Yintoni na le ncwadi, incwadi yamandulo, lo mbhalo? ukuba kwenziwa njani yaye yintoni izinto?

Enye umalusi afumaneka emiqolombeni laseQumran zimbiza misongo. Yayingazi ntoni ubuncwane. Ngoku le misongo zigcinwa iimyuziyam, ukuhlola iingcali zabo. Yeyona iikopi madala asekhoyo of the Holy Scriptures.

Yintoni umqulu

Le ncwadi ngohlobo olulo ngoku uvele kuphela AD ngenkulungwane yokuqala. Yayibizwa ngokuba "iKhowudi". Ezi bahlabeka zibe sheets athungwe iinxalenye esongwayo - webs elide, izikhumba okanye ngqangi. Scrolls ebizwa iincwadi. Kwakukho izitora kunye namathala eencwadi, uniko manani ukuya imisongo 700,000 (Library of Alexandria).

Bonke bephela - imibhalo-ngqangi, oko kubhaliweyo ngesandla. Scrolls nkqo agcinwe sinayo. Baba imali eninzi. Uyakwazi ukufikelela iimitha eziliqela. imiqulu Long isilonda a icingo kwabadlali kunye iiplagi. Kwakunokubakho ezimbini, ngcono ukwandisa ukufunda.

umqulu bamandulo iintlobo ezimbini iirekhodi: uncwadi, kunye ziintsika yombhalo, ezifana kwiphepha langoku, kunye ngokuqhubekayo. Le yokugqibela yasetyenziswa amaxwebhu.

Xana njengompapiri nesikhumba

Ukuze uqonde into incwadi esongwayo yeengcongolo, kufuneka wazi malunga mveliso. Ukukhulisa phezu kweendonga Nile nekalamo zasendle ukuvunwa, nyulu ukusuka Ixolo eliphezulu waza wayaphula ubukhulu sheet. Ke ukudla kunye iqhekeza nganye ecaleni imicu atshabalalisa.

Ezinjalo amaqhosha ezinabantu wayibeka phezu kwindawo eqinileyo, ngoko umaleko Phezulu kuyo le preforms ifayibha. nengcindezelo d. amaxesha ngoko ezimbalwa. Thina juice ngenduku - iglu ezifana, ngqangi fresh wanamathela kunye ube efanelekileyo yokubhala. Iglu nje ezimbalwa le web eemitha.

yesikhumba ndlela lokuvelisa le leta iya achaze oko umsongo izikhumba. fihla Iigusha kokuba zifakwe isisombululo lime, wahlamba, ziyatsalwa kwi kwiplanga. Ke scrapings isusiwe, elirhabaxa olukhazimlisiweyo zibhaqwe, bezihlikihla ngetshokhwe. Ngoku le misongo kunokubonwa kwiimyuziyam.

Indlela ukubhala imisongo

Kukho iindlela ezimbini misongo mveliso. Text uyakwazi ukubhala phezu makabhale ukuba ethungelwe kuzo eli laphu. Scriptorium, igumbi imibhalo, ekuqaleni ayizange ifakwe iidesika. ababhali basoloko wabhala phantsi emlonyeni, ekhupha itekisi ethile. Ndandihleli phantsi, benza ileta esifubeni sakhe. Kamva kukho itafile ifowuni idesika, emva koko babhale okanye babhale iitekisi.

Iincwadi ezibhalwe phantsi komyalelo, oluqulunqwe ukusuka imizobo ngqangi enye. Babekwazi ziquka imizobo, imizobo iincwadi ezinkulu zokuhombisa. Iindleko ngaphezu iincwadi eqhelekileyo, lwenziwe.

Abantu Modern musa ukucinga ukuba umqulu enjalo. Kodwa ke loo nto elithile yonke yembali yabantu. Kutheni uye myuziyam kunye abazibona ngokobuqu?