Veliky Novgorod, iNkundla Yaroslav esithi: siyijonga, iimpawu, ezinika kunye namanqaku anika umdla

Court Yaroslav kunye yobuciko - le isakhiwo endala bokwakha alondolozwe ukususela amaxesha Rus Ancient. Le into likhuselwe kurhulumente ziqukwe kuluhlu of World Heritage of UNESCO.

xa kwakungekho

zesikhumbuzo zembali abaninzi ezele Veliky Novgorod. Court Yaroslav kaThixo - enye izakhiwo ezizodwa kuphela sixeko kodwa lonke Russia. Igama zakhiwo wanikwa igama Prince Yaroslav, kamva walawula e Kiev, apho wanikwa iwonga elitsha - Wise. Ngokwembali, phezu kodonga lasekunene lomlambo Volkhov na ukurhweba yinxalenye mzi, apho ukusuka kudaladala yaye baxhotyiswe abarhwebi kwenziwa iintlawulo Veche.

Materials bemba alatha kungekho naziphi na izakhiwo, zokuhlala ezafa ubukho bomntu kwiNkundla intsimi ngayo kwinkulungwane ye-10. Ngenkulungwane yokuqala ye-11, Prince Yaroslav abaqalise ibhotwe, uNomsa eye kungabi eYurophu. Uphando zakudala wenziwe kule minyaka yasemva kwemfazwe, zibonisa ukuba le ndawo phakathi St Nicholas Cathedral kunye nesango inqaba, endingowakhe ukuya Gostiny Dvor, wafumana imizila indawo enkulu isakhiwo ngamaplanga.

ENkundleni Yaroslav kunye misebenzi zamaqula ngqo nguNjingalwazi AV Artsikhovsky, kwaye ngokoluvo lwakhe, isiseko wafumana liphethwe emagumbini le yenene. umsebenzi uye mothballed de amaxesha ngcono, xa abembi kuya kuba izixhobo okusemandleni ukuqinisekisa kuphela ukhuseleko into, kodwa kungenzeka isifundo eneenkcukacha.

ukuqashwa

Ukuze kube nokwakhiwa ibhotwe, Prince Yaroslav wazithela iziko lobomi ushishino Veliky Novgorod. I ikhankanya yokuqala yeembali ngomhla entsonkothileyo emva konyaka-1030, kweli xesha, isixeko yaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwindlela edumileyo yezorhwebo ukusuka yaseScandinavia ukuya Byzantium. Ngaselunxwemeni ololulele pier shopping ezininzi, apho iimpahla, wapha balibeka igolide, ilaphu, iziqholo kunye nengalo ngakumbi ukusuka emhlabeni wonke Veliky Novgorod.

Ngu Yaroslav Novgorod lokuphathwa ngentlonipho nothando. Ekubeni ukusilela ukuba ahlawule irhafu yonyaka kwisikhulu eKiev, abahlali wamnceda kabini kuye umlo etroneni Kiev kwaye ekugqibeleni - bonke umzisele uloyiso. Mhlawumbi lo sengqondo ukuya isikhulu ngenxa yokusondela yayo ebantwini nonxibelelwano rhoqo kwi zorhwebo yamandulo.

Court Yaroslav kaThixo, ngaphandle kwisigqeba shopping indawo, ukuphumeza, nesithuba umsebenzi, nto leyo ebandleni wahlanganisa Novgorod. Kwindawo iintlanganiso ummandla encinane kufuphi Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod. Abanye ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba Chamber thiki bonke abantu abahlala kuloo mzi, kodwa ke abameli kuphela zeentsapho amanene, obizwa ngokuba 'ibhanti yegolide 300. " Uphawu ingqokelela waba ukukhala yesezantsi intsimbi ibandla.

Ngenkulungwane ye-15 yalahlekelwa inkululeko yawo Novgorod. Court Yaroslav xa udlula lilifa Prince Ivan III, ngubani othatha ngaphandle intsimbi ibandla eMoscow ummandla uqalisa ukwakha ngokwakho. Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-16, emva kokuvela leNkundla viceroys grand lalithabatha igama yesibini "uRhulumente".

