U-Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy - umculi wangempela wesahlulo sesibini seXIXX

U-Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy, umculi wesahlulo sesibini se-19 leminyaka, wangena kwimbali yomdwebo waseRussia njengomsekeli wendlela ebonakalayo yobugcisa. Wakha ngokusisiseko umgaqo wokubaluleka okusemthethweni emsebenzini wakhe, kwakunye nakwimigqaliselo enikezelwe kwingcamango yobugcisa. Uninzi lweemifanekiso zakhe zibonwa njengeklasikhi yepeyinti yaseRashiya. Umbhali wayeyinkosi yemifanekiso, imbali kunye neentlobo.

Brief biography

Kramskoy, umculi, odumileyo ngemifanekiso yakhe eyiyo, wazalwa ngowe-1837 kwiphondo laseVoronezh kwintsapho ephakathi. Waphumelela kwisikolo sangempela sase-Ostrogorozhskoe, kodwa ngenxa yobuthathaka intsapho ayikwazanga ukuqhubeka nemfundo kwi-gymnasium. Ukusebenza kwi-Duma yasekhaya, wayenomdla ngokufunyanwa kweefoto. Kungekudala utitshala wakhe wayenguM. Tulinov, owamfundisa imigaqo yokupenda. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, uKramskoy, umculi, owaziwa kakhulu kwiimpawu zakhe, wathuthela eSt. Petersburg, apho umsebenzi wakhe oqhambileyo waqala, waqhubeka waze wafa ngokukhawuleza ngo-1887.

Ukufunda esikolweni

Ngomnyaka ka-1857 waba ngumfundi we-Academician A. Markov, owazikhethela kwimifanekiso yembali. Ngethuba lokufunda kwakhe wafumana iimbali eziliqela kwimifanekiso yakhe, kunye neengxelo zezinye iintlobo zemibala kwiintetho zonqulo. Ixesha elizayo lomdwebi owaziwayo lafumana ididesi yakhe encinci yegolide kwipeyinti ezinikezelwe kwibali leBhayibhile.

Ukufumana isihloko somculi ngelungelo lokufumana ipenshoni yombuso, kwakudingeka ukuba uthumele umsebenzi ozinikezelwe kwimeko esuka kwiSagas yaseScandinavia. Nangona kunjalo, i-Kramskoy, umculi owayefuna ukubonakalisa imicimbi kunye nenkululeko yokudala, kunye nabanye abafundi abayishumi elinesithathu, babuza i-Academy management ukuba iwahoxise ekukhuphiseni, ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba bayathanda ukuba babhale ngezihloko abazithandayo. Emva koko, abaphandi abancinci basungula ubugcisa babo obunokuthi, ngokukhawuleza, bahlala ixesha elifutshane, njengoko malungu alo maduze kakhulu anqwenela ukutshintshela kumxholo welizwe.

"Umbutho Wemibukiso Yezobugcisa"

I-Kramskoy yomculi, odwetshwe ngaphambili kwixesha lakhe lomsebenzi waba ngumcimbi obalulekileyo kwiindawo zenkcubeko yobukhosi, waba ngumnye wabaququzeleli kunye nabaphefumleli bemibandela yale ntlangano. Amalungu ayo avikela imigaqo yobugcisa obubonakalayo, indawo yoluntu esebenzayo kunye nezobugcisa bezobugcisa. Ngomsebenzi wakhe, umbhali wavikela imigaqo yokuthembeka. Wayekholelwa ukuba imifanekiso ayifanele ikholwe kuphela, kodwa ibuye ithwale imithwalo yemfanelo yokufundisa nokuziphatha. Ngenxa yoko, imisebenzi yakhe ibaluleke kakhulu.

