Zabazobi ezinkulu Russian

Ukususela ngexesha Ubhaptizo eRashiya, apho bafika ekupheleni X kwenkulungwane, ezinzulwini zeCawa yobuOthodoki iphuhlise buciko abayinqobo kwaye unique, ebizwa - iconography Russian. Yaba yena lowo phantse ezisixhenxe iinkulungwane wahlala undoqo inkcubeko Russian, kwaye kuphela ebudeni bolawulo uPetros I ilahlwa ukupeyinta yehlabathi.

Icons period Mongolian

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba kunye Rus Orthodox loans Byzantium kunye nempumelelo inkcubeko yawo, wafumana e Kiev ulawulo lwalo lokukhawulelana nophuhliso olungaphezulu. Ukuba utyikityo yokuqala eyakhiwa Kiev Desyatinny etempileni lwenziwa yi Prince Vladimir wamema iinkosi aphesheya, ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ngabapeyinti Russian wabonakala Pereyaslavl, Chernigov, ESmolensk, kwaye kwikomkhulu, ogama uNina izixeko Russian. Ukwahlula umsebenzi wabo kwi icon ipeyintwe ngootitshala baseByzantium, kunzima, kuba akukho angabambeki yesazisi ngokupheleleyo yesikolo lwesizwe kwi-Mongol pre ixesha ngakumbi.

Ukuba yasinda imisebenzi embalwa kakhulu owabulawa ngeli xesha, kodwa phakathi kwabo kukho yobuciko ngokwenene. Ecwebezelayo ezininzi yezi ndlela-ezimbini Novgorod icon "I-Face oyiNgcwele", ibhalwe inkosi ezingaziwayo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XII, emva apho imeko "yokunqulwa emnqamlezweni." Kangangeenkulungwane ngaphezu kwesibhozo, ushaya kumboniseli ngaphakathi umfanekiso kunye kukhuhlwe egudileyo. Okwangoku, i icon yi ekuqokelelweni zikaRhulumente Tretyakov Gallery. Amafoto kwalo icon ivula nqaku.

Okunye, umsebenzi akukho edumileyo ngaphantsi kwexesha pre-Mongol, oluboniswe kwiNtetho Russian Museum eSt Petersburg - nto kwakhona i icon Novgorod, eyaziwa ngokuba "Ingelosi Golden Hair." Ubuso bengelosi, ezele lyricism ezichuliweyo ngokweemvakalelo zinzulu, yenza kumboniseli umbono uzole kunye nokucacisa. Ukukwazi ukuhambisa mvakalelo ngabapeyinti Russian sitsho ilifa ootitshala zabo baseByzantium.

ixesha ukupeyinta Icon ye Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe

Ngokuhlaselwa Russia Batu Khan, ukuqalisa ixesha i-Tatar-Mongol idyokhwe, ngokupheleleyo ngokumangalisayo indlela yobomi karhulumente yonke. na esindile impembelelo yayo kunye iconography Russian. namaziko ezobugcisa kakhulu, eyakhiwe ngaphambili zafakwa bawonakalisile loo mkhosi mkhulu kunene, nabo abapase bayahlelwa jikelele, abanamava amaxesha obunzima, ezingenakulinganiswa kodwa kuchaphazela inqanaba iyonke imifanekiso imisebenzi eziveliswa kuzo.

Noko ke, ngeli xesha linzima ngabapeyinti Russian bakwazi ukuyila isikolo sakhe yokudweba, ukuthatha indawo ofaneleyo kwimbali inkcubeko yehlabathi. zokuphatha elikhetheke iphawulwe kwisiqingatha sesibini XIV kunye ngenkulungwane XV phantse zonke. Ngeli xesha eRashiya ndisebenze yonke kwabeMi amagcisa ezibalaseleyo, ummeli edume leyo Andrei Rublev, owazalelwa eMoscow ubulawuli malunga 1360.

Umbhali le nkolelo "uBathathu Emnye"

Bathatha izifungo emishini kunye negama noAndreya (igama lakhe wempangelo ayaziwa) ngo-1405, kukho inkosi bathatha inxaxheba ekupeyinteni Annunciation Cathedral le Moscow yesicelo, uze ingcamango e Vladimir. Ezi umsebenzi omkhulu-isikali Andrei Rublev wakhonza kunye namanye amagcisa abadumileyo ezimbini - Theophanes the Greek noDaniyeli Black, intetho leyo eza kuxoxwa ngezantsi.