Njengoko intsimbi ibotshelelwe amavo eziliqela. On omnye wabo, e Valdai yena ingqubekile phezu kwamawaka iintsimbi encinane, nto leyo useza udumo Novgorod enesihlwitha ehlabathini lonke. Yi ilivo yesibini, intsimbi olwalumiselwe incwadi yesicelo i-Spassky Tower eMoscow kunye tocsin yazisa abantu kwiintlekele. Ngexesha elinye imililo, wawa waza waqhekeza, emva koko uPetros ndathi enye iinxalenye zayo lokubumba entsha.

indawo qhinga

elizimele Russian ivela Veliky Novgorod. Court Yaroslav emva kwexesha elithile ikhule yobuciko yaMandulo - iqonga apho zenziwa zibe zibini, waqhuba urhwebo ngumoya, yaye asakhulayo udidi merchant. Novgorod Torg akhuphisana zitrato inkulu eYurophu Asia. indlela umlambo edlamkileyo iindlela kakuhle kunyathelwa abarhwebi Novgorod phesheya Dnieper noLwandle Black eConstantinople namaPersi ehlenga, zange uhambo ishishini elide kunqabile eNgilani, EFlanders, imarike waseJamani. Norhwebo iinqanawa Baltic kunye noLwandle White.

Ngokutsho amaxwebhu kwakusazeka ukuba abantu Novgorod baba urhwebo oluphucukileyo namazwe angaphandle - ukugcina isivumelwano kubonelelo nokuthenga, kwintsebenziswano bentsebenziswano eyinzuzo, njl abarhwebi Local baba ngengqiqo esinakho, ngomhla engazanga nathengisa abasemzini Novgorod Bid, abarhwebi ngokwabo benza ekuphumezeni impahla aphesheya .. kuyo yonke iRussia.

Gostiny Dvor

Torg yamandulo yayidume nje kuphela iimpahla kumazwe angaphandle kunye nemisebenzi zemali ezinkulu-isikali, kodwa intengiso kwempahla weengcibi zasekuhlaleni. yezandla Novgorod ezahlukahlukeneyo, ingakumbi ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye neemveliso zobugcisa kakhulu zazenziwe ngesilivere, kakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Leatherworkers webhu iibhutsi kakhulu, imixwayo, ihashe lifake yokwaluka unique evela iziqwenga thinnest weemfele, uwela. Baba famous Babengababumbi, ngensimbi, abachweli, zabazobi.

iindawo zokuthenga baba ngokohlobo izitrato owaxhina ukusuka emlanjeni, ngamnye igama layo. Olu thotho engundoqo ye Volkhov wadlula ejikeleza Market Indawo neliphela kufuphi nenkundla waseJamani. Iivenkile akhiwe kuso odume kunayo uhlanga central lokuthenga esitratweni ekuthiwa Enkulu, yaye iincwadi accounting banikwa amagama ahlukeneyo - nanceba, Sourozh ngakumbi.

Ukuqalisa ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-17, i-Ukurhweba endala iguqulelwe kwi Gostiny Dvor, kwaye ihlala njalo de kwinkulungwane yama-20. Ngowe-1771 for uKumkanikazi uCatherine II kunye namalungu inkundla kume lula yayakhiwe "Ukuya Ibhotwe", apho uyakhululeka kakuhle ndawonye namandla ngenxa yokuhamba ngakumbi kulo lonke babeziindleko eRashiya.

kuvunyelwane ufunga

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II lomculo yokuyilwa eNkundla Yaroslav kunye misebenzi waba zikwimeko elungileyo. Intshabalalo hayi zazibalulekile, nokuphikela inokubuyiselwa kwenkxamleko eninzi. arcade ezizodwa Gostiny Dvor waba uqinile yaye wayelapho bechuba enye nechibi, njengoko ngexesha ekwakhiweni kwayo. Kodwa afuna umzi ukuchacha, yaye ngowe-1945 abasemagunyeni bagqiba ukugqibezela disassembly yeli isakhiwo zembali.

Umsebenzi waqala ngokukhawuleza 1947 yaye baqhubeka de-1953, xa inkqubo ngokuqinisa Academy of Sciences. Ngenxa yemigudu izazinzulu, ngembali, kwaye I. ethile E. Grabarya, ukutshatyalaliswa lesikhumbuzo wamandulo samiswa. Le nkqubo ke ukuzila ukutya, yaye kuphela ngo-1956 bakwazi ukuvavanya isikali ezindleko.

Phantsi ukhuseleko karhulumente

It sachithwa ngokupheleleyo Gostiny Dvor zokuthenga arcade ibekwe phantsi esitratweni ngoMeyi 1, yaye kuphela inxalenye encinane Arcade wahlala lomelele. Ubunzima neetempile yamandulo - kuba izinto zokwakha ngasekhohlo intsimbi izitena nenqaba yingcwele le lusekeleke yeCawa ibandla eGeorge ayithengiswa.

Emva uphicotho yaqala ngabembi, apho wazityhila kwiiseli ezininzi iibhulorho ngomthi kwiminyaka ezahlukeneyo, phakathi St Nicholas Cathedral kunye ibandla St. Paraskeva ngoLwesihlanu yafunyanwa ukutyibilika evela amathambo iinkomo.

