Ikhaya kunye neNtsapho, Abantwana
Ukuphakama nokuphakama kwabantwana: Itafile ze-WHO. Iibhile zexesha lokukhula okuqhelekileyo kunye nobunzima babantwana
Ngamanye ama-reception at ootitshala besibini kwiinyanga ezili-12 zokuqala komntwana usuphelile ngokulinganisa okumiselweyo ukuphakama nobukhulu. Ukuba ezi zikhombisi ziphakathi kwemida yesiqhelo, ngoko sinokuthi umntwana uphuhliswe kakuhle ngokomzimba. Kule nto, i-World Health Organization, kungekudala i-WHO, iqulethe itafile yexesha elide ukwenzela ukuba izinga lokukhula kunye nobunzima babantwana abasebenzisa abantwana basebenzise xa behlola impilo yeintsana.
Izinto ezichaphazela ukukhula nokulingana kwabantwana. Izikhokelo ze-WHO
Izazinzulu ezivela kwihlabathi lonke zifunda ngokunyanisekileyo izinto ezichaphazela ukukhula nokulinganisa kwabantu. Ngokweengxelo zophando zakutshanje, izazinzulu ziye zafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba izalathisi zesisindo, kunye namazinga okukhula kwabantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu ubudala, azixhomekekanga kuphela kwizinto eziphilayo, kodwa nangomgangatho wobomi, iimeko zezulu, uhlobo lokutya kwiminyaka emibini yokuqala yobomi. Ngaloo ndlela, abantwana abafumana umxube wokufakelwa njengomsebenzi wabo wokutya obuninzi bafumana ubunzima obuninzi kunabo abancinciweyo.
Ukuhlalutya kuqala i-WHO itheyibhile "ukukhula, ubunzima babantwana kuze kube unyaka", ehlanganiswe ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo, izazinzulu ziqaphele ukuba imimiselo ijongene ne-16-20%. Oku kubangelwe, ngaphezu kwayo yonke into, kwinyaniso yokuba ngama-1990, ukutya okunokubakho kwaba yindlela eqhelekileyo yokutya kwabantwana abangaphantsi konyaka omnye. Kwiintsuku zanamhlanje, inani elinyukayo loomama likhetha ukondla imvumba yazo ngokwemvelo. Iingqinisiso ezithintekayo, ngokutsho kweengcali ze-WHO, zinegalelo kwiingcebiso ezingenasiphelo zonyango lwezilwanyana kwondlo olongezelelweyo lweintsana, nto leyo ekhokelela ekutshintshelweni ngokupheleleyo kwisondlo sokufakelwa, kunye nokuphefumula kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukunyanya. Ngokutsho kwe-WHO, imimiselo yokuvavanya ukukhula kwabantwana kunye nesisindo sayo siyeke ukuba yinyani. Ngaloo ndlela, ngo-2006, kwenziwa utshintsho kunye neetafile ezintsha ezenziwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuhlola ukuphuhliswa kwabantwana banamhlanje.
Ukuphakama nokuphakama kwabantwana. WHO Table (0-12 inyanga)
Ithebula le-WHO libhekwa njengelona "lilungele" ngenxa yokuba zonke iiparamitha ezikuyo zivavanywa ngokuthi "eziphakathi", "phantsi" / "phezulu", "ngaphantsi komyinge" / "ngaphezu komyinge". Ngombulelo kulo mqathango, kulula ukuchonga ukuba ngaba umntwana uhambelana nemimiselo yokuphuhlisa ngokomzimba ngokwexesha lakhe.
| Ubudala (iinyanga) | Kakhulu kakhulu | Ephantsi | Ngezantsi | Phakathi | Ngaphezulu | Ephakamileyo |
| Usana olutsha (ukusuka kwiinyanga ezi-0 ukuya kwezi-3) | 48-56 | 49-57 | 50-58 | 53-62 | 54-64 | 55-67 |
| Ukususela kwiinyanga ezine ukuya kwezi-6. | 58-63 | 59-64 | 61-65 | 65-70 | 67-71 | 68-72 |
| Ukususela kwiinyanga ezi-7 ukuya kwezi-9. | 65-68 | 66-69 | 67-70 | 71-74 | 73-75 | 73-77 |
| Ukususela kwiinyanga ezili-10 ukuya kwezi-12. | 69-71 | 70-72 | 71-74 | 76-78 | 77-80 | 79-81 |
Itafile zokukhula nokulingana komntwana ukuya kunyaka, ngokwe-WHO, luhle kakhulu ekuhloliseni ukuphuhliswa kwabantwana abancinciweyo kunye nesondlo sokufakelwa. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba wonke umntwana akaqhelekanga kwaye uyaqhubeka ngokucwangcisa isicwangciso sawo sangaphakathi. Ngenxa yoko ukuphambuka ukusuka kwizikhombisi eziqhelekileyo akunakucingelwa njengempilo. Ekuhloleni "kwimiqathango", ngaphezu kokuhlalutya ubude kunye nesisindo, kubalulekile ukubandakanya umlinganiselo wabo, kunye nokwanda kwenyanga kunye nendlela yokuphila.
