Yintoni iinkqubo neoplastic?

Abantu abaninzi bayoyika yokufumana umhlaza, ibe yinyaniso leyo. Esi sifo kuyingozi nakhohlakeleyo. esibulalayo ngenxa yomhlaza ukho kwindawo yesibini, emva kuphela igunya ekufeni nesifo sentliziyo. Ngamanye amaxesha oogqirha une "inkqubo neoplastic." kuthetha ntoni oku, oko ke akukho kuzo zonke izigulane. Bambi bade bacinge ukuba oku yinto elungileyo okanye ubuncinane ingeyongozi. Enyanisweni, uyayazi loo nto iinkqubo neoplastic efanayo ukuba kwenzeka umhlaza. Bathi abantu babo bonke ubudala, kuquka iintsana, ukuze aphuhlise kulo naliphi na iziko likarhulumente kunye naluphi izihlunu umzimba ixesha elide akazange alinakusebenza kunokuba nzima kakhulu anyange yaye zimbi abane. Eli nqaku lixoxa ezibangela umhlaza, ingakumbi uphuhliso kunye neendlela zonyango.

Le umyalezo yamathumba

iinkqubo Neoplastic ngendlela eyahlukileyo kuthiwa neoplasia, Oko kuthetha "yokukhula entsha". gama aqhelekileyo kule meko - ithumba, nto leyo ithetha okungaqhelekanga, ngokugqithisileyo, ukukhula kwamalweyile ngendlela iiseli ezingaqhelekanga ezinokuthi kuchaphazela nayiphi na inyama yomzimba. inkqubo Neoplastic kungenzeka ziqale kuguquka kwisisele enye, kodwa kwahlulwa kwinkqubo yamkelwe ngamazwe kuphela xa 1/3 zonke iiseli naliphi na iqumrhu ulahlekelwa iimpawu zayo endala ngokubhekiswa zibe kwimeko entsha. Ngaloo ndlela, ekuqalekeni ukuyilwa iiseli zomhlaza zophuculo zifuneka phambili ukuze uphuhliso sifo, kodwa oku alikafiki kuqwalaselwa. Kwiimeko ezininzi, inkqubo neoplastic iqala kwindawo enye. Ukuphuhlisa ibizwa ngokuba ithumba zaseprayimari. Kwixa elizayo, ezi utshintsho zophendlo lwezifo echaphazela umsebenzi onke amalungu oluntu, kunye nezifo uba zenkqubo. Cinga ngeempawu iiseli zomhlaza.

division

Umzimba wethu ubunjwa zizigidi iiseli. Baye umahluko uphawu kubume, kuxhomekeka organ okanye izihlunu imisebenzi, izinto ezo. Ke bonke baphantsi komthetho oqhelekileyo - ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukusebenza kwenkqubo xa iyonke. Ngaphezulu kobomi le iseli nganye, kukho utshintsho iseli ezilandelanayo ukuba sinxulumana inkqubo neoplastic yaye impendulo umyalelo, nto leyo enika umzimba wakhe. Umzekelo, uphinda-phindo (division) iiseli eziqhelekileyo iqala kuphela xa esifumana i SIGILL uphawu efanelekileyo evela ngaphandle. Efrayimi ubukho kwi eliphakathi inkcubeko kunye-20% imiba serum kunye nokukhula. Ezi zinto, esebenzisa receptors ezithile idluliselwe kwi "umyalelo" iseli phindana (njini intombi molekyuli) ka-DNA, oko kukuthi, ukwahlukanisa. iiseli umhlaza musa ukuba imiyalelo. Yena indlela apha uyathandeka, ezingesosigxina yaye angalawuleki.

umthetho yesibini lecebo iiseli oluqhelekileyo ukuba baqale ukwabelana kuphela kwimeko lokunithumelela yona matrix ethile extracellular, ezifana fibronectin ngenxa fibroblasts na. Ukuba akukho uthimbo, nokuba kukho imiyalelo evela ngaphandle candelo lungenzeki. Akuyomfuneko A iseli cancer kwi matrix. Ekubeni e inguqu yakhe, kungenisa "iqela" wayo, yaya encotsheni candelo, wandinika ngokuthembeka.

