Yeyiphi imifela yezoqoqosho? Uluhlu zobumbano zoqoqosho ngamazwe

Naluphi na uhlobo lombutho apho amazwe wavuma kukulungelelanisa urhwebo lwabo kunye nomgaqo-lawulo wemali kunye namanye amazwe, kuthiwa ukuhlanganiswa koqoqosho. Kucacile ukuba kukho izidanga ezininzi ezahlukeneyo lokuhlanganisa.

• Isivumelwano Trade Policy (PTA). Isivumelwano PTA mhlawumbi lolona hlobo ezisisiseko yokuhlanganiswa kwezoqoqosho. PTA, njengoko umthetho, unciphiso ecetywayo amaxabiso ukuba amahlakani kwiindidi ezithile kwimveliso.
• Ummandla yorhwebo mahala (i-FTA). Oku wadala kwimeko apho iqela lamazwe kuphelisa lweerhafu phakathi kwabo, kodwa igcina uluhlu lwangaphandle phezu kwempahla esuka kwamanye amazwe. Umzekelo i-FTA yi NAFTA, nto leyo ithetha ntlawulo kiswano ongenisa zemoto phakathi US ne Mexico. Nakuba kunjalo, amazwe ilungu angeyonxenye ye NAFTA, kukho ezinye iirhafu awawumisela ongenisa imoto eMexico.
• Customs Union. Ngayo xa iqela lamazwe kuphelisa lweerhafu phakathi kwamazwe zabo, beka lwamaxabiso eqhelekileyo phezu kwempahla esuka kwezinye kwehlabathi.
• union Economic. Imarike single inika zorhwebo amazinga kakhulu, useka lweerhafu eziqhelekileyo lwangaphandle phakathi kwamalungu, kwaye izisa nokululutho nokuhamba kakuhle iimali phakathi kwamazwe. I-European Union wadalwa njengomnye iSivumelwano eRoma ngowe-1975, imarike yomntu
• union Economic. amazwe Union Economic badla ukuxhasa urhwebo simahla kuzo impahla, ukumisela iirhafu eziqhelekileyo lwangaphandle phakathi kwamalungu, ukuchaza iimeko intshukumo simahla imali eyinkunzi. inkqubo eqhelekileyo kwezolimo (ikepusi) I-European Union ngumzekelo uhlobo ulungelelwaniso mali yoluntu abonakalisa kwezoqoqosho.
• Monetary Union. Isitshixo ukudaleka lwemali phakathi iqela lamazwe ezitshatileyo mali, nto leyo ibandakanya ukuyilwa igunya zemali eziziintloko icwangcisa umgaqo wemali ukuba iqela lonke.

Ukuqala umendo EurAsEC

Economic Union yaseYurophu - ngumbutho wamazwe ngamazwe ngokusekelwe ukudityaniswa kwemimandla kwezoqoqosho, kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba izigqibo ngokwamalungu alo (IBhunga lezoQoqosho yaseYurophu, i-Economic Commission kunye neNkundla Economic) iba ngumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.

Ummandla yaseYurophu Union (EurAsEC) ibandakanya ^km2 ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-20 (15% yommandla womhlaba komhlaba), kwisithuba Commonwealth yabantu ngumhlali sisininzi sabantu million 183.

ISivumelwano kwi yaseYurophu Economic Union ubonelela kudityaniswe imisebenzi zezolimo, ishishini, amandla; imigangatho yococeko technical jikelele. Ngokumisela i-Commonwealth kwemibutho zoqoqosho ziya kudala imarike eziqhelekileyo imithi ngo-2016, 2019 kulindeleke ukuba ukugqiba ukuyilwa imarike amandla eqhelekileyo, kwaye ngo-2025 - orhwebo lwe-oyile, igesi, kunye iimveliso zepetroliyam.

Imbali ukhumbula imizekelo ngokuhlanganisa imibutho yoqoqosho lwehlabathi kwi imifelandawonye kwezombangazwe okanye umkhosi, umzekelo omhle oku Community wezoQoqosho West African States. Akukho xesha lininzi sele idlule ukususela ekuqaleni kumphazamisa luyekile iiprojekthi zorhwebo kwimisebenzi kwezomkhosi kwimida Commonwealth.

Friendship sezizwe kuqala!

NgoDisemba 22, 2014 yabalasela ngokutshintshiselana izixhobo isiqinisekiso wobudlelwane ezilungileyo-olungileyo nozimanya ngokupheleleyo phakathi Russia, Kazakhstan. ISivumelwano kwi yaseYurophu Economic Union akuthethi ukucima isivumelwano edlulile intsebenziswano kwezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko sisayinwe phakathi kwamazwe amabini ngo-1992, phezu koko, uphelelise yaye ubonakalisa umda intsebenziswano kwaye ivumela ukuphunyezwa zombini izicwangciso ngaxeshanye.