Ukulinganiswa kokukhula kunye nemilinganiselo yesisindo
Ngokukhawuleza emva kokuzalwa, ubunzima kunye nokuphakama kwabantwana bayalinganiswa nakanjani . Itheyibhile ye-WHO ibaluleke kakhulu kwinqanaba labantwana xa lenza inqanaba eliphambili lokuhlola. Ukongeza kokuphakama nobukhulu, ukujikelezwa kwesifuba kunye nentloko kulinganiswa. Ngamanye amagama, oogqirha bahlola ukulingana komzimba womntwana kwaye, ngenxa yoko, impilo yakhe. Umzekelo, usana olusandul 'ukuzalwa lukhulu malunga neekhilogram ezimbini kunye nesiqingatha, kunye nokuphakama kwakhe ngexesha elifanayo 54 cm. Ukuba awuyi kuhlola ngokukhawuleza kwaye awuyikuyalela unyango olungileyo, ngoko umntwana unokufa.
Ukuba ulinganisa ubunzima nokuphakama kwabantwana, itafile ye-WHO inceda ukuvavanya imeko yezempilo. Xa ubunzima bezantsana ziza kuluhlu lwetafile "umyinge", umzekelo, i-3220 grams, kunye nokukhula ngo-53 cm, eqikelelwa njengeparameter yesilinganiso kwitheyibhile, lo mgangatho ulungile.
Ukwandiswa kokukhula
Iinyanga ezintandathu zokuqala zentsana zibhekwa njengexesha eliphambili kakhulu lophuhliso. Umntwana ukhula kwi-jumps. Akumangalisi ukuba, ngokomzekelo, kwiinyanga zasehlotyeni, xa umntwana efumana umlinganiselo ofunekayo we-vitamin D, ukwanda kwenyuka kuya kuba mkhulu kunobusika. Kwakhona, kukho isiphakamiso sokuba abantwana bakhule ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokulala.
Ukuhlola jikelele ukukhula, inzuzo yesisindo ithathwa njengefanelekileyo. Ukuqhubela phambili kule ndawo, ezi zilandelayo zibonakaliso zisetyenziswa kwisiqhelo:
- Ixesha leentsana (iintsuku zokuqala ezintathu) liyanda ngokwezi-3-4 cm ukuya ekukhuleni kwangaphambili. Umzekelo, ukuba umntwana wazalwa 50 cm, emva kweenyanga ezintathu ukukhula kwayo kuya kuba malunga no-53 cm.
- Ukususela kwiinyanga ezintathu ukuya kwiinyanga ezintandathu: ukwanda kwenyuka kuyahluka kwi-2-3 cm.
- Ukususela kwiinyanga ezintandathu ukuya kwiinyanga ezisi-9 ubudala umntwana ukhula ngomnye u-4-6 cm, ukongeza umyinge weesentimitha ezimbini ngenyanga.
- Ngonyaka umntwana ukwandisa ukuphakama kwakhe ngomnye u-3 cm.
Kuvela ukuba iinyanga ezingaphezu kwe-12 umntwana ukwandisa ukukhula kwakhe kumyinge wama-20 cm.
