Itempile yaseYerusalem. IYerusalem eNgcwele Sepulchre: imbali neefoto

IYerusalem - isixeko elinezinto. KwaSirayeli, ukuba impi abasisigxina phakathi amaSilamsi amaYuda, ngexesha elifanayo kule ndawo engcwele ngoxolo ubomi amaYuda, Arabhu, Armenia nabanye.

IYerusalem iicawa athwale memory amawaka eminyaka. Iindonga khumbula imimiselo Kira Velikogo noDariyo mna, imvukelo IiMaccabees kunye kolawulo lukaSolomon, uYesu ekhupha abarhwebi etempileni.

Funda phezu yaye uya kufunda lukhulu kwimbali yeetempile nakuwo umzi ongcwele kulo mhlaba.

iYerusalem

IYerusalem iicawa ahlabe ingqalelo balundwendwe kangangamawaka eminyaka. Esi sixeko ngokwenene ingqalelo kakhulu engcwele emhlabeni, ekubeni amakholwa apha wayezimisele yeenkolo ezintathu.

Iintlafuno eYerusalem, imifanekiso kuzo zidweliswe ngezantsi ibhekisela ebuYudeni, Islam kunye ubuKristu. Namhlanje, abakhenkethi badla kwi Wall Koloni, Al-Aqsa Mosque kunye Dome of the Rock kunye iBandla Kwingcingane Our Lady netempile.

Kwihlabathi lamaKristu, kuba lidume eYerusalem. Holy Sepulchre (ifoto iboniswe ekupheleni kweli nqaku) uthathwa ukuba ube yindawo nje lokubethelela kunye novuko lukaYesu. Le itempile kwakhona ngokungangqalanga ibe esinye sezizathu ekuqaleni kwixesha Zomnqamlezo.

Old and New Town

Kukho yiYerusalem Entsha namhlanje and Old. Ukuba sithethe ngayo kuqala, kuba ngumzi mihla kunye izitalato ububanzi nezakhiwo eziphakamileyo. It has a kaloliwe, eevenkile zokuthenga zakutshanje kunye kumnandi.

Ukwakhiwa yeekota ezintsha kunye nozinziso amaYuda kuphela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Ngaphambi koko, abantu babephila ngaphakathi Town mihla Old. Kodwa ke kungekho ndawo ukwenzela ukwakhiwa, ukunqongophala kwamanzi kunye nezinye nefuthe kabi ekwandeni kwemida zokuhlala. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba abahlali yokuqala izindlu ezintsha ukuhlawula imali ukuze Ixhume kodonga lwesixeko eso. Kodwa yayisathe ixesha elide emva kwiikota ezindala ebusuku, kuba babekholelwa ukuba eludongeni elaliza kuwakhusela ezintshabeni.

Isixeko entsha odumileyo kuphela ezintsha namhlanje. Kukho iimyuziyam ezininzi, ezikhumbuzo kunye nezinye ezinika ezivela elinethoba kunye kwiinkulungwane omabini.

Noko ke, ukususela kwinqanaba ngenxa yembali, ke, kubaluleke ngakumbi kukuba i-Old Town. Kukho iindawo yamandulo ezikhumbuzo ezivela iinkonzo ezintathu ihlabathi.

Town Old - kuba yinxalenye yeYerusalem yale mihla, xa esemva eludongeni inqaba. Le ndawo yahlulwe ezine - yamaYuda, Armenian, namaKrestu. Kulapha nyaka ngamnye etsala izigidi zihamba abakhenkethi.

zonqulo I zehlabathi zithathwa ezinye iYerusalem kaNdikhoyo. Kuba amaKristu, oko uyitempile engcwabeni oyiNgcwele, kuba amaSilamsi - Al-Aqsa Mosque amaYuda - eseleyo itempile ekwimo Wall Koloni (ukulila Wall).

Makhe sithethe ngakumbi zonqulo kakhulu ethandwa eYerusalem, abo iziqu kulo lonke ihlabathi. Ecaleni sabo ngomthandazo izigidi ezininzi zabantu. Yintoni idume kakhulu aba iitempile?

Itempile yokuqala

Akukho zoqokelelana kumJuda omnye, akunakuze ngokuba ingcwele, "itempile kaYehova." Oku ezichasene iziyalezo zonqulo. "Igama gd ayikwazi ukuchazwa," ngoko ke engcwele ngokuba "iNdlu oyiNgcwele", "Ibhotwe Adonai" okanye "Indlu kaThixo."