Inani yoqhekeko

iiseli Normal ubomi, nithi, ekuhlaleni lobuhlobo elolu hlobo lwazo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukwahlukana, ukukhula kunye nophuhliso omnye wabo akayi kuphazamisana ubukho komnye. Unxulumano kunye nabanye kwaye ngokuxhomekeke "Order" cytokines (iimolekyuli ulwazi), baphelise ukwanda, xa oku liyalahleka imfuneko eziphilayo. Hi xikombiso, le fibroblasts efanayo uwahlule de ukudala monolayer ashinyeneyo nokuseka abafowunelwa cell. inkqubo ethile neoplastic luphawulwa into yokuba iiseli ezingaqhelekanga, kwanokuba kufuneka esele kakhulu, qhubeka ukuze nande, khasa kwi enye kwenye, abenze iiseli eselumelwaneni, ayitshabalalisa kanye nokubulala. iiseli umhlaza musa modem "imiyalelo" ukukhula cytokine inhibitors ukuba bayeke hlula, nangaphandle, bona awanqandi andisa evela kwimisebenzi zabo iimeko ezingentle, ezifana hypoxia, ukungabikho nucleotides. Ngaphezu koko, benza ngolona - uqale ukuphazamisa Yindibanisela iiseli eziqhelekileyo esempilweni, ebanyanzela ukuba bavelise izinto akukho mfuneko kubo kuyimfuneko ngokwabo, ngaloo ndlela ukuphazamisa nethe. Ukongeza, iiseli umhlaza bakwazi ukungena egazini size siye lwangoku naye esebenzisa umzimba kunye bahlale kwezinye iithishu kude nethumba lokuqala, ukutsho oko, iyakhula.

ukungafi

Kweli hlabathi akukho nto obungunaphakade. iiseli Healthy nabo baphila ubomi apho abawenza ngamaqashiso inani ngamaqela, ngokuthe ngcembe akhule yaye afe. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba apoptosis. Ngayo, umzimba ixhasa ilungelo inani uhlobo ngalunye. iinkqubo Neoplastic luphawulwa into yokuba iiseli mutated "ukulibala" inani iyantlukwano, leyo emiselwe ngemvelo, ngoko ukufikelela amanani zokugqibela kuqhubeka wande ngakumbi. Oko kukuthi, zinaso ukukwazi ukuba akhule yaye afe. Ngelo xesha linye impahla eyodwa ziiseli zomhlaza ukufumana enye - ephula lweemeko ezahluka-hlukeneyo, oko kukuthi, nangezilonda azinako ukuba iiseli ethile nokulungelelanisa iiproteni kuyimfuneko, kwaye bayaqala phinda phambi kokuba ukuvuthwa.

neoangiogenesis

Eyona unique zomhlaza kukuba lwabo angiogenesis esebenzayo kakhulu, ngamanye amazwi, ukuyilwa iimpahla ezintsha yegazi. Xa umzimba usempilweni, angiogenesis lwenzeka kwi mali olungephi, umz, kukwenziwa amanxeba kwi impiliso okanye ukudumba nakujoliso olutsha. iinkqubo Neoplastic ukwandisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo umsebenzi umzimba, kuba xa yamathumba emzimbeni eyandisiweyo akayi kuvela imithambo yegazi, hayi zonke iiseli umhlaza bafumana izondlo ukuba nabo kuyimfuneko. Ukongeza, imithambo yegazi zisetyenziselwa phambili ngakumbi ecaleni umzimba (ukwenza metastases).

ukungazinzi genetic

Xa iseli eqhelekileyo ezakwabiwa ngayo, umncedisi wafumana ikopi ngqo kulo. Phantsi izinto ezithile kumsebenzi wayo DNA kwenzeka, yaye kukho division "intombi" - a njengesi, enalo naziphi na iimpawu ezintsha. Xa bakhona ukwabelana, kukho bade iiseli ezingaphezulu siguqulwe. iinkqubo Neoplastic kwenzeka ngelixa ngokuthe lokwandisa la yemfuza. Ukungafi ezi seli ukurhoxiswa yabo imiyalelo ngaphantsi ephilayo kukhokelela Ukrainian lunee ntlobo elibulalayo kakhulu kwaye ukulisa phambili wokukhula ithumba.

izizathu

Iseli iqala ukuba baziphathe ngendlela engeyiyo ngenxa yotshintsho DNA wayo. Kungandawoni na ukuba kwenzeka, lo gama kungekho mpendulo ngqo, kukho kuphela ithiyori, ekuthi ngawo iinkqubo neoplastic ukuze uqale ngesidanga elithile lilonke.

