Ulwazi lafaka: iintlobo kunye neendlela zamalungiselelo. ulwazi lafaka kubantu abakhubazekileyo

ulwazi lafaka, ngokutsho izifundo ezininzi, iba nefuthe ngqo embonweni yabantu le meko. mizwa ekhathazayo emzimbeni, okanye sihlale ngendlela embi ngayo isimo sethu ukuya interlocutor, nangona akukho mntu okanye omnye ezinxulumene ngqo nayo. Oko kuthetha ulwazi oyivileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla, yintoni na imithombo kunye neempawu zayo, kwaye kuya kuxoxwa ngezantsi.

Ezona mpawu zibalulekileyo

Makhe kuqala ukuya kwenkcazo "ulwazi". Ukutolikwa iqhelekileyo ifumaneka bulumko yakhe. Ulwazi uchazwa njengomnye iimpawu zehlabathi eziphathekayo, eneneni, ayinamsebenzi. It ikhona ngokuzimeleyo lokuqonda wethu, yaye ukho kuzo zonke izinto ziyaphila kunye nohlobo ezingaphiliyo.

Physics naluphi na ubume utshintsho inkqubo kwenzeka kunye usulelo uphawu ukusuka into enye ukuya kwenye. Ngaloo ndlela zokufudumeza kunye ukupholisa kwenzeka, yaye inhibition intshukumo njalo njalo. Isethi lwemiqondiso myalezo. Igama elithi "ulwazi" yemvelo generalizes lengcinga 'yonxibelelwano "yaye" umqondiso ".

iintlobo ulwazi

Kukho iindlela ezininzi ukuze ukuhlelwa ulwazi. Omnye kubo isekelwe phezu indlela okuqonda. Ngenxa yesi sizathu i-lwazi zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezintlanu:

• ukuva;

• ebonwayo;

• ephathekayo (haptic);

• ukuqgiba;

• incasa.

Abaninzi kwengcaciso malunga emhlabeni umntu ufumana ngokubona. Kwakhona ludlala indima ebalulekileyo indlebe. Le yokugqibela yezi ntlobo zolwazi - ephathekayo, ukuqgiba kwakunye nencasa - yenza up kuphela ipesenti encinane ulwazi waqonda ngumntu. Kwezilwanyana, lo umlinganiselo thile ezahlukeneyo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ingcaciso oyivileyo ebomini abaninzi kubo idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ngaphezu umbono.

izitho lafaka

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ingqiqo wetatshi, xa uqala, kudlala indima encinci ebomini, ukuba wenze ngaphandle kwayo abantu abakwazi. ulwazi lafaka umntu ofumana ngokusebenzisa kwalapho ise eluswini, izihlunu kunye namalungu, xa imiphezulu mucosal. Ezenza ukuqonda lobushushu, ngaphandle kwebala, ukungcangcazela, utshintsho omzimba, ukuguda noburhabaxa kwakunye njalo njalo.

Ulwazi olusuka iziphelo zemithambo-luvo luyasuka engqondweni. Apho ke luyasetyenzwa, kunye namalungu omzimba wamkela umqondiso, umzekelo, ukuzoba isandla ukusuka into eshushu umva.

ingqondo eziphilayo

Yintoni na umthombo wenkcazelo oyivileyo? Impendulo ilula gqitha: into unefuthe ii-efanelekileyo. Ngenxa amalungu wetatshi, siziva ubushushu, ukufuma, texture (umphezulu character), ukungcangcazela. Ezenza inkqubo iqaqambisa iinkcukacha kuthi malunga nemeko kwisithuba umzimba uphela okanye iinxalenye ezithile kulo.