Ubuchule kubhekwa iinkosi eziphezulu kwi ukupeyinta icon Russian, leyo akakwazanga ukufikelela nayiphi na enye iinkosi. Umsebenzi ecacile kwaye idumileyo "Emnye" - i icon ye Rublev, wayegcinwa Tretyakov Gallery eMoscow.

Ukusebenzisa ibali iTestamente Endala, olusekelwe phezu isiqephu ezichazwe kwisahluko 18 yeGenesis (Hospitality ka-Abraham), i-wizard kudala sisincoko, nesiko yayo yonke, kude ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye analogue. Ukuyeka okungeyomfuneko, ngokwembono yakhe, izahlulo ezibalisayo, wanikela ingqalelo le kumboniseli malunga ezintathu amanani yeengelosi, amele Triipostasnogo uThixo - ngokubonakalayo yona Emnye oyiNgcwele.

Image, okukhombisa uthando lukaThixo

icon Rublev kaThixo kubonisa umanyano bathathu wenyama kaThixo. Oku kuzuzwa kwi ukuba izisombululo isiseko edityanisiweyo babeka isangqa ukuba zenze iingelosi nani. umanyano olunjalo, apho umntu athathwe ngokwahlukileyo ungumntu integrally kwasekwa, ukuba okubonisa uthando eliphezulu apho ekuthiwa Iisus Hristos. Ngoko ke, i "uBathathu Emnye" - i icon ye Rublev, yaba uhlobo ukuchazwa orientation yokomoya yabo bonke uBukristu.

Andrei Rublev wafa ngo-Oktobha 17, 1428, lixhoba isibetho kwavuka eMoscow. Waza ke wangcwatywa kwi kummandla Andronikov Monastery, apho ukufa waphazanyiswa umsebenzi wakhe ekupeyinteni uMsindisi Cathedral. Ngowe-1988, isigqibo Local Council of the Russian seal Church Orthodox noAndreya (Rublev) yaye lamiselwa phakathi abangcwele.

Umcebisi we iinkosi enkulu

Xa kwimbali Russian iconography close to Andrei Rublev wakhe owayephila uDaniyeli Chorny. Icons, hayi kanye mandithi, i esekelwe eyenziwe ngazo ngexesha ekupeyinteni kwingcinga Cathedral e Vladimir, efana kakhulu kwiinkalo abo ukuba iingcali badla bakufumanisa kunzima ukuseka ukufanisa ethile.

Abaphandi kukho izizathu zokukholelwa ukuba enza ndawonye kunye nemiyalelo Rublev, uDaniyeli waba yinkosi aphezulu abanamava, mhlawumbi ngumcebisi. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, abagxeki badla bathi kuye loo misebenzi apho negalelo ibonakale ngokucacileyo yesikolo yangaphambili icon ukupeyinta kwinkulungwane XIV. Owona mzekelo okuphawuleka ngomfanekiso "esifubeni Abraham", alondolozwe unanamhla Kwingcingane Cathedral of Vladimir. Photo of omnye amaqhekeza lwemizobo isonto owandulelayo eli candelo nqaku.

Wafa Daniil Chorny, njengoko Andrei Rublev, ngenxa yokuba kukho isibetho 1528, waza wangcwatywa ecaleni kuye Andronik Monastery. Zombini amagcisa siye sashiya kakhulu abafundi ukuba lowo owadala emifanekiso, bakhonza neemodeli imisebenzi elizayo.

ngomzobi Russian of imvelaphi baseByzantium

Akukho mzekelo kangako ngokumangalisayo iconography eli thuba unako ukukhonza njenge umsebenzi Feofana Greka. Wazalwa ngo-1340 eseByzantium (apho avela khona igama lakhe), wafunda iimfihlelo zobugcisa, ukufunda ukususela iinkosi eyaziwayo kaConstantinople kunye Chalcedon.

Sebeza ku Russia sele ayila opeyintayo, yaye wazinza Novgorod, Theophane yaqalisa elitsha umsebenzi bakhe kumzobo ethe weza amaxesha zethu kwiCawa Kumbi. Ifudusiwe kuyo, yaye lo mfanekiso wasedongeni ebewenza wizard ebonisa uKristu Pantocrator, oosolusapho, abaprofeti, kwakunye nenani imifanekiso zeBhayibhile.

isimbo sakhe bokubeka luphawulwa ngokuvisisana ephakamileyo, kwakunye nokudala zigqityiwe, iye yawongwa ababephila ngexesha, yaye abalandeli inkosi yabonakala. Oku kungqinwa ngokucacileyo imizobo ibandla kwingcinga kunye Fedor Stratelita wenza kwangaxesha nye, ezinye amagcisa, kodwa walondoloza imiqondiso ecacileyo yempembelelo yeenkosi ukupeyinta baseByzantium.