1. sifuze sofuzo yemfuza. UFAKELO 200 iintlobo zomhlaza okubangelwa ukungaqheleki yemfuza ezilandelayo zofuzo:

'Waphendula kuba nokufunyanwa kweendawo DNA eyonakeleyo;

-regulates ukuhlangana phakathi iiseli;

'Kuphendula ngenxa abathintela uphuhliso ithumba.

2. Chemical izinto (carcinogens). Ngokwe-manani ze-WHO, abanoxanduva 75% amatyala lomhlaza. carcinogens eyaziwayo ukuba umsi wecuba, nitrosamines, epoxides, hydrocarbon enuka - izinto ezingaphezulu kwama-800 kunye nemixube zabo.

3. arhente Physical. Ezi ziquka radiation, imitha, ukubekwa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu yokwenzakala.

4. carcinogens iqala. Le into eqalisiweyo nenyama ngexesha ukuphazamiseka kwamadlala, ukusilela kwiinkqubo metabolic.

5. Oncoviruses. Kukholelwa ukuba kukho uhlobo olulodwa zentsholongwane ukuba ukubaleka iinkqubo neoplastic. Ezi ziquka herpes virus, papillomavirus, Igciwane, kunye nabanye.

indawo Poor, ukutya mgangathweni, ntshikilelo eliphezulu kwengqondo kukhokelela kukuba iiseli njengesi ngo abantu rhoqo ukubonakala, kodwa ukhuselo omzimba ibhaqa kwaye khipha ixesha. Ukuba amajoni omzimba buthathaka, iiseli ezingaqhelekanga kuqhubeka ephila yaye ekugqibeleni zibe ngumhlaza.

iintlobo yamathumba

Abantu badla ukubuza, inkqubo neoplastic, oko umhlaza okanye hayi? Impendulo kucacile ukuba akafuni. Zonke yamathumba zahlulwe iindidi ezimbini:

-dobrokachestvennye;

-zlokachestvennye.

Ebubonisayo ingqalelo abo apho iiseli nga ingafani, yaye musa ukunika metastases.

Xa iiseli ithumba zidla ngokupheleleyo balahlekelwe Ukufana yabo nyama kuzo savela. Ezi zithinteli kufuneka ukukhula ngokukhawuleza, uyakwazi nokungena (ungekafiki owama ibe izicwili ezisecaleni kunye namaziko), yiba Ukudlulela kunye nesiphumo lwezifo yonke eziphilayo.

yamathumba ebubonisayo ngaphandle unyango olufanelekileyo bavame zibe amabi. Ukwahlula ezinjalo ngohlobo lwazo;

-epitelialnye (Awunayo indawo ethile);

-epitelialnye yamathumba kwamadlala ezidalwe neendebe;

-mezenhimalnye (emzimbeni ezithambileyo);

izixwexwe -Muscular;

amaqokobhe yobuchopho;

-organov luvo;

-krovi (haemoblast);

-teratomy.

isigaba yophuhliso

Ukuphendula umbuzo, inkqubo neoplastic, oko umhlaza okanye hayi, kufuneka kuthiwe ukuba zikarhulumente ezifana precancer iqatshelwe Pathogenesis yamathumba. Kukho iindidi ezimbini kuwo;

-obligatny (phantse njalo kuvela zibe ngumhlaza);

-fakultativny (ajike abe umhlaza akusoloko). precancer olukhethekayo ukuze kuchazwe abatshayayo nephika okanye gastritis engapheliyo.

Nayiphi na inkqubo neoplastic akuthethi zikhule kwangoko, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe, ngokufuthi kuqalwa utshintsho Nedlac zonke endlwaneni efanayo. Eli nqanaba libizwa ngokuba esuthwini. Ngoko ke kwiseli kuvela oncogenes (nayiphi isakhi ezingenza abe iseli amabi). Le oncogene p53 yaziwa kakhulu, nto leyo ngokwesiqhelo i anti-oncogene, ukuba uyasokola kunye nophuhliso nangezilonda, ubabiza, xa wezakhi.