Ngomnyaka we-1870 umbhali wenza iindidi eziphawulekayo zabantu abadumileyo: ubhala imifanekiso kaTolstoy, Nekrasov, Shishkin, Tretyakov nabanye. Kule chungechunge, indawo ekhethekileyo yimboli ye-Kramskoy yomculi, eyadalwa nguye ngo-1867. Le ngxowa inengqiqo, njengeminye imisebenzi yakhe yeli xesha.

Umfanekiso weN. Nekrasov

Uninzi lwezobugcisa zengxelo yomlobi zibhalwa kwizinto ezahlukahlukeneyo zokudweba. Abantu ababonakaliswe kubo basetyenziswe kwisenzo, ngoko ke iindawo ezikhuselekileyo zimelela imifanekiso ebomini nobomi bemihla ngemihla.

Oku kunjalo, umzekelo, umsebenzi odumileyo womculi "Nekrasov ngexesha" Iingoma Zokugqibela "1877-1878. Kulo mfanekiso, umculi ulungiselelwe ukubonisa imbongi edumileyo emsebenzini ngexesha lokugqibela lobomi bakhe. Ngokubanzi, kumsebenzi wobugcisa indima enkulu idlalwe ngumxholo weemvakalelo zomntu, umzabalazo wakhe wokufa okanye uhlobo oluthile lokothuka. Kwimisebenzi yenkosi, esi sihloko sasingenayo imibala yezentlalo, njengemisebenzi yabanye abaphandi. Wayesoloko ebonisa umzabalazo womoya kunye nokugula kwaye nguye owayenakho ukugqithisa le ngcamango kulo mfanekiso.

Iimpawu zowesifazane

Mhlawumbi umsebenzi ogqwesileyo wenkosi yile mfanekiso "Umqambi". Umculi uKramskoy wagcizelela ubuhle bemodeli yakhe. Ugxininise ukuba ungumzi we-fashionista, ngoko ke unonophelo olukhethekileyo olumiselwe ukubonakala kwakhe: iingubo ezicebileyo, i-headly fress, i-jewelry and fabrics.

Ukubonakalisa kukuba imvelaphi yale ngxowa idlala indima yesibini: ibonakaliswa kwintlanzi, njengoko umbhali egxininisa yonke into ebalulekileyo kwintombazana enhle. Ngokukodwa wayekuthanda ukudweba imifanekiso yomculi u-Ivan Kramskoy. Imizobo yomlobi ehlukileyo kwiimvakalelo ezahlukeneyo.

Ukuba umfazi osemfanekisweni ongezantsi uchazwe kwisikhundla sokuziqhenya, ngoko umzekelo kwinqanawa "Intombazana enobuchopho obunzima", ngokuchaseneyo, iboniswa kwimizuzu emininzi, enobunzima, xa ibonakala ngathi iyazikhusela kuyo yonke into ejikeleze kwaye ixilise kuyo. Ngoko ke, ubuso bakhe, ngokungafani nokubonakala komntu ongaziwayo, ubonisa ubunzulu obunzulu, ukucamngca, ukukhathazeka kunye nokudakumba okukhulu.

"Usizi olubi"

Lo mdwebo wabhalwa ngowe-1884 phantsi kobuhlungu obunomdla wezenzi, olahlekelwa yonyana wakhe. Ngoko ke, ngomfanekiso wowesifazane oboniswe ngengubo yokulila, iimpawu zomfazi womlobi ziqikelelwe.

Le ngxowa ihluke kwezinye iincwadi zomlobi ngenxa yokungathembeki ekuthiwa kuyo. Phakathi kwinqanawa yindoda eneminyaka eliphakathi kwengubo emnyama. Umi eduze kwebhokisi ezele iintyatyambo. Intlungu yakhe ayibonakaliswa kwimeko engokwemvelo kwaye ikhululekile, kodwa kwamehlo nokunyakaza kwesandla, esicinezela umlomo wakhe emlonyeni. Lo mzobo, mhlawumbi, ngowona unamandla kunomsebenzi womdwebi kunye nomdwebo waseRashiya ngokubanzi.