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, nangona ipesenti elincinane ngokwentelekiso iinkcukacha esizifumanayo ngokusebenzisa kwebala, kuyimfuneko ukuba ubomi obuqhelekileyo. zezigulo ezahlukeneyo - antsi, ukonakaliswa amajelo luvo ezithumela ulwazi oluvela zemizwa ebuchotsheni kunye nezinye - ikhokelela iimeko eziyingozi kunye nokungakwazi ingqalelo. A umzekelo olula: kungekho receptors oyivileyo lula ukwenza ukutsha kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba ngabo ingqondo ezidluliselwa ulwazi haptic malunga iqondo lobushushu zokufudumeza into, leyo, umzekelo, faka i ingalo. amalungu lafaka usisindise ebumnyameni xa iliso ndingayi kukuxelela into eza kwenzeka. receptors lafaka zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ukudluliselwa kolwazi malunga isimo umzimba. Bona inxaxheba lokusekwa ekuthiwa ingqiqo dystrophy, nto leyo kudlala indima ebalulekileyo intshukumo.

Chukumisa izilwanyana

ulwazi Animal lafaka kubaluleke ngaphezu mntu. Imizekelo kuvame. Kukho izilwanyana ezichukumisa phantse ithatha amehlo. Ezi abemi yolwandle, apho ukukhanya nje ayikho kuwuthabatha. Touch kunceda ukuba yesigcawu bazive ukuba ixhoba amalungiselelo sele sintyumpa "uthungelwano". Iinyosi nokudlulisela ulwazi malunga nendawo wentyatyambo kunye umdaniso okhethekileyo esibandakanya athinte.

ezenza kakuhle lafaka ulusu kuphuhliswa kwizilwanyana, umthi-ukwenyuka. abameli ezininzi izilwanyana kufuneka intshebe - a imizimba touch okhethekileyo, ikwazile ukuphendula nje kuphela kwebala, kodwa intlokoma zasezulwini. Xa imbonakalo yazo ziyafana iinwele. Intshebe, Noko ke, omkhulu ukuqina, ubude kunye ubukhulu.

Ukuphuhliswa imvakalelo lafaka

Kuluntu ekhoyo, kulula ukufumana abantu ingqiqo eziphuhlileyo ngakumbi ngaphandle kwebala. Uvakalelo kwezinye iindawo ulusu luyanda njengoba ngenxa awohluke lo msebenzi. Umzekelo, amagcisa nabanye rhoqo kunye namalungu amancinane, kwandisa ubuchule bokwahlula izinto ezincinci, iintanda, njl ngokulula.

Kwaye, kakade, bagqithisa ingqiqo wetatshi kubantu abangaboniyo ngokwenzakala okanye yimfama. ulwazi lafaka ngokuba ihlawula abangaboni kakuhle ngenxa yokunqongophala ezibonwayo. ingqiqo engamandla of touch senzeka kubantu abangevayo-blind.

braille

ulwazi lafaka umntu wamkela nge kwebala. Kuba abantu abangevayo-iimfama ngumthombo kuphela inkcazelo malunga ihlabathi. Kule abangaboni kakuhle, kukho kwakhona udaba, kodwa ihlabathi lethu ukuze siqukwe ukuba uninzi ulwazi ezidluliselwa kwaye zigcinwa kwi uhlobo lwesicatshulwa. Namhlanje, ukufunda nokubhala kubantu abangaboniyo abangaboniyo ngokwenzakala usebenzisa Braille.

Braille lafaka ifonti Lui Brayl yaphuhliswa ngo-1824. tiflopedagogu elizayo French Ngelo xesha wayeneminyaka engama-15 ubudala.

A incinane

Iindlela zokubeka inkcazelo oyivileyo khange ibe umxholo oluthandayo Louis oselula. kwasungulwa Font yaba yoko ubhalo ngobumfama enkwenkwe. Lui Brayl kunyaka-3 ubudala buhlungu amehlo akhe iminyaka imela nendawo ukuya ezintlanu waphulukana emehlweni akhe. Ngelo xesha, amaziko ezikhethekileyo yabantwana abakhubazekileyo kwi yabonakalayo eninzi iincwadi. Zabhalelwa ngoncedo lokubhala uncedo-yomgama. Luncedo yaba bulkiness yayo kuthintele kufanelekile kwiphepha elinye, kukho ulwazi oluninzi.