Kwinqanaba elilandelayo, ebizwa ukukhuthazwa iiseli ezinjalo ezingaqhelekanga aqale ukukhula.

Isigaba sesithathu kuthiwa predinvazivnym. Kulo mzekelo, nethumba sikhula, kodwa abasemagunyeni ezikufuphi abangekenzi ukungena.

Isigaba sesine - wesibeleko esigqibeleleyo.

Elesihlanu Isigaba - Ukudlulela.

Iimpawu kwenkqubo neoplastic

Kwisigaba sokuqala baqalisa ngezifo akuthethi ukuzibonakalisa. Fumana kube nzima kakhulu, nkqu izifundo ezifana ultrasound X-reyi, ngokuhlahlela ezahlukeneyo. Koko, iimpawu ezithile izigulana ', uhlobo elandelwayo exhomekeke kwasendaweni le ithumba zaseprayimari. Ngoko ke, uphuhliso yayo esikhumbeni okanye nangezilonda webele uphawu ucinezelo, uphuhliso kwi-indlebe - ubuthulu kwi umnqonqo - nzima intshukumo, esengqondweni - iimpawu luvo emiphungeni - khohlo kwi isibeleko - ukopha lobufazi. Xa iiseli umhlaza aqalise ukuhlasela zomzimba asebumelwaneni, ukuba ndingabatshabalalisi kubo imithambo yegazi. Le nto ebangela imbonakalo igazi kwi netuwa, hayi kuphela zangasese. Ngoko ke, igazi umchamo kunokwenzeka xa ukuphuhlisa inkqubo neoplastic kidney, esinyini okanye womchamo izifo, igazi isitulo kunokubonisa umhlaza kwangoko amathumbu, igazi ukusuka ingono - ithumba emabeleni. iimpawu ezinjalo kufuneka ukuba alarm ze anyanzelise ufikelelo olukhawulezileyo kugqirha.

Olunye uphawu siye ekuthiwa-imiqondiso ezincinane syndrome. osemqoka yalo esentloko kukuba iindidi ezininzi iimpawu. Jikelele ekunokuthiwa izikhalazo izigulana 'yobuthathaka, ukudinwa, evela ngesiquphe uyaxhuma kwamaqondo obushushu, ukuphazamiseka kunzima, okanye, phezu koko, nabantu yonke, ukungabi namdla, kwaye phezu kwesi siseko emaciation.

Kwizigaba ezilandelayo, iimpawu kunxilwe, kwakunye kombala ulusu senyongo kunye nombala lipholi, sinciphise ulusu turgor, umhlaza cachexia.

Xa yamathumba kwi isicwili sobuchopho ngenxa yokuba umzimba anqongophele ngenxa amathambo lukakayi, nesithuba ithumba asakhasayo banqongophele kakhulu, kwakunye ngezizathu Okukodwa wobuchopho ngamnye mmandla imisebenzi, iimpawu iimpawu ezikuvumela ukuba umahluko zalapha. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo neoplastic ngasemva manifest imbonakalo yomguli umbono, imibala disorder. Xa inkqubo kummandla nezenyama imibono akufuneki watshoyo, kodwa kukho nemibono eziviwayo. Ithumba kwi nomhlehlo ngokungqalileyo isigulane luphawulwa ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, intetho yakhe, yaye kummandla Parietal nokunyhashwa umsebenzi motor novakalelo. Iimpawu Cerebellar - rhoqo ukugabha kunye ebuhlungu ezoyikekayo, kunye izitshanguba isiqu ubuchopho - ubunzima yokuginya, ukuphazamiseka nokuphefumla, ukusilela kumsebenzi nezibilini abaninzi.

