Ukulungiswa kwemali ka-1947 e-USSR

Ukulungiswa kwemali ka-1947, okwenziwa kwi-USSR, kwakuyimilinganiselo eqinile yokubuyiselwa kwezoqoqosho emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini. Ezi zinguqulelo kwiminyaka emva kwemfazwe zafunyanwa ngamazwe amaninzi. Isizathu esibalulekileyo sale nto yinkxaso enkulu yemali, ekhutshwe ukukhupha iindleko zempi.

Iziphumo zemfazwe

Imfazwe Yehlabathi YesiBili yabangela umonakalo omkhulu kwi-USSR kunye namanye amazwe athatha inxaxheba. Ukongeza kwilahleko enkulu yabantu, umonakalo wenziwa kwiphondo lonke.

Ngexesha lemfazwe, malunga nama-32,000 amashishini oshishino, amafama angamawaka angamawaka asemaphandleni, izikhululo ezingaphezu kwama-4,000 kunye neendlela ezingama-60,000 zachithwa. Izibhedlele kunye neelayibrari, iingcali kunye neemyuziyam, izikolo kunye neeyunivesithi zatshatyalaliswa.

Izibonelelo zelizwe zacatshulwa ngokupheleleyo, izigidi zabantu baseSoviet zashiywa ngaphandle kwephahla phezu kweentloko zabo, ngaphezu kwe-30% yobutyebi belizwe batshatyalaliswa, ukutya kwaphela kwaphela. Ilizwe lalinomzimba kunye nokuziphatha.

Izizathu zokuguqulwa

Ukubuyiselwa kwelizwe, eliwela ekubulaleni emva kwemfazwe, ludinga ukuguqulwa okukhulu kwiindawo ezininzi zobomi. Enye yenguqu yenguqu yenguqu yezemali eyenziwa kwi-USSR ngo-1947. Kwakukho izizathu ezininzi zokulungisa:

1. Ngexesha leemfazwe, inani elikhulu lamanqaku ebhanki akhishwe. Oku kubangelwa inkcitho enkulu kwimfuno zempi. Ngenxa yoko, ekupheleni kwemfazwe, imali eyayisasazeka yayinezihlandlo ezine ngokubanzi njengaphambili. Kwiminyaka emva kwempi, le mali ayimfuneko kwaye yatshiswa ngokunciphisa i-ruble.
2. Xa kusasazwa, inani elaneleyo leebhilikithi zazihamba, ezikhutshwe ngabakwaHitler. Ezi zikolo zimele zihoxiswe ngexesha lokuhlaziywa kwemali ka-1947.
3. E-USSR, amakhadi aqaliswe ukulwa nokulahleka kweempahla. Ngokuncedwa kwamakhadi, ubuninzi bokutya kunye nezinto ezingezona ukutya zahanjiswa phakathi kwabantu. Ukukhanselwa kwenkqubo yekhuphoni kwenza ukuba kubekho amaxabiso angqalileyo kwimpahla yabathengi.
4. Inani labaxhamli ababenzela imali ngexesha lemfazwe landa kakhulu. Ukusekwa kwamaxabiso ahleliweyo kwajoliswe ekukhuseleni isici esicacisayo.

Iinjongo zokuguqulwa kwemali ka-1947

Isisombululo "Ekuphunyezweni kokulungiswa kwemali kunye nokukhanselwa kwamakhadi okutya kunye neempahla ezenziwe" kwakuyisiseko sokuqala kwenguqu. Injongo ephambili yokuguqulwa kwemali ka-1947 yayikuphelisa imiphumo yemfazwe yokugqibela. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba utshintsho olufanayo luyenziwa kwiindawo ezininzi ezithatha inxaxheba kwimfazwe.

Umsebenzi wokuguqulwa kwakufuneka ukususwe ngexesha elincinci ukusuka kwimizila yamabhanki endala aqhutywe ngokugqithiseleyo ngexesha lemfazwe, kunye nokutshintshisana nabo abatsha. Ngokwemigqaliselo yokulungiswa kwemali ka-1947, i-ruble yatshintshwa ngu-ruble.

Amalungiselelo achazwe kummiselo kwakhona achaze inkqubo yokucinywa kwamakhadi. Ubukho bekhuphoni yeempahla banika abantu ilungelo lokuthenga ethile imveliso. Inani leenkonkoni lilinganiselwe, ngoko akuyena wonke umntu onokukwazi ukuthenga umkhiqizo oyifunayo. Oku kwabangela ukuba kusasazeke ukusabalalisa. Abantu abangenawo amakhadi kwimveliso elungileyo, bangayithengela kubalingisi kwixabiso elongeziweyo. Ukulungiswa kwemali ka-1947 kwakha amaxabiso afanelekileyo afanayo kuwo onke amaqela eempahla.

Inguqulelo

Ucwangciso lohlaziyo lwaqala ngonyaka. Nangona kunjalo, ngokubhekiselele kwindlala emva kwindlala, kwafuneka ihlehliswe. Ukuqala kweziganeko kwakujoliswe ngoDisemba 16. Kwakudingeka ukuba uqedele ukulungiswa ngokukhawuleza kwangoko kunokwenzeka, umhla wokugqibela wagqitywa kwiiveki ezimbini, ngoDisemba 29.