Ngoxa ukufunda Braille wafunda ubukho 'ngobusuku-alfabhethi "Sharlya Barbe. igosa French kuphuhliswa ngayo iinjongo zomkhosi: ifonti ikuvumela ukuba ufunde iingxelo ebusuku. Ulwazi elirekhodiweyo kwikhadibhodi usebenzisa ihlaba. eyasungulwa Inspired Barbier, Lui Brayl wadala Braille wakhe.

Iimpawu Braille

Nanjengoko igama layo lixela, iBreyile kubhaliwe yi amachaphaza. Braille wasebenzisa amachaphaza ezintandathu amalungiselelo kwimiqolo emibini. Kukho umgca ukhetho, nto leyo usebenzisa iingongoma ezisibhozo ebekwe ngokulandelelana kwi kwikholam ezine. Oonobumba bokuqala -alfabhethi ezibhaliweyo ngoncedo amanqaku aphezulu naphakathi. Kuba ngongoma zilandelayo ezidityaniswe kubo ngendlela ethile: kuqala ichaphaza kwi ezantsi ekunene, ngoko - ngasekunene nangasekhohlo, size emva koko - ngasekunene. Braille ivumela kwakhona kukuveza amanani, iimpawu ezahlukeneyo imisebenzi zezibalo kunye namanqaku.

Iimpawu ze kokusungulwa tiflopedagoga French kuvela kwinkqubo yokufunda, kunye nexesha lokubhala. Inkcazelo obhalwe esebenzisa bomgca, funda kwiinkalo khaxa. Ngako oko ke, kufuneka isicelo ukusuka ngasemva sheet. Kulo mzekelo, ukufunda ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene, njengoko kunjalo kwimeko njengokubhaliweyo okungenanto kuphela. Ukuze ubhale okufanayo ngoncedo zeBraille ukuba ekunene ukuya ekhohlo. Kube lula ukubhala amanqaku ezibalelwa imiqolo ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi. Ngencwadi ukuba ukuze reverse.

Braille ezininzi kwinguqulelo yokuqala ibandakanya abalinganiswa 64, enye yazo - isithuba. Vosmitochechny ikuvumela ukuba ubhale oonobumba ezahlukeneyo 256. Kakade ke, lo isethi encinane kakhulu. ukulinganiselwa zomgca ngokufuthi zoyiswe ukusetyenziswa amanani kabini, emele indibaniselwano ezimbini ezilula, ngokwahlukileyo ukuba intsingiselo yaso. nezimpawu Ngaloo ifunyenwe rhoqo uxabiseke ngaphezu kwesinye (ngamanye amaxesha ukuya kwishumi).

ukwanda fyabo

Namhlanje, Braille isetyenziswa ehlabathini lonke. Yena njengoko liye lakwazi ukuzivumelanisa ngeelwimi ezininzi, kuquka Russian kunye. Kwilizwe lethu ukushicilelwa kweencwadi kunye kokusungulwa tiflopedagoga yaseFransi yaqalisa ngo-1885. Kukho uguqulelo lwe Braille kunye Chinese, kwakunye lwimi ezinqabileyo ezifana Guarani, Tibetan kunye IsiDzongkha.

Eyona mpumelelo ye-Braille ukuba uye wadala nje indlela yokubhala nokufunda isicatshulwa ukuze iimfama, kodwa yakwenza lula ukuyisebenzisa. Ulwazi eboniswe kuluhlu ngokuvumelana nemigaqo ethile, kunokuba lula ukufunda umnwe izandla omnye okanye bobabini usebenzisa. Isantya Ukufunda kule meko amagama 150 ngomzuzu. Thelekisa, umntu umbono eqhelekileyo ungafunda kwi amagama 250 kwixesha elinye ixesha.

Ngenxa yoko, ulwazi oyivileyo izidalwa eziphilayo akukho kubaluleke ngaphantsi olubonakalayo okanye ekuva. Ezanyisayo, izinambuzane kunye nezinye izilwanyana ngoncedo kathatshi abemi isithuba, ukuseka abafowunelwa phakathi kwabantu, funda malunga nobungozi kunye njalo njalo. Le ndoda uvakalelo eziphuhlileyo kangako oyivileyo, kodwa kunzima ukuba zazi indima ebomini.