Ukuzuza ubunzima
Isiqhelo sesisu somntwana osandul 'ukuzalwa (ngokukhawuleza emva kokuzalwa) sihluka phakathi kwama-2500 no-4500 amagremu. Ngokutsho kwe-WHO, inyanga nganye umntwana kufuneka afake okungenani amagremu angama-400. Ngaloo ndlela, ngomnyaka wesiqingatha umntwana uphindaphinda ubunzima bokuqala. Kwiinyanga ezilandelayo, ukwanda okuncinci kufuneka kube ngu-150 grams. Nangona kunjalo, xa uvavanya izinga lokufumana ubunzima, kuyimfuneko ukwakhela ubunzima bomzimba bokuqala bomntwana. Ngokomzekelo, ukwanda kungase kube ngaphantsi komgangatho oqhelekileyo, ngaphandle kokuba umntwana azalwe mkhulu (ngaphezu kwe-4 kg), okanye ngokuthe ngqo, kuba abantwana abancinci banako ukunyuka kwiinyanga ezilandelayo ngokugqithiseleyo.
Ukuphakama nokulingana kwamakhwenkwe
Ukongeza kwimiba echazwe ngasentla, yonke into ekunceda ekugqibeleni imimiselo, kuyafuneka kwakhona ukuba ingqalelo ubume besini obuchaphazela ubunzima nokukhula kwabantwana. Itafile ze-WHO zingabonisa ukuphakama okuphakathi kunye nokulinganiselwa kwemilinganiselo kubantwana bezesondo ezahlukeneyo, kunye neenkalathisi ezithile zabafana kunye namantombazana. Kukholelwa ukuba amakhwenkwe, ngokungafani namantombazana, akhula ngokukhawuleza aze atyeke ngokunyanisekileyo, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukuvavanya ukuphuhliswa kwawo ngokomzimba ngokwetafile ehambelanayo.
| Ubudala | Ubukhulu, kg (g) | Ubude, cm |
| Malunga neenyanga. | 3.5 (± 450) | 50 (± 1) |
| 1 inyanga | 4.3 (± 640) | 54 (± 2) |
| Iinyanga ezimbini | 5.2 (± 760) | 57 (± 2) |
| Iinyanga ezintathu | 6.1 (± 725) | 61 (± 2) |
| Iinyanga ezine | 6.8 (± 745) | 63 (± 2) |
| Iinyanga ezintlanu | 7.6 (± 800) | 66 (± 1) |
| Iinyanga ezintandathu | 8.7 (± 780) | 67 (± 2) |
| Iinyanga ezili-7 | 8.7 (± 110) | 69 (± 2) |
| Iinyanga ezili-8 | 9.4 (± 980) | 71 (± 2) |
| Iinyanga ezili-9 | 9.8 (± 1.1) | 72 (± 2) |
| Iinyanga ezili-10 | 10.3 (± 1.2) | 73 (± 2) |
| Ezili-11 inyanga | 10.4 (± 980) | 74 (± 2) |
| Iinyanga ezili-12 | 10.4 (± 1.2) | 75 (± 2) |
| 18 iinyanga | 11.8 (± 1.1) | 81 (± 3) |
| 21 iinyanga | 12.6 (± 1.4) | 84 (± 2) |
| Kwiinyanga ezingama-24 | 13 (± 1.2) | 88 (± 3) |
| Kwiinyanga ezingama-30 | 13.9 (± 1.1) | 81 (± 3) |
| 3 iminyaka | 15 (± 1.6) | 95 (± 3) |
| 4 iminyaka | 18 (± 2.1) | 102 (± 4) |
| 5 iminyaka | 20 (± 3.02) | 110 (± 5) |
| 6 ubudala | 21 (± 3.2) | 115 (± 5) |
| 8 ubudala | 27.7 (± 4.7) | 129 (± 5) |
| 9 ubudala | 30.4 (± 5.8) | 134 (± 6) |
| Iminyaka eyi-10 | 33.7 (± 5.2) | 140 (± 5) |
| 11 ubudala | 35.4 (± 6.6) | 143 (± 5) |
| 12 ubudala | 41 (± 7.4) | 150 (± 6) |
| 13 ubudala | 45.8 (± 8.2) | 156 (± 8) |
Ukuphakama nokulingana kwamantombazana
Ukuchaza izinga lomzimba lophuhliso lwamantombazana, kukho i-table ye-WHO eyahlukeneyo "ubunzima, ukukhula kwamantombazana". Kukholelwa ukuba amantombazana akhula ngokuqhelekileyo kwiminyaka eyi-18, ngokungafani nabafana, abakukhula babo abahlali bemi beminyaka engama-22. Ukongeza, xa uneminyaka eyi-10-12 ubudala, amantombazana akhula ngokukhawuleza kunamakhwenkwe. Ukukhula kunye nemilinganiselo yesisindo kwitheyibhile kuninzi. Ngoko ke, ekuhloleni ukuphuhliswa kwamantombazana, akufanele sikhohlwe malunga neempawu ezithile.