Noko ke, ubuchule yayo yonke Feofana Greka kutyhilwa e Moscow, apho wafudukela kwiminyaka 1390, owayekhe wahlala kwaye wasebenza kangangexesha elithile Nizhny Novgorod. Xa inkosi eyinkunzi eganiweyo nje iitempile beqabe namakhaya abemi zizityebi, kodwa ukudalwa imifanekiso kunye nemizobo ncwadi.

Kukholelwa ukuba phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe, incwadi yesicelo zaveza iicawa ezininzi kuthwalelwa phandle, kuquka kwiCawa Yokuzalwa of the Virgin, Arhangela Mihaila kunye Annunciation. ubuqambi yayo yayanyaniswa ekudalweni eziliqela icon abadumileyo - ". Kwingcingane nguMama kaThixo" "wenziwa kumila kumbi leNkosi" (iifoto kweli candelo inqaku), "Don icon ye nguMama kaThixo" yaye Out Master Life ngo-1410.

iinkosi umyalezo ofanelekileyo ezidlulileyo

Ezihlangwini ngamasiko zobugcisa esekwe yi Andrei Rublev kunye bexesha lakhe, waba anoDiyonisiyo - opeyintayo, icon esiqhutywa ukuba ibandla Cathedral ye Kwingcingane ungowokubongwa Virgin Mary Joseph Volokolamsk Monastery, kwakunye esekelwe kunye iconostasis Ferapontov Monastery, ngonaphakade ebuncwaneni inkcubeko Russian.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba anoDiyonisiyo, ngokuchaseneyo uninzi ngabapeyinti zasekhaya, hayi kwaba indela. Uninzi imiyalelo salwenza kunye noonyana bakhe, uVladimir kunye uTheodosius. Iye yasinda ezininzi imisebenzi ukuphunyezwa yi wegcisa ngokwakhe okanye mhlawumbi kwakhokelela nguye lwentsebenziswano. Eyona idumileyo ke icon - "Ubhaptizo kaKristu", "The Virgin Hodegetria" (ifoto elandelayo), "Descent esihogweni", kwakunye nenani neminye imisebenzi.

Iminyaka yobomi wakhe kuzinza kakuhle, kwakusazeka kuphela ukuba inkosi wazalwa malunga 1444, yaye umhla wokufa kuthiwa malunga 1502-1508 iminyaka. Kodwa ngegalelo lakhe kungekuphela eRashiya kodwa inkcubeko yehlabathi bukhulu kangangokuba isigqibo UNESCO 2002 wabhengezwa yoNyaka ka anoDiyonisiyo.

ngabapeyinti Russian kwenkulungwane ye-17. Simon Ushakov

Naliphi na icandelo zembali izihlandlo zokunyuka indawo yobugcisa okanye ukuhla, lunemiqathango kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba nkqu ixesha elithile, ukuba zingaphawulwa ukuvela imisebenzi ebalulekileyo, Kakade ke, uMenzi imiqathango okuyilwa ngekamva labo.

It ngokucacileyo kunokubonwa indlela iimpawu ubomi ekuhlaleni yokomoya Russia kwinkulungwane XVI wabanika amandla okuqhubela ukutshintsha, ukwenza iintlobo ezintsha imifanekiso emihle kwinkulungwane elandelayo.

Kakade ke, ubuntu kakhulu umxhelo kunye woqobo kwinkulungwane XVII waba ngumzobi capital Simon Ushakov (1626 - 1686). Zingekaziva ububanzi iimfihlelo ngobuchule, yena sele eneminyaka emashumi mabini anambini eqashwa nje lomculi we Silver Chamber iNkosi oda, apho umsebenzi wakhe ukuba benze nomzobo ukwenziwa kwezinto ecaweni nobunewunewu.

Ukongeza, inkosi entsha zaveza amalaphu anomyalezo, warhola iimephu omashini iintsimbi ukuze oyimfakamfele womluki kwaye enze ezininzi ngakumbi umsebenzi onjalo. Kwafuneka ukuba babhale umfanekiso for iitempile ezahlukeneyo kunye namakhaya abucala. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kuba le ndawo wokuyila bamzisa udumo kunye nembeko.