Ngoko ke, ibandla lokuqala ilitye elimiswe kwaSirayeli emva kokuba ubunye kaDavide kunye nonyana wakhe uSolomon izizwe ezininzi. Ngaphambi kokuba le tempile ubume kwentente eziphathwayo kunye ityesi yomnqophiso. iindawo Small zonqulo ezikhankanywe kwizixeko eziliqela ezifana eBhetelehem, uShekem, Givat noSawule, kunye nabanye.

ukwakha liye laba uphawu ubunye abantu bakwaSirayeli yetempile kaSolomon eYerusalem. Inkosi yakhetha le dolophu ngenxa yezizathu - kwaba uhlobo emasimini umda akwaYuda nakwaBhenjamin. IYerusalem iye yaba elikomkhulu uhlanga njengomYebhusi.

Ngenxa yoko, ubuncinane inxalenye amaYuda amaSirayeli, akafanele ukuba phantsi nokuphangwa.

UDavide wathenga intaba iMoriya (namhlanje eyaziwa ngokuba indlu) e Aravny. Apha isibingelelo sikaThixo kwabekwa endaweni esandeni ukwenzela ukuphelisa esi sifo okuye kwachaphazela abantu. Kukholelwa ukuba ngelo xesha, uAbraham waya kubingelela ngonyana wakhe. Kodwa umprofeti Naftan wabongoza uDavide ukuba nenxaxheba ekwakhiweni kwendlu kaThixo, kwaye ukushiyela olu xanduva kunyana wakhe uyakhula.

Ngoko ke, indlu lokuQala yakhiwa ebudeni bolawulo kaSolomon. Yena wabakho ngaphambi kokutshatyalaliswa nguNebhukadenetsare ngo-586 BC.

indlu yesibini

Phantse isiqingatha senkulungwane kamva umlawuli omtsha basePersi Kir Veliky ivumela amaYuda ukuba abuyele ePalestina ayakhe indlu uSolomon ukumkani eYerusalem.

Yomthetho wooKoreshi wavumela abantu kuphela kubuya ekuthinjweni, kodwa wanika impahla indebe etempileni, waza wayalela ukuba aphake imali umsebenzi wokwakha. Kodwa ke ukufika izizwe ukuya eYerusalem, emva kokwakhiwa esibingelelweni, ukuqala ingxabano phakathi amaSirayeli namaSamariya. Le yokugqibela akazange avumele ulwakhiwo itempile.

Ekugqibeleni, iimbambano ezathi isonjululwe kuphela kokutshintsha UKoreshi Omkhulu uDariyo Hystaspes. Nokumisa kwakhe ngencwadi ebhaliweyo yonke imimiselo ngokobuqu wayalela ukuba bazalise yengcwele. Ngaloo ndlela, ibuyiselwe kanye asixhenxe eminyaka emva kokutshatyalaliswa engundoqo yonqulo yaseYerusalem.

Ukuba itempile yokuqala eyaziwa ngokuba uSolomon, ekuthiwa zorovavelevym novovozvedenny. Kodwa ke ngokuhamba kwexesha wabola, yaye uKumkani uHerode wagqiba ukuba kulungiswe entabeni yeMoriya, ukuba abonela lomculo zokwakha iibhloko isixeko obutofotofo ngakumbi.

Ngoko, ubukho iTempile yeSibini yahlulwe izigaba ezibini - uZerubhabheli uHerode. Kokusinda imvukelo IiMaccabees kunye ukoyisa yaseRoma, engcweleni uye wafumana abathile uhlobo kwimeko entle. Ngowe-19 BC, uHerode wagqiba kwelokuba ashiye imemori imbali nangokomyinge uSolomon, kwaye ngokutsha lo ezintsonkothileyo.