Ezikhumbuzo abasaphilayo inani elikhulu inkcubeko nelifa lemveli zembali. Namhlanje, baphantsi nokukhuselwa uRhulumente kunye nombutho ngezizwe UNESCO. Kuba nganye ezikhumbuzo eyaziwa ngakumbi, yaye ukwembiwa wenziwe ngexesha ngalinye ukubonelela ngezinto ezintsha zophando kunye nokufunda.

Cathedral Monomakh

Le ingaka ibatsalayo endala Veliky Novgorod - Yaroslav iSiganga, apho ibandla lokuqala yenziwa yi Prince Mstislav, amazibulo oonyana Vladimira Monomaha. Church uyasinda unanamhla kwaye yaziwa njenge St Nicholas okanye St Nicholas Cathedral Dvorischenskogo. ukwakhiwa kwayo ababandakanyekayo inkosi igama uPetros. Kukholelwa ukuba wezakhiwo lokuqala Russian, ogama lakhe makabhalwe kwirekhodi.

Le ndlu yecawa sakhiwa izihlandlo eziliqela ukutyhubela iinkulungwane yobomi yayo, kodwa iinkosi bebesoloko ngqo kwi siseko omdala, iqaphele ukuba ukwazisa ezintsha okungeyomfuneko imilo yesakhiwo. lwakwakhiwa ibandla nje kwiwotshi zendlu Sofia, umsebenzi kwagqitywa ngo 1113, kodwa bazingcwalisa ke engamashumi amabini kamva. In mandulo wasebenza ngelo xesha ke ibe sisakhiwo sokuqala yakhiwa ngamatye.

Itempile apses kathathu ngokulinganayo, jize lwesakhiwo ezintlanu igolide izahluko into yokuba amandla amanene. Cathedral prince owayamileyo, ngokudlula ulawulo Bishop of Novgorod. Ngokutsho yeziKronike, amabali, itempile atshisa ubuncinane izihlandlo ezilishumi elinambini njalo laphila. Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-13 kufuphi kweendonga ngokuya Chamber. Ebaleni Ngenkulungwane ye-17 phambi kwe le ndlu yecawa ezihonjiswe ezinamacala intsimbi inqaba, nabanye onamathele kwiindonga zezakhiwo Nikolsky Cathedral zezethu ngenkulungwane ye-19.

Phakathi-sikhokelo kumzabalazo wokulwa unqulo, xa imi--30 icawa yavalwa. Xa ixesha elifutshane ukususela 1945 ukuya 1962, St Nicholas Cathedral lalisetyenzisiwe. Emva wokuvala elandelayo ibekwe KUNYEnokutyhilwa imyuziyam Novgorod sungula ku akekho lwezenzululwazi. The Dome yakhiwa iziko sixeko. Ukutshintsha isakhiwo koqoqosho wakhonza kokuqalisa umsebenzi wokulungisa, nto leyo iye yanika inkxaso-mali New okhawulezileyo हायपरटेक्स्ट League.

ukwakhiwa itempile

Court Yaroslav e-Novgorod ngononophelo iitempile ezininzi mandulo. Church of Ingqikelelo yafakwa kukhunjulwa amajoni Novgorod bafayo phulo akuphumelelanga Suzdal. Umqalisi lengcwele ezazithandwa Prince Vsevolod, ukwakhiwa sagqitywa ngo 1144. Novgorod walondoloza inkumbulo abafileyo, wabuyisela itempile emva imililo eziliqela, waza wamnika igama yesibini - ". Vekeleke yeebhokhwe lweendevu" Eli gama linxulunyaniswa kufutshane ecaweni kwindawo apho urhwebo lwenziwa iibhokhwe, amahashe kunye nezinye izilwanyana.

Ecaleni ibandla kwinkolelo kukho ibandla mnye, kukho wafuna yi amantombazana abangatshatanga abeza Novgorod. Court Yaroslav kaThixo buyifanele ibandla St. Paraskeva-Lwesihlanu, apho zokwakha yahluke kakhulu kwezinye iitempile. Saint Paraskeva-ngoLwesihlanu izisa amathamsanqa kwimibandela zorhwebo. Icawa yokuqala eyenziwe ngomthi yakhiwa ngo-1156, kwinkulungwane kwi kwisiza utshiswe yokwakha abarhwebi aphesheya ndibeke ibandla ngamatye.

