Alexander Dovzhenko - screenwriter Ukrainian, umlawuli: engobomi, ubuchule

Dovzhenko Aleksandr Petrovich waba negalelo elikhulu cinema eSoviet. Its ogama emva a studio imveliso film. Kodwa kuphela umlawuli wemidlalo. Kwilizwe lakhe, eUkraine, nguye eyaziwa njenge umbhali, yimbongi kunye umbhali. Dovzhenko wazama isandla sakhe art. Kodwa ke impumelelo enkulu ziphunyezwe kwinkalo screenwriting. Wabhala imidlalo, amabali amafutshane kunye neenoveli kwi indlela of ngokoqobo yobusoshiyali.

Alexander Dovzhenko yaba ishwangusha enzima, apho siya kufikelela kweli nqaku. Ikwazizo ngurhulumente yiSoviet, lowo uphumeleleyo ababini Amabhaso kuStalin kunye Artist Abantu ngayo RSFSR, ebinazo amava elidluleyo lwa kwelinye icala kunye oluBomvu. Oku kwaziwa ngabambalwa. Kodwa ke abantu abaninzi abafundileyo kwi-USSR funda "magnum íOpus" lakhe - "ndisangqengqile Desna". Yaye uninzi umsebenzi wakhe lwezigqibo elizibalula yentsimi bhanya yaba film "Umhlaba".

ebuntwaneni

Ngokutsho ungeno kwi kwirejista Reunion aseTrinity Church Sosnitsa idolophu (ngoku iziko yesithili kummandla Chernigov, Ukraine), Alexander Dovzhenko wazalelwa kwifama Vyunische Agasti 29, 1894. ngendlela entsha, oku elungelelene Septemba 10.

Uyise nonina abalimi abangafundanga. UYise umlawuli elizayo, Pet Semenovich, owazalwa engowembewu Poltava Chumakov, azinza kwi Sosnitsa malunga phakathi kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo. iingcambu ngomlibo uhlobo Dovzhenko na ukuba aba lolu hlobo 1760s. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ukhokho yombhali, Taras, yaba ukubalisa olukhulu. Esi sipho ilifa Sashko encinane.

Intsapho ene- isiqwenga enkulu somhlaba, kodwa wahlala ubuhlwempu, ngokuba bamhlaba engazaliyo. Kubantwana elinane awabazalelwayo ukusebenza-ubudala wasinda kuphela emithathu: Bellamy ngokwakhe, umzalwana wakhe kunye nodadewabo uPauline Trifon. ukufa rhoqo ezihlalayo engqondweni yam kumlawuli. "Xa indlu yethu wayesoloko waba imingcwabo nesijwili," - wabhala kamva. Kwaye malunga umphefumlo echaza nonina, wathi: "Yena wayezalwa iingoma, kodwa bedanduluka lonke, lokubona abantwana ngonaphakade."

uqeqesho

Kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi e Sosnitsa Alexander Dovzhenko ke wabonisa iziphumo ezibalaseleyo kunye nomnqweno ulwazi. Ngenxa yokuba utata wagqiba ukuqhubeka ukuqeqesha unyana wakhe. Wathengisa isahlulo wesixhenxe yomhlaba wabo Bellamy wakwazi ukufumana imfundo kwizikolo zaseprayimari, uze emva koko ngo-1911 wangena zokufundisa Institute Glukhov. Le yunivesithi oselula Dovzhenko ukhethe ngenxa yokuba wayefuna ukuba ngumfundisi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba wanikwa imali yokuya nekhulu elinamashumi amabini engange ngonyaka. Kwiziko, umbhali elizayo wadibana iincwadi Ukrainian, nto leyo kule nxalenye Russified ye ubukhosi waba phantsi kokuvalwa umlomo. Emva kokuphumelela Dovzhenko wathunyelwa ukuba afundise Zhytomyr.

Umbhali kunye nexesha lakhe

Ukuqala leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, Alexander Dovzhenko, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu emfutshane ichazwe kweli nqaku waqonda njenge jingo. Yena ngomdla waluphosa uhamba ukuba amajoni imfazwe kunye iintyatyambo kunye kwiminyaka embalwa baqala ukujonga ngasemva ukusuka ngaphambili 'ihlazo nosizi. " Kweli xesha Dovzhenko loLawulo- intshukumo Ukrainian yenkululeko yesizwe.

February Revolution of 1917, ebona ngehlombe kakhulu nazo. ukuphoxeka Kamva kuwo uchaza ngamafuphi: "Xa revolution, mna zange kufakwe kwezo eminyango." Xa kweMfazwe Civil imfazwe, Dovzhenko waya bazinikele umkhosi UNR, yaye kunye webutho Serdutskaya lweSithathu iyangena Kiev "Arsenal". kwiminyaka elishumi elinanye kamva, umlawuli ezibonisa iziganeko kwi umboniso, lisuswe ukuba wathabatha inxaxheba kuzo phezu inxalenye Black Gaidamakov. Ekubeni ndifikile amandla Skoropadsky Dovzhenko tshwa ku Zhitomir. Ukubuyela eKiev, waba umfundi Ukrainian Academy of Arts.