Njengendlela yokuguqulwa, i-denomination yakhethwa. Ukuba sichaza ngokufutshane, ukulungiswa kwemali ka-1947 kwancitshisiwe ibe yinguqu kwixabiso leebhanki. Ipesenti yenkonzo yayingu-10: 1, oko kukuthi, ii-chervonet ezindala ezilishumi zalingana ne-ruble entsha. Nangona kunjalo, umyalelo wentengo, iintlawulo kunye nemivuzo eyahlukeneyo ngexesha lokulungiswa akuzange litshintshe, nangona ukuhla kwexabiso. Kule nkalo, uninzi lwababhali-mlando aluqwalasele lo kutshintshwa kwehlelo, ukuvuma ukuba kwakungenxa yokubanjwa kwempahla.

NgoDisemba 11, amasebe eSebe loMphathiswa weMicimbi yangaphakathi yelizwe athola amaphakheji ukuba avule ngomhla we-14 lwenyangeni leyo kunye neentloko zeebhanki zokulondoloza kunye namanye amasebe esakhiwo semali. Kule maphakheji, intsingiselo yokulungiswa kwemali ka-1947 yachazwa, kunye nemigaqo ecacileyo yokutshintshisiswa kwemithombo yoluntu yabemi. Umyalelo ochaphazelekayo ngemali, kunye neentlawulo kunye nezibophelelo.

Ukutshintshwa kwemali

Ubume bokutshintshwa kwemali yokuguqulwa kwemali ka-1947 kwaqinisekiswa ngenye yemihlathi yomyalelo. Eli gatya lithetha ukuba utshintshiselwano lwemali yabantu kufuneka lwenziwe ngendlela enjengokugqithisa imali engaphezulu kweemali, kodwa kwakhona ukuphelisa ukuqokelelwa kweengqungquthela. Nangona kunjalo, kwakungekho nje ukuhlanganiswa kwabantu abaye bafumana inzuzo yabo ngexesha lemfazwe, kodwa nakubantu abaye basindisa imali yabo iminyaka emininzi. Kwakunjalo okunye malunga nemimandla ye-USSR engakhange ifakwe yimfazwe, apho izimo ezifanelekileyo zorhwebo zihlala. Kodwa le "ngxaki" yayilumkile.

Imali yamaphepha ekheshi ishintshile kwibhokisi yeofisi yeBhanki yeSizwe yase-USSR ngezinga leshumi ukuya kwelinye, kuba idiphozithi yokutshintshiselana yayihlukile. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imali leyo ayizange ingatshintshi kwaye yaqhubeka isasazwa.

Ukukhansela amakhadi

Inkqubo yamakhadi yayikho kwi-USSR ukususela ekumisweni kwurhulumente. Yayikhanselwa amaxesha amaninzi kwaye yaqalisa kwakhona. Inkqubo yekhadi yayikhona kweli lizwe ukususela ngo-1917 ukuya ku-1921, ukususela ngo-1931 ukuya ku-1935. Ukungena okulandelayo kwamakhonsoni kwimpahla yawa ngexesha lemfazwe. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngelo xesha amaninzi athi athatha inxaxheba kwiintshukumo ezihanjiswe kwikharityhulam. Ukukhanselwa kwamakhadi kwakuyingxenye yamanyathelo okuguqulwa kwemali ka-1947 e-USSR. Kodwa okokuqala kwakudingeka ukulawula umgaqo-mali. Ngexesha lokuhlaziywa, amanani emarike ayehluke kakhulu kwimilinganiselo kwaye ayidlulisa ngamaxesha alishumi. Isisombululo malunga nokuphunyezwa kohlengahlengiso kuchazwe umyalelo omtsha wokuveliswa kwexabiso, okumele kuphungulwe umahluko kwimarike kunye nexabiso lentengo yeempahla. Amanani esonka, okusanhlamvu, i-pasta kunye neebhiya zagqitywa ukunciphisa ngo-10-12% xa kuthelekiswa namaxabiso e-ration, kwaye amaxabiso aya kunyuswa kwiintlobo, ubisi, amaqanda, itiye, iingubo kunye nezambatho. Ixabiso lokuthengiswa kwenyama, iintlanzi iimveliso, i-confectionery, imifuno, iimveliso zecuba, i-vodka yahlala kwinqanaba lentengo ekhoyo.

Bond

Ukuguqulwa kwemali kwi-USSR ngo-1947 kwachaphazela kwakhona iibhondi ezazisetyenziswa ngexesha. I-Bond yiphepha le-guarantor eliqinisekisa ukuba umnini ufumane ityala kumbolekeki ngexesha elithile. Umboleki okanye umnikezeli kulo mzekelo nguRhulumente.