Ingakumbi kule a ababingeleli amawaka eziqeqeshelwe ekwakhiweni kweenyanga eziliqela, njengoko ngaphakathi wecawa ukufumana kuphela kwabo. kanye Isakhiwo wengcwele ezinye iimpawu lwamaGrike namaRoma, kodwa ingakumbi utshintsho yawo ukumkani waphikelela. Ke kaloku uHerode, ulwakhiwo lwangaphandle wenziwe ngokupheleleyo izithethe intle amaGrike namaRoma.

yatshatyalaliswa nje iminyaka emithandathu emva kokwakhiwa kwisakhiwo esitsha. imvukelo Anti-Roman zandifuna ngokuthe kubangele Lokuqala yamaYuda-Roman War. Lihlasela ingcwele neziko elikhulu yokomoya kaSirayeli.

indlu yesithathu

Kukholelwa ukuba itempile wesithathu eYerusalem uphawu uMesiya. Kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi lokutyelela le yonqulo. Zonke iinguqulelo isekelwe kwincwadi umprofeti uHezekile, ngubani na ziyingxenye neTanakh.

Ngoko ke, abanye bakholelwa ukuba Temple Third kuvela ngokungummangaliso ubusuku bonke. Abanye Advocate ukuba kuyimfuneko ukwakha njengoko inkosi yabonisa ndawo, wakha itempile yokuqala.

Inye kuphela akukho mathandabuzo konke konke ubiza ukuba ukwakhiwa kwale ndawo, apho ukwakha. Okuphoxayo kukuba, amaYuda kunye namaKristu uyibona endaweni esisekweni ilitye, nto leyo iqhele Kubat Al-Sakhra namhlanje.

wasusa Muslim

Ukuthetha ngayo itempile yaseYerusalem, awukwazi sikhulise kuphela ubuYuda okanye ubuKristu. Kukho kwakhona, loo ndawo yonqulo lesithathu sikhulu kakhulu yamandulo imvelaphi Islam. Oku Al-Aqsa Mosque ( "Zikude"), nto leyo edla bedidekile kunye yesibini lesikhumbuzo yamaMuslim lwezakhiwo - Kubat Al-Sakhra ( "Dome of the Rock"). Ukuba yokugqibela unalo amajukujuku yegolide enkulu into ebonakalayo kwiikhilomitha ezininzi.

Al-Aqsa ukwakweli Temple yaseNtabeni. Yakhiwa 705 AD ngokwemiyalelo likaCaliph Umar al-Faruq. Mosque izihlandlo eziliqela yakhiwa, kulungiswa, baboniswa intshabalalo ngexesha kwenyikima waba kwekomkhulu Knights Templar. Namhlanje, le yonqulo uyakwazi ukwamkela malunga namawaka amahlanu athembekileyo.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba umbala al-Aqsa Mosque lwale Sinoval-engwevu mncinci kakhulu kunalowo Al-Sakhra.

"Dome of the Rock 'umnqwazi ngezakhiwo. Akumangalisi Abakhenkethi abaninzi baphawula ukuphazamiseka yeqonga ukukhanya ngenxa kutyelela iYerusalem. Esi sixeko nje ubuhle obumangalisayo, kudala kunye imbali ingqalelo.

Al-Sakhra yakhiwa kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe ngu- nabayili ezimbini ngokwemiyalelo kwi likaCaliph Abd al-Malik al-Marwan. Enyanisweni, yayakhiwe kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambi kokuba al-Aqsa, kodwa akukho mosque. Ngengqiqo bokwakha, lo sithe zinzi phezu engcwele 'ilitye lesiseko ", kuthiwa ukusuka apho baye baqala ukudalwa uxolo Muhammad wenyukela ezulwini (" Miraj ").

Ngenxa yoko, eYerusalem kukho uluhlu lonke iindawo Islamic ezingcwele kwi Temple yaseNtabeni. It is a isixeko mizekelo, nangona yeegesi eshushu kule ngingqi, iimitha kuphela elinesibini ezimbalwa ukusuka makathandazele kufuphi ukulila Wall amaYuda.

indlu Virgin

Indlu kaThixo eJerusalem, nto leyo ngoku ebizwa ngokusesikweni Monastery of Kwingcingane Lady wethu, abe nokuchaza ngembali umdla kwaye bahlupheke.

Yakhiwa 415 phantsi Bishop uYohane kwesibini. Yaba kwindlu yonqulo yaseByzantium, leyo kuthiwa "iZiyon oyiNgcwele." Ngokutsho Ioanna Bogoslova waphila apha kwaye reposed iNtombi. Kukholelwa ukuba engcwele yokuqala sakhiwa kule ndawo yinxalenye Sangokuhlwa Sokugqibela kunye yanelisa uMoya oyiNgcwele abapostile ngePentekoste.