Kumanqanaba okugqibela zonke izigulane ezinomhlaza iintlungu ndityiwa, leyo ukumbamba kuphela iziyobisi ezidakumbisayo.

ekuxilongweni

Ukuseka une "inkqubo neoplastic," izigulana ibikade uthotho lweemvavanyo kwaye amisele uphando olubanzi. Kutshanje benza iimvavanyo zabamakishi ithumba. Ezi zizinto ezinokuthi kubonisa ubukho eziphilayo kwinkqubo neoplastic, nkqu usaqala. Ukongezelela, abaninzi bamakishi ithumba ethile, ubuninzi babo kwandisa kuphela inginginya ithumba kulo naliphi na iziko elinye. Umzekelo, i-PSA ithumba isiphawuli ibonisa ukuba isifundo iqalile inkqubo wesinye neoplastic, kunye CA-15-3V oncomarker inkqubo neoplastic kwi le ndlala mammary. Uhlalutyo Icala elisezantsi zabamakishi Ithumba ukuba ukwandisa egazini kunye nezinye izifo kwiinkqubo ezingezo-neoplastic.

Kuba lokufunyaniswa isigulane lwenziwa zokuhlaziywa ezinjalo:

-Analysis igazi, umchamo;

-UZI;

-KT;

-MRT;

-angiografiyu;

-biopsiyu (oku uhlalutyo ebaluleke kakhulu, apho ayinakubhaqa kuphela kukho umhlaza, kodwa inqanaba lalo yophuhliso).

Ukuba urhanela ukuba umhlaza kwesisu yenzelwa:

- uhlalutyo endleni ubukho igazi ukusebenzelana nemimoya;

-fibrosigmoskopiyu;

-rektomonoskopiyu.

inkqubo ubuchopho Neoplastic ibanjiwe kakuhle yi MRI. Ukuba isigulane contraindicated kolu hlobo sifo, wenza CT. Kwakhona ngenxa yamathumba yobuchopho ukuphumeza:

-pnevmoentsefalografiyu;

-elektroentsefalogrammu (EEG);

ayisuse -radioizotopnoe;

zokuhlatywa -spinnomozgovuyu.

unyango

Ukuba kokugula abantwana, unyango lwabo iqulathe becala ichemotherapy kunye radiotherapy, utyando kunqabile kwenziwa. Kuba unyango abadala basebenzisa zonke iindlela ezikhoyo ofanelekileyo kwindawo kwisigaba ethile inkqubo neoplastic kwaye ngokuxhomekeke indawo kwindawo yayo:

-himioterapiyu (unyango olucwangcisiweyo echaphazela umzimba wonke);

-luchevuyu kunye radiotherapy (ifuthe ngqo kwi ithumba kungachaphazela iindawo olukufutshane okunempilo);

-gormonoterapiyu (eyenzelwe ukuvelisa iincindi zamadlala zinqanda ukukhula okanye atshabalalise ithumba, ezifana prostate inkqubo neoplastic nga fakwa ekunciphiseni amanqanaba testosterone);

-immunoterapiyu (unethemba kuchaphazela umzimba wonke);

kwanonyango genius (iingcali uzama ukubuyisela isakhi mutated kwi p53 oqhelekileyo);

operation -hirurgicheskuyu (enokwenziwa ukuze asuse ithumba okanye ukunciphisa ukubandezeleka isigulane ngokunciphisa inyama eyandisiweyo ithumba elingummelwane esingasebenziyo).

Outlook

inkqubo Neoplastic - ayikho isivakalisi. Xa abantwana, ngenxa yokuba umzimba babo unako kwakhona ngokukhawuleza, uqikelelo ekhethwayo 90% amatyala, ukuba uphuhliso yamathumba ukubonwa kwizigaba zokuqala. Kodwa kwi zigaba kamva yokubona abantwana aphilise ngokupheleleyo labagula kakhulu.

Xa abadala, a ALS efanelekileyo kwinqanaba lokuqala nethumba wayeneminyaka engama-80% nangaphezulu. In inyathelo wesithathu isiphumo esihle unyango elifana neli-30% -50% yamatyala (kuxhomekeka kwindawo kunye iimpawu lokusekwa nganye emzimbeni womntu). Xa inyathelo yesine Ngokwezibalo ukusuka-2% ukuya kwi-15% ezigulane emva konyango iminyaka eziphilayo-5 okanye ngaphezulu. La manani kuxhomekeka kwindawo nethumba. Abancinane abantu abane eyahlukileyo umhlaza yesinye, nobuchopho.