Emva kokukhutshelwa abasebenzi Izikrweqe (1656), Simon Ushakov oye wandimisela ngokuqinileyo ngokwalo njengoko artists eyaziwa kakhulu ixesha. Ayikho enye opeyintayo eMoscow waba loo udumo, yaye akazange njengoko umusa enkolosekweni lokumkani. Oku wamvumela ukuba baphile ubomi imbeko kunye nempumelelo.

Ngaphandle kokuba ngabapeyinti Russian kwakufuneka ukuba babhale umsebenzi wabo ngokupheleleyo imifuziselo yamandulo, Ushakov ngokukhuselekileyo asetyenziswe zililo eziqalelo ngamnye yokudweba Western, apho ngelo xesha kwabonakala zonke iisampulu amanani ezinkulu eRashiya. Ukuhlala ngokusekelwe izithethe zomthonyama Russian-baseByzantium, kodwa enye ixesha ngobuchule kuyasetyenzwa ukuphumeza iinkosi baseYurophu, umculi kudale, ebizwa ngokuba yi-fryazhskie isimbo esitsha nolwathi lwaphuhliswa ngakumbi kumsebenzi ngabapeyinti kwexesha kamva. Eli nqaku liqulathe ifoto icon yakhe edumileyo "isidlo sangokuhlwa sokugqibela", ebhalwe inkosi ngo-1685 ukwenzela i-Dormition Cathedral kaBathathu Emnye-uSergiyo Lavra.

An inkosi ebalaseleyo of ngomfanekiso painting

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XVII kuphawulwa umsebenzi kwenye inkosi enkulu - Gury Nikitin. Wazalelwa Kostroma, cishe ekuqaleni 1620 nina, ndisemncinane wafunda ukupeyinta. Noko ke, amava kakhulu wazuza inkosi abo basandula kuqalisa e Moscow, apho ngo-1653, kunye neqela kwilizwe lakowabo ukwenza nokupeyinta inani iitempile ikomkhulu likaThixo.

Gury Nikitin, umsebenzi wakhe yahlukile minyaka yonke inzaliseko enkulu, wayesaziwa ngokuyintloko nje inkosi ngomfanekiso womzobo. Siye yasinda Imizobo emininzi eyenziwe yoonongendi neecawa ngamnye Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Pereslavl kunye Suzdal.

Eyona uphawu esekelwe ezenziwe wizard kwi zifundo yebhayibhile, yabo umbhiyozo umbala ukunambitheka nokuqhama okuzekeliswayo, leyo kwi ubomi womzobi rhoqo ugxeke secularization zobugcisa, oko nokulungiswa iingxaki yalo ihlabathi ezonakalayo. Ukongeza, ngenxa uphendlo yakhe waba indlela ekhethekileyo yobugcisa, ivumela inkosi asenze sisincoko bakhe isiphumo lwendawo obungaqhelekanga. Xa imbali art, waya phantsi kwegama "formula Gury Nikitin". ngomzobi ezidume wafa ngo-1691.

Creativity Feodora Zubova

Okokugqibela, ukuthetha malunga iconography kwenkulungwane XVII, singasathethi igama lomnye inkosi enkulu - yi Theodore Zubov (1646-1689). Wazalelwa ESmolensk, waye ekuqaleni kowe-1650 nowe-Aron, elivisayo kwakhe wafudukela Great Ustyug, apho omnye iicawa wazoba icon "I-Face oyiNgcwele", ngoko nangoko yasekwa igama lakhe njenge igcisa oqolileyo.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, udaba lwakhe isasazeka kakhulu ngokubanzi kuyo yonke iRashiya, ukuba umzobi wabizelwa eMoscow wajoyina nabasebenzi ngabapeyinti Izikrweqe, apho wakhonza iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amane kamva. Emva kokufa kaSimon Ushakov, iminyaka emininzi entlokweni eqokelelwe iinkosi apho, Feodor Zubov wathatha indawo yakhe. Phakathi kwezinye imisebenzi inkosi uye wafumana igama elikhethekileyo icon "apostolate", nto leyo igqibezela iphepha ifoto. Igalelo ufanelwe kuphuhliso lobugcisa Russian babe Zubov kunye noonyana - Ivan neAlex, baba phakathi kweminyaka uPetros phakathi engravers lobulali elingcono.