeni; 2 - le sphincter esezantsi esophageal; 3 - ukunciphisa isisu; 4 - esiswini acid, kunye nemixholo yawo uphakanyiselwa emphinjeni phezulu; 5 - imvakalelo uvutha esifubeni nomqala.

Enyanisweni, lo mfanekiso ubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba yintoni eyenzekayo xa kufunwa heartburn kunye ingcaciso.

esiswini kwabantu, imifanekiso apho uchazwe apha ngasentla, ukuba ilungu ebaluleke kakhulu emzimbeni wethu. Ngaphandle kuyo, ungenza ubomi, kodwa obu bomi akubonakali ukubuyisela ngokupheleleyo. Ngethamsanqa, ngexesha lethu, unako ukuthintela iingxaki ezininzi nje ngamathuba ngokundwendwela gastroenterologist. uxilongo ngexesha esi sifo kuya kunceda ngokukhawuleza balahle loo nto. Okubalulekileyo, musa nsinya uhambo ukuya kugqirha, kwaye xa into kubuhlungu, kufuneka ngoko nangoko esi ngxaki kwi ingcali.