"Red" ixesha biography

Sele eko, Alexander Dovzhenko ndadana kwizimvo yesizwe-yoohlohlesakhe. Iyazazi umbhali Vasily Blakytnym Wamsa Marxism ihlabathi. Ubuncinane koko wabhala umlawuli yena Kwincwadi yakhe ka-1939. Wazihlanganisa Borotbists. Amalungu eli qela ke wajoyina Communist Party (iiBolsheviks) of Ukraine. Le kwiqela lezopolitiko Dovzhenko ukuba mababe kwizikhundla abadumileyo: njengoNobhala Kiev Department of Education, iNtloko kwiSebe Lobugcisa. Wasebenza kwi-USSR ukumelwa plenipotentiary ePoland (1921) kunye Trade Umelo kwi Ukrainian Republic eJamani. ehleli e Berlin, igcisa Dovzhenko kusetyenziswa ukuthatha izifundo expressionist Villi Gekkelya. E eJamani, igcisa-laso watshata uBarbara Krylova. Kodwa ke, njengoko kanti, ukuba ahlale Borotbists istampu emnyama ukuba urhulumente omtsha. Dovzhenko ukhumbula ukuba Ukraine, kwaye ndiwuhlutha ikhadi.

cinema umhlaba

Ukususela ngo-1923, Dovzhenko kuhlala eKharkov - likomkhulu yokuqala ka Soviet Ukraine. B. Ukusebenzisa Blakytnogo yena ufumana iphephandaba woopopayi "Iindaba VUTSVK", yaye ibonisa incwadi (ngakumbi, "oololiwe blue" Petra Pancha). Ngeli xesha ke ngokusondeleyo converges kunye kwisangqa boncwadi "Hart", nto leyo ijoliswe mfi.

Alexander Dovzhenko, ogama iifilim ziya kufumana abawathandayo kamva, akabanga imfundo, akukho amava eyala. Noko ke, yena uqala ukusebenza kwi studio bhanya e Odessa. Omnye imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala ukuphazamiseka ngokuphandle "Red Army" yaye yafaka "Xa ehlathini."

Dovzhenko kwaye uzama ngokwakhe indima lombhali. Kule intsimi udala umdlalo abantwana ababembiza ngokuthi "Vasya i Mhlaziyi."

Ngomhla nesethi "Berries Uthando lukaThixo" Dovzhenko wadibana UDanilo Demutsky, yaye oku ngaxeshanye ngokuyalelwa umqhubi umiselwe kwiminyaka ezayo. Bebonke ukudala ezininzi bands umdla.

Dovzhenko: PIU

Umsebenzi wokuqala, elithole ukuqondwa waba "Zvenigora". Kule 1928 master ukupeyinta united lyrics kunye uvuthondaba kwe lo amaqhawe olululo. Le film "Umhlaba" (1930), ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba zikhutshiwe yasuswa yerenti.

Kodwa umfanekiso "Ivan" (1932) wamzisa olusondeleyo Stalin. Ayangqinelana, kamva lo mlawuli ifumana ukubonana uzwilakhe. Ngowe-1939, Dovzhenko-odolo ngqo kwi Stalin ithatha "custom" film "Shchors". Esifumanekileyo sale tape ngqo nangoko wafumana imbasa ephezulu.

Ukususela ngo-1934, Dovzhenko bahlala eMoscow kwaye sinika ingqalelo kakhulu umsebenzi wokubhala. Ngexesha Second World War, wayalela bhanya eziliqela, babhala izincoko kunye namanqaku.

ihlazo

Ukuba kufutshane amandla (ingakumbi ku Stalin) iba nayo ingxaki. Ngowe-1943, Dovzhenko wabhala yifilimu ngenxa film "Ukraine ngomlilo." Nangona kunjalo, kakhulu kungalindelekanga, xa intlanganiso Politburo of the CPSU (b), lo msebenzi uye phantsi isithunzi. I-script yaba ngokutsha elibi kakhulu Stalin.

Ngowe-1944, umlawuli Alexander Dovzhenko wamitha ombambazelayo film "Ubomi ibiselityatyambile." Kanye vnasmeshku, Abasemagunyeni banyanzelisa ukuba ukuguqula umfanekiso ngenxa iimfuno eceleni. Dovzhenko wazama kangangoko anako. Ngenxa yoko, izikrini ngokuphandle movie buthathaka ebizwa ngokuba "Michurin 'izele itemplates ezithengisayo.

Nkqu isiphelo ukudakumba wehlelwa umsebenzi yokugqibela lomlawuli. ukuze State "Sala, iMelika!" Ngaba ukhawule ngokusekelwe imisebenzi perebezhchitsy States kwi-USSR Annabella Byukar. Xa kudubula beza Inqanaba lokugqibela, incwadi yesicelo yeza ukuze ayeke umsebenzi womzobo.

Ukufa kwilizwe langaphandle

Alexander Dovzhenko yesifo sentliziyo yokuqala wayeselapho kokudalwa 'Michurin ". Ekupheleni yobomi bakhe afundiswe VGIK. Wayefuna ukuba ukubuyela Ukraine, kodwa abasemagunyeni abazange kumnika imvume yokwenza oko.

Dovzhenko izicwangciso amaqhawe - ukubhala inoveli "Gate Golden". Kwakhona kwizicwangciso zakhe elizayo ukuba ubhale umbhalo umfanekiso "Umbongo we eLwandle". Ngosuku lokuqala sokudubula umboniso, wafa ngenxa yesifo sentliziyo. Ke wangcwatyelwa Novodevichy Amangcwaba eMoscow.