Lo mbutho kuvulelekile kulo naliphi na ilizwe ukuba ukulungele ukwabelana iinjongo nemiqathango emiselweyo kwisivumelwano phakathi kwamazwe. Ekupheleni kuka-2014 i-Union athelela yi eArmenia ne Kyrgyzstan.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uMongameli Putin wenza utyelelo ishishini ku Uzbekistan, apho kwaxoxwa iimeko ungazibandakanya nalenkqubo ka yaseYurophu Union. Somlomo weNdlu yoWiso-Federal Russian wathi nokudibana ukulawula kangangoko Tajikistan ukuya yaseYurophu Economic Union.

Unobangela EurAsEC Customs Union

EurAsEC Customs Union (NB) waqalisa ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo ukususela ngoJanuwari 2010 njengoko Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan naseRashiya, kamva naye Armenia kunye Kyrgyzstan.

Customs Economic Union yasekwa eyayisisiqalo ziiriphabliki union kwezoqoqosho ngaphambili yinxalenye eSoviet Union. Ngenxa yoko, iUnited iLungu ukuqhubeka indlela ngokunxulumanisa kwezoqoqosho ngenxa kususwe nemiqobo amasiko phakathi kwabo. Ekupheleni kuka-2014 i-yaseYurophu Economic Union isekelwe phezu isithuthi, nto leyo indawo lwemali ukukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa phambili kwezoqoqosho.

TC EurAsEC angamalungu: eArmenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, eRashiya.

Amaxwebhu asayiniweyo ngo-1995, 1999 no-2007, Khonza ukulawula nokukhusela amalungelo asemthethweni ye-Customs Union. I-Common Economic Space ijolise ukulawula uxwebhu ka-2007, ulawula ukusekwa isithuthi wokuqala, wesibini - nemfundo yakhe.

imithetho TC

Regulations Technical, imvume leyo isiseko Ukuvuma le NB:

- iimveliso ulwamkelo National.

- Certificate of the Customs Union, esikhutshwe ngokuhambelana xwebhu, ebonelela uluhlu imveliso ngokuxhomekeke mandatory zohlolo lokuthobela. Esi siqinisekiso sisebenza kuzo zonke amazwe TC.

- Izinga lokukhula ejikeleza lwangaphandle kunye norhwebo TC nokuxabisana. Common Customs Code ilawulwa yi-Economic Commission yaseYurophu kunye of Statistics yeSebe.

Iimanyano Economic wayekhangela Rhweba ngaphakathi no Rhweba kuphela ezo mpahla leyo enenzuzo kwindawo ethile kwezoqoqosho. Umzekelo woku isithuthi. iimveliso Kuphela ukuba zifanelekile "isithuthi sempahla" ukuze ngokukhululekileyo amazwe / ngaphandle ngaphakathi kummandla ichaziwe. Ngokuhambelana Inqaku lesi-4 le-Code Customs, iimpahla afumane isimo esinjalo kwezi meko zilandelayo:

- kwizinto eziveliswa kule emideni NB.

- Products, imveliso kuselelwa zasekhaya kunye nokuhlawulwa imisebenzi amasiko kumiselwe kwisivumelwano.

- iimveliso ezihlangabezana zombini iimeko: enikwa kwimida NB ngenjongo yokusebenzisa zasekhaya.

Iimveliso musa ukuhlangabezana neenqobo kwempahla TC ngokubhekiselele oye na icala naziphi na amaxwebhu afanelekileyo ukwenzela ukujonga ukuba iza kuba kuyo isithuthi impahla, kufuneka bangenele inkqubo ye imisebenzi amasiko eziqhelekileyo imida Customs Union.

Ezinye iimanyano Russian kwezoqoqosho

- APEC. Economic Cooperation (APEC) yasekwa ngo-1989 ukuba zazise kunye amazwe kummandla Asia-Pacific. APEC isisikhundla kumazwe-21. Injongo yoluntu sele ixesha elide kukusekwa urhwebo lwemveliso kunye izinto ngaphandle Europe. Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba AETS wadalwa ukuphendula uqoqosho nokukhula kwezoqoqosho Japan, leyo unawo amandla ngegqudu kummandla Asia-Pacific. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba ngokwesicwangciso Commonwealth ngokuyintloko kwiimo ebandakanyiweyo kuwo, njengoko inceda nokulungelelanisa imisebenzi yezoqoqosho phakathi kwamazwe ezinxulumeneyo.