| Ubudala | Ubukhulu, kg (g) | Ubude, cm |
| 0 inyanga | 3.2 (± 440) | 49 (± 1) |
| 1 inyanga | 4.1 (± 544) | 53 (± 2) |
| Iinyanga ezimbini | 5 (± 560) | 56 (± 2) |
| Iinyanga ezintathu | 6 (± 580) | 60 (± 2) |
| Iinyanga ezine | 6.5 (± 795) | 62 (± 2) |
| Iinyanga ezintlanu | 7.3 (± 960) | 63 (± 2) |
| Iinyanga ezintandathu | 7.9 (± 925) | 66, (± 2) |
| Iinyanga ezili-7 | 8.2 (± 950) | 67 (± 2) |
| Iinyanga ezili-8 | 8.2 (± 1.1) | 69 (± 2) |
| Iinyanga ezili-9 | 9.1 (± 1.1) | 70 (± 2) |
| Iinyanga ezili-10 | 9.3 (± 1.3) | 72 (± 2) |
| Ezili-11 inyanga | 9.8 (± 800) | 73 (± 2) |
| Iinyanga ezili-12 | 10.2 (± 1.1) | 74 (± 2) |
| 18 iinyanga | 11.3 (± 1.1) | 80 (± 2) |
| 21 iinyanga | 12.2 (± 1.3) | 83 (± 3) |
| Kwiinyanga ezingama-24 | 12.6 (± 1.7) | 86 (± 3) |
| Kwiinyanga ezingama-30 | 13.8 (± 1.6) | 91 (± 4) |
| 3 iminyaka | 14.8 (± 1.5) | 97 (± 3) |
| 4 iminyaka | 16 (± 2.3) | 100 (± 5) |
| 5 iminyaka | 18.4 (± 2.4) | 109 (± 4) |
| 6 ubudala | 21.3 (± 3.1) | 115 (± 4) |
| 8 ubudala | 27.4 (± 4.9) | 129 (± 5) |
| 9 ubudala | 31 (± 5.9) | 136 (± 6) |
| Iminyaka eyi-10 | 34.2 (± 6.4) | 140 (± 6) |
| 11 ubudala | 37.4 (± 7.1) | 144 (± 7) |
| 12 ubudala | 44 (± 7.4) | 152 (± 7) |
| 13 ubudala | 48.7 (± 9.1) | 156 (± 6) |
Igrafu yokukhula nokulingana kwamakhwenkwe
Kubaluleke kakhulu kubazali ukujonga ubunzima nokuphakama kwabo. Ishadi le-WHO kunye neshedyuli kuya kunceda oomama onothando noodade baqonde ukuba konke kulungile kunye nomntwana wabo. Ukuba itheyibhile inika idatha ethile eqhelekileyo kwiminyaka ethile, igrafu inceda ukubukela ukubona yonke inkqubo yophuhliso.
Igrafu yobunzima bamakhwenkwe (ukuya kwiminyaka emi-5)
Inkati yokukhula yenkwenkwe (ukuya kwiminyaka emihlanu)
Igrafu yokukhula kunye nesisindo samantombazana
Ngamantombazana, kufuneka usebenzise ukukhula okuhlukeneyo kunye neesati. Iigrafu ezilandelayo zichaza amazinga amantombazana angaphantsi kweminyaka emi-5.
Igrafu yobunzima bentombazana (ukuya kwiminyaka emihlanu)
Igrafu yokukhula kwamantombazana (ukuya kwiminyaka emihlanu)
Njengoko sele uqondayo, abazali banyanzelekile ukuba bahlole ubunzima nokuphakama kwabantwana. Itafile ze-WHO kulo mbuzo ziyakunceda ukuba iinqununu zifumaneke. Nangona kunjalo, ungakhathazeki xa uqaphela ukuba ubude okanye mhlawumbi ubunzima bomntwana bakho buphantsi okanye buphezulu. Into eyona nto kukuba ubunzima bomntwana wakho buhambelana nokukhula kwawo, kodwa izikhombisi azifanelekanga ziphantsi okanye ziphezulu.
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