Sasichaza amatyala 15 emlilweni, emva koko kwakhona waqesha ngenyameko. izakhiwo yamandulo kwavulwa ekubuyiselweni yokuqala post-imfazwe. Ngu kweengqimba udaka ukucoca wamatye, imvelaphi yayo elandwa iinkulungwane 13-14, waza wahlala phezu cupola sebandla ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-18. Abantu itempile St. Paraskeva-yangoLwesihlanu kudala ngawokubiza ibandla "ezimbombeni ikhulu elinamanci asixhenxe", engqamana yokwenene. Bakholelwa ukuba xa intombazana abangatshatanga ziya kugqitha ejikeleza isangqa izihlandlo ezithathu, uya ngokuqinisekileyo kungekudala lendile.

balale syrkovoy

Umsunguli Amagama odumileyo iMoscow yabarhwebi syrkovoy - Ivan Syrkov, Ndazalwa yaye inokuqokelelana capital zeziniki-maxabiso ezimiselweyo (Veliky Novgorod). Yaroslav kwiNkundla iinkxalabo bakhe buqala Myrrhbearers 1510 ibandla ngamaplanga. Emva umlilo enkulu ukuba kwenzeka ngo 1541 kwisiza izakhiwo elinyukayo wamisa ibandla ngamatye. Ngokwesithethe amabandla eMoscow zazizimisele kwendlu ilitye, apho amaxabiso zigcinwa kwi Novgorod amabandla ezi izisele akwakhelwa.

Itempile yokuqala kunye nomgangatho ongaphantsi enkulu yaba Myrrhbearers ibandla, ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo Ivan Grozny wahlala khona ngenxa ixesha inxenye ubuncwane bayo. On uSarah izinyuko zomthi, amalungiselelo ecaleni evarandeni ngamnye ukuya imigangatho ephezulu lwezakhiwo. Ke kaloku, kumgangatho wesibini kukho yaBantwana Cultural Centre.

Uthunywe Dmitriya Syrkova ngo-1529 kwiNkundla Yaroslav kaThixo wakha ibandla Procopius ubude elincinane imigangatho emithathu. I ezimbini zokuqala kubo - efihlakeleyo, kunye ongaphantsi eliphezulu. Sesakhiwo wokwakha iphenjelelwa eMoscow Pskov izithethe zokwakha athi a nakwiingqameko keeled, ihonjiswe olungaphambili ibandla.

Gate Tower

Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ikhona, emifanekisweni abaninzi bamazi Court Yaroslav kaThixo (Veliky Novgorod). Isango Imbali Tower libhekisela kwixesha xa uPetros ndiyalele ukubeka Gostiny Dvor. abakhi bayo ngenkulungwane ye-17 yaba incindi Efimov kunye Guri Vakhromeev. Isango Inqaba yinxalenye kwisakhiwo esikhulu. It is a isakhiwo esinemigangatho emithathu-, lahlulwe phakathi nakwiingqameko ezimbini zokuhamba ngokubanzi, uphahla hipped Isakhiwo esinophahla kwicala lasekhohlo ngayo ekufuphi nebheyi nenqaba intsimbi enibe banawo etempileni elahlekileyo kakade.

Ukuze ixesha elide ingqalelo vechevoj Gate inqaba, kodwa izifundo ziye wawancamisa ekuhleni olo ludaba sizingise. Esi sakhiwo kwaku iintlobo zemibutho, ukusuka leenkedama kwindawo yokugcina, yaye namhlanje wayibonisa imisebenzi yobugcisa wadala ubuchule nobugcisa ekhupha zesinyithi.

Uninzi ingqokelela linikwa izinto icawa kunye neempawu izithixo. Kukho emi emnqubeni, Umnqamlezo, reliquaries, impahla ibandla, ii icon, iinkosi imveliso konqulo Old Likholwa kunye kakhulu ngakumbi. Nenqaba esangweni amalungiselelo iqonga ukubukela, nelinika uzibona kakuhle kwicala Sofia komzi.

idilesi

Abakhenkethi abaninzi bafune ukutyelela i-Novgorod Omkhulu. Court Yaroslav kaThixo, kunye Detinets, ziindawo ezininzi watyelela. Ngomhla kwintsimi leengxoxo kwiNkundla lomculo kunye walondoloza izakhiwo ngaphezu kweshumi yamandulo bokwakha.

Xa nobukhulu zakhiwo, kukho iimpawu zembali yakutshanje. Monument ukuya ubuqhawe ngamajoni Soviet immortalized imbali IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic. Lesikhumbuzo ukuze umlinganiswa edume Sadko nabo babe nomdla kubakhenkethi ukwazi. Uphawu nokubuyiselwa okhawulezileyo हायपरटेक्स्ट League of umqombothi kunye nobulungu kuyo Novgorod, zakhiwo ngo-2009, uphawu isikhumbuzo.

Court Yaroslav kaThixo (Veliky Novgorod) iye kule dilesi ilandelayo: St Nicholas Street, Building 3B (kwicala loshishino).