- ico. Intsebenziswano phakathi kwamanye amazwe awayesakuba yiSoviet Union ngokusekelwe yokulingana kakumkani isekelwe phezu kwisivumelwano i-Commonwealth of Independent States (ico). Ngalo mzuzu, i-ico iquka mazwe alandelayo: eArmenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, eRashiya, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan kunye Ukraine. Isivumelwano esatyikitywa ngowe-1991.

- BRICS. BRICS ihlanganisa uqoqosho asakhulayo ezintlanu ezinkulu mazwe alandelayo: Brazil, Russia, India, China kunye noMzantsi Afrika. Ngaphambi ngokufakwa umbutho eMzantsi Afrika olubizwa ngokuba yi- "BRIC." Onke amazwe eziyinxalenye, i kuqoqosho olukhula, zibe nefuthe elibonakalayo utshintsho zengingqi nezehlabathi ngokubanzi.

Ekupheleni kuka-2014 coverage BRICS wawandisa abantu 3 billion ukuya, abamele-40% yabantu ehlabathini.

I-Commonwealth yasekwa ngo-2006 e-St Petersburg iqonga kwabalungiseleli zoqoqosho iBrazil, Russia, India neChina. Intlanganiso yokuqala yabanjwa ngo-2009 Yekaterinburg. Kwiintlanganiso kuxoxwa ngazo nemiba efanayo intsebenziswano, liboleke abanye, okusingqongileyo kunye nendalo.

Endleleni, i Maastricht iSivumelwano

Economic Union European (EU) - nakwiimanyano zezoqoqosho nezopolitiko, ezibandakanya ezingamashumi asixhenxe kwamazwe angamalungu ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo oqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezininzi. I-EU wadalwa ngo-1993 kunye kokusayina isivumelwano kwi European Union, nto leyo ngokuqhelekileyo ukubizwa ngokuba Maastricht iSivumelwano. Noko ke, oku kwakhokelwa ukumiselwa kwemibutho aliqela aseYurophu, ngubani negalelo kuphuhliso lwe-EU.

Njengenxalenye EU ekuqaleni namajoni angama-12 Member States: Denmark, eJamani, eGrisi, eItali, Luxembourg, eNetherlands, Belgium, Portugal, Ireland, eFransi, Spain kunye UK. Ngowe-1993, i-European Council, intlanganiso eCopenhagen (eDenmark), ichazwa iikhrayitheriya Ukuvuma i-EU. Ezi mfuno, eyaziwa ngokuba iikhrayitheriya Copenhagen ziquka ezisisiseko ezifana:

• idemokhrasi ezinzileyo ehlonipha amalungelo oluntu kunye ulawulo lomthetho;
• ukusebenza market koqoqosho kukhuphiswano;
• ukwamkela uxanduva wobulungu, kubandakanywa umthetho EU.

Development of the EU emva 1993

EU banda izihlandlo-3 ukususela ekuqaleni kwalo. Ngowe-1995, wancediswa amalungu amatsha 3: Austria, Finland naseSweden. Ngowe-2004 kwafika i-EU kwamalungu-10 amatsha, ikakhulu isuka eyayisakuba awodwa yiSoviet: Czech Republic, naseSipro, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia ne Slovenia. Ngo-2007, Romania kunye Bulgaria, Nezingathanga iikhrayitheriya entry ngo-2004 zaye angeniswe kwaye bamkelwe kwesi Union. Ngo-2013 kuqhuba kuluhlu ngurhulumente ka Croatia.

Enye yeenjongo ze-EU - union ezoqoqosho emali, nto leyo ithetha ukudaleka lwemali yaseYurophu. urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe phakathi kwemida ndawo lwemali kuya kuba negalelo elikhulu ekudaleni kwimarike enye, gqibezela amaxabiso efanayo kunye nokulawulwa zesizwe. Ukudala imarike omnye akwazi ukukhuthaza ukhuphiswano awongezelelekileyo phakathi nemveliso ethile kunye nokwenza kube lula ukuba ngemali yequmrhu, ingakumbi, urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe phakathi kwamalungu kwindawo lwemali olulodwa. Ekugqibeleni, kwithuba elide ukuseka urhwebo eqhelekileyo kunye nendawo lemali kufuneka lula isakhiwo yequmrhu yaseYurophu zokusonjululwa zonke izenzo olumisiweyo ngokusemthethweni eyohlobo olulodwa.

kowethu

Iimanyano Economic ivame injongo yokuhlanganisa uqoqosho zamazwe ngaphakathi kwabo. ulawulo ngeyona kwimisetyenzana yoqoqosho kummandla lwemali omnye kunokufikelelwa sijonge ukusungulwa lwemali olulodwa; Oku kuhlanganiswa iza kudala yokufaniswa phakathi kwezoqoqosho emazweni kazwelonke ezahlukeneyo. Imiqathango ebekwe ukulungiselela ukuqaliswa kwe-euro kunye nokudalwa lwemali olulodwa:

1. Ukugcinwa rates ngamazwe exchange ngaphakathi lomqolo kwangaphambili (mechanism izinga lotshintshiselwano, okanye ERM) iminyaka emibini phambi kokuba kuqaliswe i-euro.
2. Ukugcina amazinga enzala ixesha elide.
3. Lawula ityala likarhulumente ngaphakathi kwemida emiselweyo.
4. Ukugcinwa etyala karhulumente ngokubanzi akukho ngaphezu kwe-60% iyonke kwimveliso yasekhaya.

isakhiwo EU kaThixo

union kwezoqoqosho European kuquka 4 umzimba yezolawulo, nto leyo ukujongana kwiindawo ezithile yemisebenzi yoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko.

1. IBhunga laBaphathiswa. Ngokuqhelekileyo le nkqubo ibandakanya abameli Ministries leMicimbi yangaPhandle ye-EU angamalungu. European IBhunga laBaphathiswa nelizwi lokugqibela kuyo yonke imicimbi ezingabandakanywayo izivumelwano esekwe kwi-EU okanye imibutho engaphambili. IBhunga laBaphathiswa esikholisa ababukeleyo Committee, ikwaqwalasela nemiba enxulumene nobudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe EU kwezi nkalo zilandelayo: ulawulo, ezolimo, lokuloba, umgaqo-nkqubo wezoshishino kwaye kwimarike lwangaphakathi, uphando, amandla, ezothutho, eziphilayo.

2. European Commission. union Economic ithi, njengoko umthetho, ifomu imizimba ingcali ukujongana nemiba yemali. Njengoko loo mbutho we-EU yesigqeba, iKomishoni yaseYurophu enza. Ifuna ukuba ukukhonza iimfuno yaseYurophu xa iyonke kwimiba yobudlelwane bangaphandle, uqoqosho, ezemali, kushishino kunye nemigaqo ezolimo.

3. Parliament yaseYurophu. Oku kuquka abameli EU angamalungu, abonyulwe yi nevoti ngqo kumazwe abo. Nangona ukhonza iqonga ingxoxo imiba exhalabisa yeLungu ngamnye States kunye EU liphela, iPalamente yaseYurophu akanamandla ukudala okanye ukuphumeza imimiselo yomthetho. Noko ke, yena ukulawula abanye phezu mali EU kwaye wenze izinto ukuze ziqwalaselwe liBhunga labaPhathiswa okanye European Commission.

4. Court. Naziphi na imibutho kwezoqoqosho kufuneka isiseko somthetho, i-European Union kungekho ngaphandle. Le Nkundla inamalungu iijaji 13 kunye namagqwetha ezintandathu emele i-EU Ilungu States of. umsebenzi wayo kukuba ukutolika imithetho nemimiselo eyenziwe izigqibo ziyabophelela ukuba EU ilungu oorhulumente, iinkampani nabantu kwi-EU angamalungu.

Iimanyano zoqoqosho International

- WTO / GATT. Imithetho-siseko eyinqobo 153 phakathi amazwe iSivumelwano jikelele lwamaxabiso kunye noRhwebo (GATT). Ukuncitshiswa lweerhafu, ekupheliseni imiqobo, irhafu nengakhethi nkqubo namasiko ngokunxulumene nenye - ezi njongo ziphambili kwesi sivumelwano, esatyikitywa ngowe-1947,

- YUNKAD. KwiNkomfa yoMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo kwi-Trade and Development - umzimba emele i-jikelele weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo (United Nations), elijongene nemiba yophuhliso loqoqosho, urhwebo notyalo-mali. Eyona njongo lombutho icwangcisa ngokwayo kumazwe aphuhlileyo kangako ukudityaniswa imarike koqoqosho lwehlabathi.

- NAFTA. Ummandla North inkulu American lorhwebo olukhululekileyo olukhoyo phakathi eUnited States, Canada kunye Mexico ukususela 1994

- kwisikrini. uluntu yepolitiki neyoqoqosho amazwe mpuma Asia, ngoku likhula ngokukhawuleza, bemelwe yi-Association of South-East Asia. Isivumelwano yasayinwa mazwe alandelayo: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, Brunei, Cambodia, iLaos, eMyanmar, Vietnam. Iinjongo kwisikrini kaThixo ajolise nokukhawulezisa ukukhula koqoqosho, ukhuselo nomdla wesizwe, uxolo nozinzo; ukwenza ngamaqumrhu asemthethweni ukusombulula iingxabano ngoxolo.