Yena kabili yatshatyalaliswa namaPersi (kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe) kunye (ngenkulungwane weshumi) Muslim. Wabuyisela bendawo, kwaye ke Crusaders. Kodwa ke abenzi bemilingo ye woonongendi, ethi namhla yenye zafeza, kuza ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba.

Emva kwamakhulu eminyaka kwamaSilamsi phezu mmandla, ngexesha lotyelelo kwiziganeko uMlawuli UWilhelm II xa ePalestina, i-Order Imibono uthenga isiqwenga somhlaba amanqaku igolide Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II ikhulu elinamanci mabini amawaka.

Ukususela ngelo xesha apho ulwakhiwo ngokucophelela luqala, nto leyo luphuhliswa abazalwana baseJamani Order Catholic. Umakhi ukuba Henry Renard. Wayefuna ukwakha ibandla, efana ukuya yecawa Carolingian e-Aachen. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba, ngokusekelwe kwizithethe German ekwakheni, kwi looNongendi of Lady Lwethu Ingqikelelo iinkosi wazisa izinto aseByzantium mihla Muslim.

Namhlanje, le yonqulo lo ilifa German Society of Land oyiNgcwele. umongameli yaso ubhishophu Cologne.

Holy Sepulchre

Indlu * kaNdikhoyo eJerusalem lot of amagama, kodwa ngandlel 'usisithunzi ingcinga. Loo ndawo yonqulo esimiyo phezu ndawo apho emnqamlezweni uNyana kaThixo. Emva kokuvuswa kwakhe apha. Kule tempile, kukho umsitho yonyaka ekuhleni ndzilo oyiNgcwele.

Indawo apho ubunzima, wafa, wabuya wavuka Iisus Hristos, ebesoloko iziqu ngamakholwa. Imemori kuwo bungalahleki kwesinomhlwa emva kokutshatyalaliswa kweYerusalem uTito, yaye emva kweminyaka embalwa ubukho kwi kwisiza setempile Venus, yona yayakhelayo phantsi Hadrian yena.

Kuphela 325, unina waseRoma Konstantina Velikogo, owathi ebomini ngokuba Flaviya Avgusta (christened Elena), yaye emva Ukumiselwa igama Equal kubapostile uHelen, waqala ukwakhiwa ibandla lamaKristu.

Ngokuba ngonyaka kule ndawo yasekwa ecaweni. Kuye kwakhiwa ecaleni Basilica yaseBhetelehem ikhokelwa yi Macarius. Ngeli xesha sakhe oko kwakhiwa oluntsonkothileyo izakhiwo - zetempile-yamangcwaba ukuya crypt. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba lo kuqamba omkhulu eyafakwa imaphu odumileyo Madaba, lalo kwinkulungwane yesihlanu.

Church yoVuko eYerusalem, owokuqala bamiselwa ebudeni bolawulo Konstantina Velikogo kunye ubukho lobuqu soMhlekazi. Eneminyaka 335 kule mini ukubhiyozela isiganeko esikhulu - Uhlaziyo kwendlu kaThixo (26 Septemba).

Kuyabonakala ukuba malunga 1009 ukhutshelo ubunini ibandla Nestorian likaCaliph al-Hakim, ngokomkhethe ukutshabalalisa isakhiwo. Xa amarhe yesehlo bafikelela Western Yurophu, oku ngomnye unobangela Zomnqamlezo.
Phakathi kwinkulungwane yeshumi i Templars yakhiwe le tempile. style Romanesque kwesakhiwo inokubonwa namhlanje ipoma eYerusalem Entsha Temple, esiza kuxubusha ngezantsi.

Enyikimeni kwinkulungwane yeshumi bawuphanga kakhulu imbonakalo kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo. Ndlwana liyehla kancinane, oko kukuthi, njengoko kunjalo namhla. Ukongeza, ukutshatyalaliswa Edicule abachaphazelekayo. Ukubuyiselwa isakhiwo kuhlala ziimonki Franciscan.

Sepulchre oyiNgcwele namhlanje

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, le ndawo ithandwayo lokuphambukela kuMbindi Mpuma yiYerusalem. Holy Sepulchre (apho ifumaneka ngezantsi ifoto) etsala izigidi amakholwa iintsuku ezingcwele. Kwaba apha enyakeni phantsi ndzilo oyiNgcwele. Nangona lo msitho kwaye uninzi imiphantsi usasazo intanethi, abantu abaninzi bakhetha ukubona ummangaliso ngamehlo abo.