Ngexesha lokuthatha inxaxheba kwe-USSR kwimisebenzi yempi, xa iindleko zelizwe zemfuno zezempi zanda ngokukhawuleza, izibophelelo zemfazwe zaseburhulumenteni zanikelwa inani elipheleleyo lama-ruble ayi-billion. Isixa semali-mboleko yasekhaya yayingama-ruble ayi-50 billion. Ngaloo ndlela, ngexesha lokuguqulwa kwemali ngo-1947, urhulumente wahlawulisa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-130 zeeruble.

Iibhondi nazo zatshintshwa. Amanyathelo okuguquka aquka ukutshintshiselwa kwemali-mboleko emidala ebangel 'umdla kubantu abatsha ngezinga lesithathu ukuya kwelinye, kunye nezibophelelo zokuphumelela - kwisantya ezintlanu ukuya kwenye. Okokuthi, enye irlebhu entsha kwiibhondi ezilingana neethathu ezinhlanu okanye ezihlanu ezinama-ruble ubudala. Ngenxa yolu tshintano, ityala langaphakathi likarhulumente liye lancitshiswa ngokulingana kwamaxesha amane.

Iifosti

I-coefficient of exchange of the population of the population is different depending on the amount of accumulation. Ukuba ubungakanani bediphozithi abuzange bufinyelele kumawaka amathathu, ukutshintshiselwa kwenziwa kwinqanaba lomntu omnye. Iifosti ukusuka kwii-3 ukuya kwiiwaka eziwaka-ezintathu ukuya kweyesibini. Ukuba ixabiso lediphozithi lidlula i-ruble eyi-10,000, ke i-ruble elidala eli-3 lalilingana nelinye elitsha.

Oko kukuthi, ngaphezu kobuninzi bokulondoloza, umgcini-mali ulahlekileyo. Kule nkalo, xa amahlebezi malunga nokuguqulwa okuza kubonakala ngokugqithiseleyo, imigqa yeekhilomitha yayinamabhanki okonga. Abantu ababeneentlawulo ezinkulu babefuna ukurhoxisa imali. Basika zabo iifomethi ezinkulu zibe ziincinci, ziphinde zibhaliswe kwiindawo ezithathu.

Ixhoba lokugqibela

Ukuthetha malunga nokuguqulwa okuzayo kusasazeka ngokukhawuleza phakathi kwabantu. Ulwazi malunga nehlelo kunye nokuthunjwa kwemali kubangele ingqungquthela yangempela. Abantu bathenga yonke into esuka kwiivenkile ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba batye imali encinci, okwethutyana kufuneka babe "i-candy wrappers". Ngeli xesha, wada wathengisa umkhiqizo oqokele uthuli iminyaka emasheleni. Kwimibhanki yokulondoloza into efanayo eyenzekayo. Kwakhona, abemi abanqwenela ukwenza iintlawulo ezahlukeneyo, umzekelo, izibonelelo.

Njengoko uStalin wathi, "ixhoba lokugqibela" lalifuneka ukuba libuyise urhulumente. Kwaye urhulumente uthembisa ukuthatha iindleko ezininzi. Nangona kunjalo, kwaba njalo. Ukugqithisa kakhulu kwakuthatyathwa kubantu basekuhlaleni, isicwangciso esingavikelekanga sabantu. Ukulungiswa kwemali ka-1947 kwakuza kwenziwa ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu. Ukuba eli xesha laliziiveki ezimbini kwiindawo ezikude ezihlala kuyo, abahlali beendawo eziphambili kufuneka babe nexesha lokutshintshiselana imali ngeveki. Kwaye ukuba abantu beli dolophu babe nethuba lokuthenga ngokuthe xaxa okanye ukuvula idiphozithi, abaninzi abantu basekuhlaleni babengenayo ithuba lokufikelela kwibhanki yokugcina imali. Ukongezelela, inxalenye yabemi yabemi ayifuni ukubeka ingozi ekuboniseni ukonga kwabo okwenene, besoyika imibuzo engeyomfuneko kunye noshutshiso. Ngokomgaqo, urhulumente ubalwa kulo. Kwama-ruble angamawaka angama-74 ejikelezayo, kungekho ngaphezu kwekota, ngaphezu kwe-ruble ezigidi ezingama-25, zenziwe ngenjongo yokutshintshiselwa.

Iziphumo zenguquko

Ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwemali ka-1947, i-Soviet Union yakwazi ukukhusela ukuhlaziywa kwe-ruble, intsalela yeebhilikhi ezikhishwe kwiminyaka yemfazwe zapheliswa. Ngombulelo wokuhlaziywa kwakhona, iindleko zazo eziphakanyisiwe kumahlombe ebemi, i-State Bank yakwazi ukuphakamisa isamba esininzi. Le mali yayisetyenziselwa ukubuyisela ilizwe leposi emva kwemfazwe. Ukukhanselwa kwamakhadi kuye kwaqinisekisa ukunciphisa amaxabiso emarike kumaqela amaninzi eempahla kwaye kunciphisa kakhulu inani labaqapheli.

Kuyavunywa ukuba ukulungiswa, njengamanye amanqaku angama-Stalinist, kwakunyanzelisa kwaye kunzima. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba le miqathango yayimfuneko kwaye iyimfuneko yokubuyiswa koqoqosho lweSoviet.