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala yeshumi elinesithoba, itempile phezu komlilo watshisa yinxalenye amastasis, kwaye umonakalo Edicule abachaphazelekayo. Izakhiwo kwakhona ngokukhawuleza, kodwa kwenkulungwane kamva kwacaca ukuba ibandla kufuneka nokubuyiselwa. Ukuphela isigaba sokuqala umsebenzi kuthintele Second World War, ngoko ke ugqibezela wazolula ekunene ukuya ku-2013.

Ngokuba kwesiqingatha senkulungwane, kwenziwe capital ukubuyiselwa yonke sinzima, rotunda kunye nkundla.

Namhlanje, itempile iquka isayithi ngokubethelelwa kukaYesu Kristu (eKalvari), Sepulchre kunye rotunda ngaphezu kwayo (kwakukho kwigumbi apho ibuthuma khona umzimba uNyana kaThixo, kodwa yena akavukanga), kwaye tinto yebandla Cross, KATHOLIKON, ibandla Alinganayo kubapostile Elena enzelwe eziliqela.

Namhlanje, itempile idibanisa abameli zeecawa ezintandathu ukwabelana nommandla wayo kwaye ezabo iiyure ekumkhonzeni. Ezi ziquka meleki umKushi, Coptic Catholic, umAram, Orthodox yamaGrike kunye amabandla Armenian.

An okunika umdla oku kulandelayo. Ukuze siphephe imiphumo yoko ezetyisiweyo iingxabano phakathi iinkolo ezahlukeneyo ngundoqo etempileni kwintsapho Muslim (Dzhude), kwaye avule ucango inokuba lilungu ngohlobo olwahlukileyo Arabic (Nuseybe) kuphela. Eli siko sele iyavala emva 1192 kwaye ozukileyo unanamhla.

isigodlo New Jerusalem

"IYerusalem Entsha" iye yaba iphupho abaninzi abalawuli le ubulawuli eMoscow elide. Boris Godunov izicwangciso ekwakhiweni kwayo e Moscow, kodwa msebenzi wakhe wahlala kufezeke.

Itempile yokuqala iYerusalem Entsha apho xa uMphathi Nikon. Yena ngo 1656 waseka woonongendi, leyo kuthiwa ekhuphela yonke le entsonkothileyo kweendawo ezingcwele ePalestina. Namhlanje iitempile ukumka - Istra, Sovetskaya st, ndlu 2.

Phambi kokuqala kokwakhiwa esizeni basetempileni kwilali Redkina kunye nehlathi ekufuphi. Ekuhambeni yenduli ndomelezeka, imithi bahlabeka phantsi, nabo bonke igama nezobhalo latshintshelwa iVangeli. Ke kaloku kukho Eleonskii kweentaba zaseZiyon, kunye yeTabhore. Umlambo Istra kwaziwa eYordan. Uvuko Cathedral, elakhiwa kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane elinesixhenxe, uphinda ukwakhiwa indlu wengcwaba oyiNgcwele.

Ukususela into yokuqala kasolusapho Nikon yaye kamva ulonwabele olu ndawo amalungiselelo okhethekileyo Alexei Mikhailovich. Imithombo ukubalula ukuba ixesha yokuqala ngokuba esimbaxa "iYerusalem Entsha" xa kunikezelwa yokugqibela.

Apha ke sayifumana obanzi kakhulu kwakunye abafundi bafundiswa izikolo zomculo kunye enkondlo. Emva kokuba ingcikivo Nikon Monastery engena ethile emaxongo kakhulu. Amatyala ziye zaphucuka kakhulu ukususela ukuza amandla Fedor Alekseevich, owayengumfundi kasolusapho abathinjiweyo.

Ngoko ke, namhlanje Ndinivelele nani kuhambo idesktop ukuya ezinye kwizakhiwo abadumileyo indlu eYerusalem, yaye batyelela endlwini kaThixo eYerusalem Entsha kwi namadlelo.

luck ezilungileyo kuwe, abafundi abathandekayo! Vumela amava akho uya kukhanyiseleka, yokuhamba - umdla.